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The bare outline of the story of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls is well known both to scholars and in the popular imagination. The precise details--the sequence and causal interplay of events, even some of the key players behind the scenes--are less well known and sometimes completely forgotten or misconstrued. The recovery of this history in all its complexity is vital for understanding how and why scholarly work on the Scrolls developed as it did over the six decades during which the texts were slowly published. Jason Kalman recovers the fascinating story of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religions involvement with the Dead Sea Scrolls from their discovery in 1948 until the early 1990s when they were first made accessible to all scholars and to the public. Scholars at HUC-JIR actively participated in efforts to acquire and preserve the manuscripts and played a significant part in breaking the monopoly of scholars initially assigned to publish them. Despite these activities, a number of HUC-JIRs influential teachers took a negative view of the scrolls. As a consequence, rabbinical students either did not encounter the material or left the institution with a view of it that was far from the mainstream. This book traces the activities of HUC-JIRs administration and faculty over five decades, the contribution they made to the new academic field, and their influence on how knowledge of the Dead Sea Scrolls was shared with the community at large. Many details about security negatives stored at HUC and about the bootleg reconstruction are revealed for the first time.

The Journal of the Hebrew Union College, an anthology of scholarly articles concerning Jewish history, religion and culture from antiquity to the present.

Em perspectiva cristã e com levantamentos precisos, lapidados como peças arqueológicas por John Brigth, História de Israel é o recurso definitivo para estudantes e pesquisadores de Teologia e de Sagr

Entre el versículo del Deuteronomio, que los investigadores señalan como el más antiguo, y el día de hoy media un tiempo de cuatro mil años —no se reclame exactitud— durante los cuales la historia de

Este libro pretende hacer las preguntas correctas a la luz de las nuevas metodologías y tecnologías, los nuevos hallazgos arqueológicos, históricos, bíblicos y avances teológicos; y también entrar en dialogo con grupos politicos e ideologicos contemporaneos en la Tierra Santa, para explorar las implicaciones politicas y sociales de nuestros estudios, descubrimientos y conclusiones. El objetivo de los textos biblicos no es indicar lo que sucedio en la historia, de forma imparcial o descriptiva; por el contrario, la finalidad de esos documentos es afirmar las manifestaciones divinas en medio de la historia nacional. Y ese singular acercamiento, esta lleno de afirmaciones de fe, interpretaciones teologicas, extrapolaciones espirituales, y comprensiones religiosas de las realidades y la historia. En efecto, la Biblia es un documento eminentemente teologico.

Edward Said, en el prólogo, afirma: "Este libro es un devastador retrato del prejuicio, la hipocresía y la intolerancia religiosa. La descripción de Shahak es importante sobre todo porque no solo desmiente las ficciones sobre la democracia israeli que abundan en los medios de comunicacion occidentales, sino que tambien acusa implicitamente a los lideres e intelectuales arabes por su vision escandalosamente ignorante de aquel Estado."Por su parte, Gore Vidal comenta en su prologo: "Por fortuna, la voz de la razon esta viva y coleando, y precisamente en Israel. Desde Jerusalen, Israel Shahak no deja nunca de analizar no solo la funesta politica actual de Israel, sino el propio Talmud y el efecto de la tradicion rabinica en su totalidad sobre un pequeño Estado que el rabinato de extrema derecha pretende convertir en una teocracia exclusivamente para judios."Este libro es una sintesis infrecuente de erudicion historica, penetracion teorica, valentia politica y honestidad etica, que desvela de forma incontrovertible la relacion entre el etnocentrismo xenofobo del judaismo ortodoxo, el mesianismo sionista, la discriminacion etnica antiarabe y la politica imperialista del Estado de Israel. Los lectores de Historia judia, religion judia podran encontrar en el la fundamentacion teorica de una urgente conclusion practica: "que el antisemitismo y el chovinismo judio solo se pueden combatir de manera simultanea".

Há muitos livros sobre o Talmud, mas são poucos os que possibilitam aos leitores a experiência de participar de uma discussão talmúdica e perceber a magia que se estabelece quando estes debates, ocor

This book examines the development of institutionalized prayer in ancient Israel at a crucial time in the history of Western civilization: from the period of the Qumran writings, in the last three centuries BCE, through to the rabbinic period, after 70 CE. It explores the shift from sacrificial worship by priests to abstract, unmediated, direct approaches to the deity by laypeople. It demonstrates the transition from voluntary, freely composed prayers to obligatory prayers with fixed texts. The study shows how Qumran and Samaritan prayer contrast with rabbinic prayer, shedding light on Jewish customs before the rabbinic reform.Posthumously edited by Bernard M. Levinson.

This series of five essays, published in 1921, offers insight into the tasks and difficulties confronting the rabbi in the roles of minister, teacher, and preacher. It also treats ethical problems that confront the rabbi, and offers an essay on the life of Isaac Mayer Wise. The collection aims to provide a guide for young rabbis, as well as sympathetic and helpful spirit of cooperation and understanding between pulpit and pew. The insights offered here draw on the rich life experience of Henry Berkowitz who, during his successful career as a leader of congregations, especially the prominent congregation Rodeph Shalom of Philadelphia, has always stood in the closest relationship with his congregants, and who has become an eminent spiritual force in American Jewry. They reflect his force and originality in the pulpit, thanks to depth of learning and heartfelt sincerity as well as rhetoric, and they are consequently worthy of the best academician as well as broadly accessible.

Un libro magistral de introducción a esa gran pieza de literatura, documento espiritual y patrimonio universal: la Biblia hebrea o Antiguo Testamento. Pensado y escrito con la idea de aportar una herramienta eficaz en los procesos de comprension y actualizacion de sus enseñanzas. No persigue una exegesis extensa y exhaustiva, solo pretende identificar los temas principales y conflictivos, analizarlos, y proporcionar al estudiante las pautas necesarias para su adecuado discernimiento y consecuente contextualizacion. Ha sido concebido para responder a una necesidad latente y creciente en las instituciones educativas cristianas (universidades, seminarios teologicos, institutos biblicos, escuelas biblicas y circulos de estudio y oracion) dentro de ese extenso y complejo ambito que es el mundo cristiano de habla castellana: America Latina, el Caribe, España y las comunidades latinas en los Estados Unidos. Redactado con el proposito de aportar luz a ese vasto y maravilloso, pero a veces un tanto oscuro universo espiritual, teologico, literario e historico que son las Escrituras judias. A ello contribuye sustancialmente la personalidad de su autor, que ademas de ser puertorriqueño, caribeño y latinoamericano, pastor y teologo, es profesor de Biblia y literatura hebrea en el Colegio Universitario Dar al-Kalima en Belen, y ha escrito la presente obra desde la Tierra Santa, especificamente desde Jerusalen, donde reside. Ello permite, por un lado, que ademas de los temas tradicionales tratados en las introducciones biblicas, (historicos, teologicos, de genero literario) se enfaticen y exploren tambien otros temas que tienen particular relevancia para el ministerio entre lideres de habla castellana (como la situacion de pobreza, desesperanza y miseria en nuestro continente); y se tomen en consideracion los aspectos, desafios y preocupaciones, que tienen pertinencia e inmediatez en las comunidades eclesiales e iglesias hispanoparlantes.

Jesus and After uses extracts from Biblical and other writings to outline the birth and early development of the Jesus sect of Judaism - its early simplicity, its later growth, and its separation from its Jewish parent. Besides its focus on the past, this book offers suggestions for the future of both religions. The book shows how these writings fit together chronologically, and how, together, they give a sense of the evolution of Christian thinking, from the death of Jesus in the year 30 to the trials of Christians under Pliny in 110. It has the scholar in view, but it also speaks to the concerns of moden Christians who are uncertain about some traditional church doctrines, and who may be interested to find that those doctrines are not original to Christianity, but are instead part of its later development.

The prohibition against lending on interest (Exodus 22:24) is a well-known biblical law: "If you lend to any one of my people with you who is poor, you shall not be to him as a creditor, and you shall not exact interest from him." This prohibition was intended to prevent the wealthy from exploiting the unfortunate. In the course of time, it was seen to have consequences that militated against the economic welfare of Jewish society as a whole. As a result, Jewish law (halakhah) has over the centuries relaxed the biblical injunction, allowing interest charges despite the biblical prohibition. Hillel Gamoran seeks to explain how and when this law of high moral standing collapsed and fell over the course of the centuries. Talmudic rabbis believed that business agreements violated the biblical prohibition against lending in five areas: loans of produce, advance payment for the purchase of goods, buying on credit, mortgages, and investments. The Bible does not consider any of these activities, but all arise in postbiblical literature. How was the biblical law to be applied to situations that had not occurred in biblical times? And how could the rabbis allow these activities when they were hampered from doing so by the laws against lending on interest? To answer these questions, Gamoran examines the biblical prohibition against lending and postulates when it was written, why it was written, and to whom it applied. He then considers the early and later teachers of the Oral Law, the Tannaim and Amoraim, who expanded discussion of the ban in light of various business activities from 70 C.E. to 500 C.E. Finally, he explores how the original tannaitic proscriptions for each of the five activities were upheld or relaxed over the centuries. Each activity is considered in the period of the Geonim (ca. 650-1050), the Rishonim (ca. 1000-1500), and the Aharonim (ca. 1500-2000). For each period, Gamoran shows how the rabbis struggled with the law and with one another and used inventive interpretation to create the legal fictions necessary for business life to flourish.

The volume offers an overview of the diverse Jewish experiences in Southeastern Europe from the 19th to the 21st centuries, and the various forms and strategies of their representation in literature, the arts, historiography and philosophy.Southeastern Europe is characterized by a high degree of ethnical, religious and cultural diversity. Jews, whether Sephardim, Ashkenazim or Romaniots settling there in different periods experienced divergent life worlds which engendered rich cultural production. Though recent scholarly and popular interest in this heterogeneous region has grown impressively, Jewish cultural production is still an under-researched area.The volume offers an overview of the diverse Jewish experiences in Southeastern Europe from the 19th to the 21st centuries, and the various forms and strategies of their representation in literature, the arts, historiography and philosophy, thus creating a dialogue between Jewish studies, Balkan studies, and current literary and cultural theories.

A work entitled the "Book of Giants" figures in every list of the Manichaean "canon" preserved from antiquity. Both the nature of this work and the intellectual baggage of the third-century Persian prophet to whom it is ascribed remained unknown to scholars until 1943, when fragments of several Middle Iranian versions of the Book of Giants were published by W. B. Henning. Twenty-eight years later, at Qumran, J. T. Milik discovered several copies of a fragmentary Aramaic work which is unquestionably the precursor of the later Manichaean recension. One other important work, Manis "autobiography," the so-called Cologne Mani Codex, was brought to scholarly attention in 1970 with evidence that Mani spent his youth among the Elchasaites, a Judeo-Christian sect that observed the Sabbath, strict dietary laws, and rigorous purification practices. Although leading Orientalists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have consistently stressed the Iranian component in Manis thought, Reeves argues, in the light of evidence drawn from the above-mentioned discoveries and from a rich panorama of other textual sources, that the fundamental structure of Manichaean cosmogony is ultimately indebted to Jewish exegetical expansions of Genesis 6:1-4. Reeves begins with an examination of the ancient testimonies about the contents of Manis Book of Giants. Then, using documents from Second Temple Judaism, classical Gnostic literature, Christian and Muslim heresiological reports, Syriac texts, and Manichaean writings, he provides a detailed analysis of both the Qumran and Manichaean rescensions of the work, demonstrating additional interdependencies and suggesting new narrative arrangements. He addresses a series of quotations from an unnamed Manichaean source found in a paschal homily of the sixth-century Monophysite patriarch Severus of Antioch and a narrative from Thoeodore bar Konai. In sum, Reeves demonstrates that the motifs of Jewish Enochic literature, in particular those of the story of the Watchers and Giants, form the skeletal structure of Manis cosmological teachings, and that Chapters 1 to 11 of Genesis fertilized Near Eastern thought, even to the borders of India and China.

In "Jewish Theology, Systematically and Historically Considered," Kaufmann Kohler presents a comprehensive examination of Jewish thought, skillfully intertwining systematic theology with historical context. Kohler meticulously analyzes key religious texts, traditions, and philosophical inquiries that have shaped Jewish belief through the ages. His literary style, marked by clarity and intellectual rigor, invites readers into a profound exploration of theological concepts such as God, revelation, and ethics within Judaism, while also situating these ideas within a broader historical framework of Jewish intellectual history. Kaufmann Kohler, a prominent rabbi and theologian of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, brings a wealth of knowledge and personal conviction to his work. His scholarly journey was influenced by the burgeoning Reform movement and the critical examination of Jewish heritage in the context of modernity. Kohlers engagement with both traditional sources and contemporary thought underscores his commitment to a dynamic understanding of Judaism that resonates with evolving spiritual and moral questions. This book is an essential read for scholars, students, and anyone interested in the intricate relationship between theology and history within Judaism. Kohlers insightful analysis not only deepens our understanding of Jewish thought but also encourages reflective engagement with the challenges and transformations facing contemporary Jewish life.

In "Jewish Theology, Systematically and Historically Considered," Kaufmann Kohler presents a comprehensive exploration of Jewish religious thought through a systematic and historical lens. Kohler meticulously examines the evolution of Jewish theology, addressing critical questions regarding the nature of God, the significance of the Torah, and the role of tradition in Jewish life. His scholarly approach encompasses a range of sources, including biblical texts, rabbinic literature, and modern philosophical debates, thus situating Jewish theology within a broader intellectual context. The clarity of Kohlers prose and rigorous organization enhance the readers understanding of complex theological concepts rooted in both historical and contemporary discourse. Kaufmann Kohler was a prominent rabbi and scholar whose work sought to reconcile tradition with modernity, reflecting the tensions within Jewish thought at the turn of the 20th century. His experiences as a leader in the Reform movement and his engagement with contemporary philosophical currents shaped his viewpoints and led him to write this seminal work. Kohlers background, marked by a deep commitment to intellectual rigor, informs his comprehensive approach to Jewish theology, making it relevant not only to religious scholars but also to those seeking a nuanced understanding of Jewish identity. This book is highly recommended for students of theology, Jewish studies, and anyone interested in the philosophical underpinnings of religious belief. Kohlers insightful analysis encourages readers to consider the dynamic interplay between history and theology, providing essential context for understanding contemporary Jewish thought. As a foundational text, it invites ongoing dialogue and reflection on the significance of Jewish beliefs in a modern world.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "Jews and Judaism," Morris Jastrow provides a comprehensive examination of Jewish life, culture, and religious practices from antiquity to the modern age. Written in a scholarly yet accessible style, the book delves into the historical evolution of Judaism, exploring its texts, traditions, and interactions with surrounding cultures. Jastrows deep grasp of religious studies and ancient civilizations allows him to articulate the complexities of Jewish identity, weaving a narrative that contextualizes Judaism within the broader tapestry of world history. The work is marked by its critical analysis and an impassioned commitment to illuminating the richness of Jewish heritage against a backdrop of challenges and transformations. Morris Jastrow was a prominent American scholar of Semitic languages and an influential figure in Judaic studies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His extensive academic background, coupled with his personal experiences as a Jewish intellectual during a time of rising anti-Semitism, informed his perspective in this work. Jastrows endeavors encompassed a wide range of topics, making him uniquely positioned to address the multifaceted nature of Jewish existence and beliefs. This book is highly recommended for readers seeking to deepen their understanding of Judaism, its historical development, and its profound impact on world religions. Jastrows erudition and heartfelt approach invite scholars and general readers alike to engage with the enduring legacy of the Jewish community.

This volume contains the lectures which the faculty of the Cincinnati School of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion presented to the larger community during the College Centennial Year. They are lectures by scholars moving out of the strict confines of their specialty and addressing a lay audience at large, spreading Jewish information filtered through the channels of Jewish learning and representing a discussion of contemporary problems and concerns in the light of scholarly findings. The convergence of the College Centennial and the national Bicentennial provided a unique occasion to assess the interrelationship between America and American Jewry. Each lecturer, therefore, applied the insights of his own discipline to the situation of contemporary Jewish life in America, elucidating both the challenges and the opportunities. The lectures deal with the American Jewish Experience: the history, the sociology, the artistic creativity, and the ways in which the ancient legacy of religious ideas and literature can thrive in a free democracy. The thirteen lectures published in this volume are by Professors Sheldon H. Blank, Herbert C. Brichto, Samuel Greengus, Robert L. Katz, Jacob R. Marcus, Michael A. Meyer, Eugene Mihaly, Jakob J. Petuchowski, Alvin J. Reines, Ellis Rivkin, Samuel Sandmel, Sylvan D. Schwartzman, and David B. Weisberg. Dr. Alfred Gottschalk, President of the College, contributed an introductory essay on "The Public Function of the Jewish Scholar."