eBooks de Historia de la ciencia, página 9 de 61

This reference presents information about models utilized in experimental medicine and pharmaceutical research and development for several human diseases. Written by experts in immunology, cancer biology and pharmacology, the book provides readers with handy notes and updated data on animal models that are critical to research planning and lab execution. The main feature of the book is a set of 12 structured chapters that focus on a specific disease such as cancer, infectious diseases, autism, autoimmune diseases, Alzheimers disease and anemia. The contributors have gathered information on a wide range of genetic and physiological animal models that are employed in research with comparative charts that highlight their main differences. The book also includes chapters for special topics like food allergies and dentistry. Additional features of the book are an explanation of disease mechanisms that give an easy understanding, notes for idiopathic models and specific clinical conditions, and a list of references for advanced readers. Animal Models In Experimental Medicine is essential reading for scholars, graduate students and senior researchers in life sciences and clinical medicine. It also serves as a resource for professionals involved in bench-to-bedside pharmaceutical projects. Readership Scholars, graduate students and senior researchers in life sciences and clinical medicine; professionals involved in bench-to-bedside pharmaceutical projects.

This book focuses on cases and studies of interest to mechanical engineers and industrial technicians. The considered applications in this volume are widely used in several industrial fields particularly in the automotive and aviation industries. Readers will understand the theory and techniques which are used in each application covered in each chapter. Volume 2 includes the following topics: Numerical investigation of turbulent slot jets with various nanoparticle shapes Experimental study on a sweeping gas membrane distillation unit Development of design processes for multi-spindle drilling using a neural network and expert systems Experimental investigation of a new hybrid solar collector (PV/t) system Theoretical study of the effects of combustion duration on engine performance Effects of preheating temperature and fuel-air equivalence ratio on pollution control in hydrocarbon combustion Numerical study of natural convection between two concentric ellipses with different shapes and imposed temperatures Theoretical study of the geometrical parameters effect on the behavior of a solar chimney power plant Numerical investigations of the effect of packed bed porosity on the flow behavior Comparison between a conventional and a four-stage Savonius wind rotor The presented case studies and development approaches aim to provide readers with basic and applied information broadly related to mechanical engineering and technology.

Advances in biomedical research have had a profound effect on human health outcomes over the last century. Biophysical, biochemical and cellular techniques are now the backbone of modern biomedical research. Understanding these laboratory techniques is a prerequisite for investigating the processes responsible for human diseases and discovering new treatment methods. Cutting Edge Techniques in Biophysics, Biochemistry and Cell Biology: From Principle to Applications Provides information about basic and advanced analytical techniques applied in specific areas of life science and biomedical research. Key Features: - Book chapters present a broad overview of sophisticated analytical techniques used in biophysics, biochemistry and cell biology. - Techniques covered include in vitro cell culture techniques, flow cytometry, real time PCR, X-ray crystallography, RNA sequencing - Information about industrial and biomedical applications of techniques, (drug screening, disease models, functional assays, disease diagnosis, gene expression analysis and protein structure determination) is included. The book is an excellent introduction for students (as a textbook) and researchers (as a reference work). The information it presents will prepare readers to understand and develop research methods in life science laboratories for different projects and activities.

Protocols used in Molecular Biology is a compilation of several examples of molecular biology protocols. Each example is presented with a concise introduction, materials and chemicals required, a step-by-step procedure and troubleshooting tips. Information about the applications of the protocols is also provided. The techniques included in this book are essential to research in the fields of proteomics, genomics, cell culture, epigenetic modification and structural biology. The protocols can also be used by clinical researchers (neuroscientists and oncologists, for example) for medical applications (diagnostics, therapeutics and multidisciplinary projects). Techniques explained in this reference include: - Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) isolation - Next-generation sequencing through real time PCR - Western Blotting - 2-D gel electrophoresis - Immunohistochemistry - Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) - Live cell-culture techniques - Golgi Staining Key Features: - Recent laboratory protocols - Diverse examples of molecular biology experiments - Simple step-by-step presentation of information - Special focus on scientific and clinical applications Protocols used in Molecular Biology is essential reading for academicians, molecular biologists, as well as graduate and undergraduate students studying basic and applied research. Pharmacologists, and medical researchers can also benefit from the wide array of techniques presented in the book.

A Primer on Earth Pollution: Pollution Types and Disposal, is an encyclopedia of important research articles and short essays on pollution. Chapters in the initial half provide information about a wide variety of pollutants (dyes and microplastics) and contributing factors (thermal pollution and the impact of GM plants, for instance). Each chapter explains the nature of polluting agents and presents notes and references on preventive measures. Notes on the associated clinical complications due to exposure are also proved where applicable, such as the case of MDR bacteria in marine environments. The latter chapters of the book cover the biotechnology of medical waste disposal using microbes as well as nanotechnology used for limiting the spread of COVID-19. The volume is a handy reference for students and trainees in the field of environmental science as it brings a balance of basic and applied information on the subject of pollution.

In this handbook, the authors provide a practical, easily accessible guide of necropsy techniques for examining wildlife. Chapters introduce the reader to the value of necropsy in studying wildlife in general, sample collection methods, cadaveric phenomena and necropsy techniques for a variety of organisms ranging from invertebrates to mammals. The book addresses some of the peculiar characteristics of veterinary autopsy specific to different types of specimens. The goal of this book is to equip the reader with the information necessary to conduct a forensic examination in order to reach a conclusive diagnosis of an animals death, while also understanding it in an ecological context. Necropsy Techniques for Examining Wildlife Samples is intended as an essential handbook for students and professionals of biology, zoology and veterinary medicine as well as professionals, who work in natural parks, wildlife rehabilitation centers and biological or zoological parks as conservationists, researchers or animal handlers.

Exercises in Organic Synthesis Based on Synthetic Drugs presents information on topics about the synthesis of biologically active compounds which are used against a range of diseases in both humans and animals. Topics are supplemented by notes and exercises for students to stimulate inquiry and learning in the academic environment. Readers will be equipped with basic knowledge of synthetic techniques used in organic chemistry and pharmaceutical research and development. Key Features: - Presents information about different techniques and strategies for the synthesis of organic compounds- Covers a broad range of biologically active compounds- Easy to read topical presentation- Exercises, with answers, designed for improving concepts in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry- Wide range of bibliographic references for further reading and exercises presented, Exercises in Organic Synthesis Based on Synthetic Drugs is an essential textbook for students in beginner level courses in organic chemistry, organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.

This book focuses on cases and studies of interest to mechanical engineers and industrial technicians. The considered applications in this volume are widely used in several industrial fields particularly in the automotive and aviation industries. Readers will understand the theory and techniques which are used in each application covered in each chapter. Volume 3 includes the following topics: Numerical simulations of three-dimensional laminar mixed convection heat transfer of water-based-Al2O3 nanofluid in an open cubic cavity with a heated block.Nonlinear formulations of Element-Free Galerkin Method (EFGM) for large deformation analysis of Ogdens hyperelastic materials, emphasizing incompressibility and mesh distortion avoidance.Development of a 3D numerical model with LS-DYNA using a coupled SPH-FEM method to simulate hydraulic behavior of a Ski-Jump Spillway with dentates, showcasing precision through validation.Exploration of enhancing the inlet system of an LPG-H2 fueled engine using a static inclined blade turbine, analyzed through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations.Effective utilization of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in heat transfer applications, addressing issues like fouling in heat exchangers, showcasing their accuracy compared to experimental data.Investigation of the impact of nitrogen concentration on the structure and properties of ZrN coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering, evaluating variations in structural and mechanical properties.Forced convection in a horizontal cylindrical pipe with pseudoplastic fluid, considering uniform constant heat flux and uniform temperature as boundary conditions.Modeling and experimental study of a water solar collector coupled to an optimized solar still, aiming to enhance freshwater production in a solar distillation system under specific climatic conditions.Exploration of the effect of film thickness on the structure and properties of Ti-N films deposited by magnetron sputtering, utilizing theoretical and experimental analysis to confirm the rock salt TiN structure.The presented case studies and development approaches aim to provide readers with basic and applied information broadly related to mechanical engineering and technology. Readership Graduate students, PhD candidates and professionals seeking basic and applied information related to mechanical engineering and technology.

Recent Progress in Pharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology: A Medical Perspective offers a comprehensive exploration of the dynamic field of pharmaceutical nanobiotechnology, focusing on its medical applications. This edited reference serves as a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals in various disciplines (pharmacology, biotechnology, clinical medicine and nanotechnology) , providing insights into the latest advancements and practical implications of nanotechnology in the pharmaceutical sector. The book presents 14 edited and referenced chapters that cover several themes for readers. General Pharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology:Introduction to the interdisciplinary fieldExploration of nanoscale materials for medical purposesNanoparticle Development and Applications:Bioinspired NanomedicinesLipid-Based NanocarriersMetallic Nanoparticles and Their ApplicationsNanoparticle Targeting StrategiesNanomedicine-Based Therapies for Cancer Stem CellsBiotechnological Aspects:Biotechnological Significance of ExosomesGlycoconjugates: Biosynthesis and FunctionsInnovative Nanotherapies:Novel Nanotechnological Approaches for GlioblastomaBiocompatibility of Nanomedicines and Bio CoronaDiagnostic and Sensing Applications:Role of Nanoparticular/Nano Vesicular Systems as BiosensorsIn Vitro Applications of Drug-Carrying Nanoparticles in Cell Culture StudiesIn Vivo Imaging Techniques: Bioluminescence and Fluorescence ImagingPrecision Medicine:The Role of Nano and Biopharmaceutics in Precision Medicine Audience Postgraduate researchers in pharmaceutical biotechnology; pharmacy professionals and academicians

The knowledge of plant responses to various abiotic stresses is crucial to understand their underlying mechanisms as well as the methods to develop new varieties of crops, which are better suited to the environment they are grown in. Environmental Stress Physiology of Plants and Crop Productivity provides readers a timely update on the knowledge about plant responses to a variety of stresses such as salinity, temperature, drought, oxidative stress and mineral deficiencies. Chapters focus on biochemical mechanisms identified in plants crucial to adapting to specific abiotic stressors along with the methods of improving plant tolerance. The book also sheds light on plant secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and plant growth regulators in ameliorating the stressful conditions in plants. Additional chapters present an overview of applications of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics (including CRISPR/CAS techniques) to develop abiotic stress tolerant crops. The editors have also provided detailed references for extended reading to support the information in the book. Environmental Stress Physiology of Plants and Crop Productivity is an informative reference for scholars and researchers working in the field of botany, agriculture, crop science and physiology, soil science, and environmental sciences.

This book presents information about the high enzymatic reactivity of reactive oxygen species. Chapters in the book cover several aspects of the topic such as the sources, formation mechanisms, reaction centers, oxidation-reduction reactions, cellular respiration chemistry, enzymatic kinetics, mitochondrial and plastid electron transport chains, oxidation-reduction potential, reaction constants, reaction velocity and reaction mechanisms involved, cellular cytotoxicity, antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants and animals, response of plants to conditions of environmental stress, xenobiotics, and the thermodynamics inherent to oxygen metabolism. The book also features a chapter on flavonoids which highlights a paradoxical facet of the affinity of reactive oxygen species for enzymes. Flavonoids are mainly antioxidant molecules as they act as trappers of reactive oxygen species. The chapter informs readers about the metabolic pathways mediated by enzymes through wich flavonoids become promoters of these same reactive oxygen species. All chapters present the subject in a simple, analytical format, while highlighting the scientific evidence gathered by researchers so far. The volume is an interesting reference for scholars learning about the biochemistry and enzymology of oxygen and its free radical derivatives.

Aluminium is a chemical element present in earths crust and it is a known environmental toxin which has been found to be associated with various neurological disorders. Aluminium has been found to be a very strong risk factor for the development of Alzheimers disease. Biochemical Mechanisms of Aluminium Induced Neurological Disorders explains the association of aluminium with neurological disorders. The book introduces the reader to sources of aluminium exposure, followed by an explanation of pharmacokinetics of aluminium and the different biochemical pathways that cause neurological effects. Chapters cover the typical mechanisms associated with aluminium neurotoxicity such as synaptic impairment as well as recent topics of interest such as the role of aluminum in impairing blood-brain barrier functions. Separate chapters which cover clinical evidence of aluminium toxicity and its management are also included in the book. Biochemical Mechanisms of Aluminium Induced Neurological Disorders is a concise, yet informative reference on the subject of aluminium neurotoxicity for all readers, whether they are students of biochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, clinical neurologists, environmentalists interested in metal pollution or general readers who want to learn about the toxic effects of aluminium in humans.

This book focuses on cases and studies of interest to mechanical engineers and industrial technicians. The considered applications in this volume are widely used in several industrial fields particularly in the automotive and aviation industries. Readers will understand the theory and techniques which are used in each application covered in each chapter. The book contents include the following topics: Numerical analysis of hydrokinetic turbines Computational fluid dynamics of a CuO based nanofluid in mini-channel cross-sections Orthodontic biomechanics of a NiTi arch wires Reynolds number effects on fluid flow through Savonius rotors Effect of operating parameters on Zn-Mn alloys deposited from additive-free chloride bath Optical properties and stability of a blue-emitting phosphor (Sr2P2O7:Eu2+) Under UV and VUV excitation Numerical study of the influence of nanofluid type on thermal improvement in a three dimensional mini channel Electrochemical studies and characterization of Zn-Mn coatings deposited in the presence of novel organic additives Prediction of fire and smoke propagation under a range of external conditions Structural design of a 10 kW H-Darrieus wind turbine The presented case studies and development approaches aim to provide the readers, such as graduate students, PhD candidates and professionals with basic and applied information broadly related to mechanical engineering and technology.

Chemistry of Bipyrazoles: Synthesis and Applications covers the synthetic pathways for all types of bipyrazoles. 5 chapters cover bipyrazole systems, N,N- and N,C-bipyrazoles, namely 1,1`-bipyrazole, 1,3`-bipyrazole, 1,4`-bipyrazole, 3,3`-bipyrazoles, 3,4`-bipyrazoles and 4,4`-bipyrazoles The contents explain several types of reactions: 1) condensation reactions of hydrazines with tetracarbonyls, dihydroxydicarbonyl compounds or pyrazole-based difunctional compounds; 2) 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of pyrazole-based hydrazonoyl halides with activated methylene compounds; 3) metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The book concludes with a chapter that details the applications of bipyrazole derivatives in different industries. Information about advanced concepts used in chemical engineering such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and corrosion inhibition are highlighted. The book contents are presented in an easy-to-understand manner suitable for readers in organic chemistry at senior levels of education and industry expertise. Each chapter is supplemented with detailed references.

Bioluminescence, the cold living light or the cold fire of the sea, is extremely common in all oceans at all depths. However, this phenomenon is nearly absent in freshwater, with the exception of a freshwater limpet. More than 75% of deep-sea creatures have been reported to produce their own light. The luminescent marine plankton such as dinoflagellate, radiolarians, jellyfish, comb jellies, annelids, copepods, ostracods, mysids, amphipods, euphausiids, and tunicates form an important component in the marine food chain. Research on luminescent marine plankton is gaining momentum owing to its importance in life science research and medicine. The glowing Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) extracted from the North Pacific jellyfish, Aqueorea victoria (for which the Japanese biologist, Osamu Shimonmura won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008) has helped shed light on key processes such as the spread of cancer, the development of brain cells, the growth of bacteria, damage to cells by Alzheimers disease, and the development of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Therefore, it is difficult to underscore the importance of bioluminescence and the organisms associated with this phenomenon. Bioluminescent Marine Plankton is a unique reference that attempts to provide answers to questions about bioluminescence. The first of its kind, this book attempts to answer questions on the subject with a focus on planktonic organisms. 12 chapters provide information about the chemistry of bioluminescence, types of bioluminescent displays, distribution of bioluminescence among marine plankton, ecological functions and utility of planktonic bioluminescence. Chapters are dedicated to the biology and ecology of specific groups of plankton that span about 200 luminescent marine species. The detailed book is an essential compendium on marine plankton for a broad range of readers who want to learn about bioluminescent plankton. A list of detailed references is also provided for the benefit of teachers, students, researchers and enthusiasts interested in marine biology, aquaculture, and environmental sciences.

This handbook is a guide to numerical and experimental processes that are used to analyze and improve the efficiency of vertical axis rotors. Chapters present information that is required to optimize the geometrical parameters of rotors or understand how to augment upstream water velocity. The authors of this volume present a numerical model to characterize the water flow around the vertical axis rotors using commercial CFD code in Ansys Fluent. The software has been used to select adequate parameters and perform computational simulations of spiral Darrieus turbines. The contents of the volume explain the experimental procedure carried out to evaluate the performance of the spiral Darrieus turbine, how to characterize the water flow in the vicinity of the tested turbine and the method to assess the spiral angle influence on the turbine performance parameters. Results for different spiral angles (ranging from 10 to 40) are presented. This volume is a useful handbook for engineers involved in power plant design and renewable energy sectors who are studying the computational fluid dynamics of vertical axis turbines (such as Darrieus turbines) that are used in hydropower projects. Key features: - 4 chapters that cover the numerical and experimental analysis of vertical axis rotors and hydrokinetic turbines - Simple structured layout for easy reading (methodology, models and results) - Bibliographic study to introduce the reader to the subject - A wide range of parameters included in experiments - A comprehensive appendix of tables for mechanical parameters, statistical models, rotor parameters and geometric details.

Influenza is one of the most ancient and intriguing diseases that has been accompanying our civilization for millennia. While mankind has successfully defeated many dangerous influenza infections in the last couple of centuries, influenza control remains a serious problem for public health. A number of influenza vaccines and antiviral compounds have been licensed in recent times. However, the influenza virus is still ahead of us, as it continues to persistently infect humans to this day. Influenza: A Century of Research shows how influenza virology has developed historically and the tremendous knowledge that has been uncovered in the study of influenza. In this monograph, the authors present a historical perspective on influenza, chronologically, with an emphasis on its virology. Chapters cover information about the isolation of the first influenza viruses, substrates, and models for studying influenza, structure, and life cycle of the influenza virus, mechanisms of attenuation and virulence. Chapters progress into the multidisciplinary aspects of influenza research such as influenza virus ecology and the evolutionary origin of epidemic and pandemic influenza viruses. A significant part of the book also covers the description of the prevention and treatment of influenza and reasons that have contributed to insufficient control for influenza. The questions of how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses, and if we can eliminate this virus are also addressed. Influenza: A Century of Research is an informative source of information for a broad range of readers, academic or otherwise, who are interested in knowing more about the disease.

This book integrates knowledge about innovative technologies developed in the past decade with information about commercial-scale processes. It is written with the objective to help readers to understand the potential of achieving sustainability and high efficiency in wastewater treatment. The book presents nine chapters. Chapter 1 details the types of wastewater, its characteristics, and the major commercial-scale strategies employed to treat wastewater. Chapter 2 details the different types of physicochemical methods utilized for the remediation of heavy metals, dyes, and xenobiotics. Chapters 3 and 4 highlight innovations in the advanced oxidation process and adsorption for remediation of such complex molecules, respectively. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 highlight the recent innovations in bioremediation of xenobiotics, heavy metals, and dyes, respectively. Finally, chapters 8 and 9 discuss the latest technologies, prevailing bottlenecks, and the path ahead towards commercial viability and environmental sustainability in both physico-chemical and biological treatment processes.

Bio-based polymers are materials that are produced from renewable resources. Their biodegradable properties are the driver of worldwide interest among researchers and manufacturers in recent years due to the demand and need for alternatives to fossil fuel based polymers. The use of biodegradable polymers creates a sustainable industry. In contrast, the raw materials for synthetic polymers derived from petrochemicals will eventually deplete and most of them are non-biodegradable. Despite these advantages, bio-based polymers account for only a tiny fraction of the total global plastic market. Non-biodegradability issues of synthetic pharmaceutical inactive ingredients strongly emphasized innovators towards the development of biopolymers. Recently natural biodegradable excipients gained significant attention due to their sustainability and engineered applications. Innovative technologies to transform these materials into value-added chemicals via novel graft-polymerization or co-processing techniques for the production of high-performance multifunctional and low-cost polymers with tunable structures are key parts of its sustainable development. Biopolymers Towards Green and Sustainable Development elaborates on important issues that surround bio-based polymers. It gives the reader an overview of biopolymers, the impact of non-biodegradable polymers on the environment and health, emerging sources of biodegradable polymers, structural and morphological characterization techniques, thermomechanical properties, biodegradable plastics from biopolymers, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and textile applications, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Moreover, a brief bibliometric meta-analysis on bio-based pharmaceutical excipients provides an update about teams involved in the development of polymeric research that may be of interest to anyone who wants to work on sustainable biopolymer projects. Key Features - provides an updated summary on recently discovered natural polymeric materials- gives a thorough breakdown of the vast range of biopolymer applications including fabrication of conventional and novel drug delivery, polymeric scaffolds, composites, microneedles, and green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles,- summarizes pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the inactive pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients- presents a bibliometric meta-analysis indicating potential collaboration between country, organization, institution, and authors with a view on recent ongoing trends in tyhe biopolymer landscape.

An Introduction to Plant Immunity is a comprehensive guide to plant immunology and stress response. The book covers the topic in 21 detailed chapters, starting from an introduction to the subject to the latest knowledge about plant disease resistance. The topics covered in the book include plant pathogens, plant diseases, plant immunity, passive defense mechanisms, acquired resistance, molecular genetics of plant immunology, protein function and genetic engineering. Each chapter provides a reader-friendly introduction along with clear sections detailing each topic. Additionally, detailed references for further reading are also provided. The combination of basic and advanced information on plant immunity make this book an essential textbook for students in botany and plant biology courses. Researchers interested in plant genomics and the effects of environmental and microbial interactions on plants will also benefit from this informative reference.