eBooks de Historia de la ciencia, página 6 de 61

We have lived in a world that had, until the arrival in 2020 of the coronavirus Covid-19, not suffered a serious pandemic for a century, and society had almost forgotten the enormous impact created by highly infectious diseases. Infectious diseases, however, played major roles in ending the Golden Age of Athens, wrecked Justinians plans to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory, and killed untold millions in Latin America after the Spanish invasion. Armies of Pestilence explores the impact of these diseases on history. Despite their importance, historians have tended to minimise the role of infectious disease - partly because of a lack of scientific knowledge, and this has resulted in a distorted view both of the past and of the danger of disease to modern society. In Armies of Pestilence, R.S. Bray, a distinguished biologist who here shows himself also to be an able historian, corrects this view. The book surveys the principal epidemics around the world and across the centuries, in each case discussing the origins of the outbreaks, the symptoms, the mortality rate and the social and economic effect. Where particular diseases cannot be identified with certainty the best scholarly opinions are discussed. Bray pays special attention to the infamous Yersina pestis, the organism that caused the Black Death. Other diseases discussed include malaria, smallpox, typhus, cholera and influenza, and AIDS. One of the themes of the book is the relationship between disease and war, with the former often causing more deaths than the latter, as was the case with the great influenza pandemic of 1918-19, at the end of the First World War. The inability of governments to deal effectively with disease is also made clear.

We have lived in a world that had, until the arrival in 2020 of the coronavirus Covid-19, not suffered a serious pandemic for a century, and society had almost forgotten the enormous impact created by highly infectious diseases. Infectious diseases, however, played major roles in ending the Golden Age of Athens, wrecked Justinians plans to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory, and killed untold millions in Latin America after the Spanish invasion. Armies of Pestilence explores the impact of these diseases on history. Despite their importance, historians have tended to minimise the role of infectious disease - partly because of a lack of scientific knowledge, and this has resulted in a distorted view both of the past and of the danger of disease to modern society. In Armies of Pestilence, R.S. Bray, a distinguished biologist who here shows himself also to be an able historian, corrects this view. The book surveys the principal epidemics around the world and across the centuries, in each case discussing the origins of the outbreaks, the symptoms, the mortality rate and the social and economic effect. Where particular diseases cannot be identified with certainty the best scholarly opinions are discussed. Bray pays special attention to the infamous Yersina pestis, the organism that caused the Black Death. Other diseases discussed include malaria, smallpox, typhus, cholera and influenza, and AIDS. One of the themes of the book is the relationship between disease and war, with the former often causing more deaths than the latter, as was the case with the great influenza pandemic of 1918-19, at the end of the First World War. The inability of governments to deal effectively with disease is also made clear.

Dieses Buch ist eine Sammlung von 26 wissenschaftlichen, energiepolitischen und sozioökonomischen Artikeln, die zwischen 2008 und 2012 veröffentlicht wurden

A few lines will suffice to explain why we have compiled the present volume, to what wants it responds, and what its sphere of usefulness may possibly embrace.In our teaching of plastic anatomy, especially at the Ecole des Beaux-Artswhere, for the past nine years, we have had the very great honour of supplementing the teaching of our distinguished master, Mathias Duval, after having been prosector for his course of lectures since 1881it is our practice to give, as a complement to the study of human anatomy, a certain number of lessons on the anatomy of those animals which artists might be called on to represent.Now, we were given to understand that the subject treated in our lectures interested our hearers, so much so that we were not surprised to learn that a certain number repeatedly expressed a desire to see these lectures united in book form.Edouard CuyerGENERALITIES OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMYOf the animals by which we are surrounded, there are some which, occupying a place in our lives by reason of their natural endowments, are frequently represented in the works of artistseither as accompanying man in his work or in his amusements, or as intended to occupy the whole interest of the composition.The necessity of knowing, from an artistic point of view, the structure of the human body makes clear the importance we attach, from the same point of view, to the study of the anatomy of animalsthat is, the study of comparative anatomy. The name employed to designate this branch of anatomy shows that the object of this science is the study of the relative position and form which each region presents in all organized beings, taking for comparison the corresponding regions in man. The head in animals compared with the human head; the trunk and limbs compared to the trunk and limbs of the human beingthis is the analysis we undertake, and the plan of the subject we are about to commence.Our intention being, as we have just said, the comparison of the structure of animals with that of man, should we describe the anatomy of the human being in the pages which follow? We do not think so. Plastic human anatomy having been previously studied in special works, we take it for granted that these have been studied before undertaking the subject of comparative anatomy. We will therefore not occupy time with the elementary facts relative to the skeleton and the superficial layer of muscles. We will not dilate on the division of the bones into long, short, large, single, paired, etc. All these preliminary elements we shall suppose to have been already studied.This being granted, it is, nevertheless, necessary to take a rapid birds-eye view of organized beings, and to recall the terms used in their classification.Animals are primarily classed in great divisions, based on the general characters which differentiate them most. These divisions, or branches, allow of their being so grouped that in each of them we find united the individuals whose general structure is uniform; and under the name of vertebrates are included man and the animals with which our studies will be occupied. The vertebrates, as the name indicates, are recognised by the presence of an interior skeleton formed by a central axis, the vertebral column, round which the other parts of the skeleton are arranged.The vertebrate branch is divided into classes: fishes, amphibians or batrachians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Artistic Anatomy Of Animals By Edouard CuyerLanguage English

A matemática é uma constante do mundo e o que aprendermos com ela pode significar a diferença entre o sucesso e o desastreA matemática está sempre presente na nossa vida, da forma como comunicamos com os outros a forma como viajamos, trabalhamos ou relaxamos.Mas so poucos os que compreendem o seu verdadeiro poder, pois a influencia da matematica no se fica pelo dia a dia no escritorio ou em casa, estendendo-se aos tribunais e hospitais.Neste livro extraordinario, Kit Yates explora historias veridicas em que a utilizaço ou a ma utilizaço da matematica teve um papel decisivo: pacientes incapacitados com diagnosticos errados, empresarios falidos devido a algoritmos imperfeitos, vitimas inocentes de erros judiciais ou de falhas de software e ate pais que perderam os seus filhos, sempre devido a equivocos matematicos.Mas ha esperança: para alem de o autor nos alertar para os perigos com exemplos reais, tambem nos oferece ferramentas matematicas simples que nos ajudaro a tomar decises acertadas numa sociedade cada vez mais baseada em numeros.

A fim de apresentar cientistas como escritores e ler textos de ciência como obras literárias, As vinte mil léguas de Charles Darwin é a versão em livro da primeira temporada do podcast de divulgação

The astrolabe often quoted as "the earliest computer" is a mechanical instrument capable of performing astronomical computations. This study offers a new interpretation of its role in the Latin culture of the High Middle Ages, highlighting its epistemological significance. For Latin scholars around the year 1000, the astrolabe became the earliest, non-verbal channel to access and assimilate mathematical knowledge from the Arabic culture, and could be seen as representing a divine architectonical rationality which humans could share in the mathematical experience. The novel methodology of this work combines the results of historical and philological analyses of manuscripts and material sources with the most recent insights on different kinds of mathematical thinking. Focussing on drawings and text fragments, with a new, detailed analysis of ms. Paris BnF 7412 (11th c.), the study reconstructs the Latin high medieval mathematical experience, its non-verbal modes of communication and its relationship with both practice and philosophy.

ASTRONOMIAFACILE e una guida di astronomia teorica in generale e pratica osservativa in particolare. La materia, trattata in modo semplice e idoneo a qualunque platea, abbraccia diverse branche. Vengono illustrate le piu importanti stelle, costellazioni ed altri corpi celesti visibili dal nostro emisfero, con consigli pratici su come fare per individuarli, riconoscerli ed eventualmente immortalarli in uno scatto fotografico e vengono trattati i piu comuni fenomeni astronomici, come le stagioni, le maree, i moti planetari, le eclissi e via dicendo; da unaltra ancora vengono discussi alcuni fatti che se pur collegati allastronomia non ne sono strettamente connessi. Tenteremo di misurare luniverso, ci chiederemo se ci puo essere altra vita oltre alla nostra e cercheremo di capire se esistono influssi lunari sulla nostra vita quotidiana. Il tutto viene trattato in modo discorsivo ma nello stesso tempo basato su precise cognizioni scientifiche e ferrei ragionamenti logici. I diversi temi vengono esposti in modo interconnesso, per una lettura piu gradevole ed accattivante, evitando di trasformare questa guida in un noioso trattato astronomico o in una sterile sequenza di informazioni.

The Book which is here presented to the public is founded upon a French work by M. Flammarion which has enjoyed considerable popularity. It contained a number of interesting accounts of the various ideas, sometimes mythical, sometimes intended to be serious, that had been entertained concerning the heavenly bodies and our own earth; with a popular history of the earliest commencement of astronomy among several ancient peoples.It is hoped that it may be found of interest to those who care to know about the early days of the oldest of our sciences, which is now attracting general attention again by the magnitude of its recent advances. Astronomy also, in early days, as will be seen by a perusal of this book, was so mixed up with all the affairs of life, and contributed so much even to religion, that a history of its beginnings is found to reveal the origin of several of our ideas and habits, now apparently quite unconnected with the science. There is matter of interest here, therefore, for those who wish to know only the history of the general ideas of mankind.

Riddled with jealousy, rivalry, missed opportunities and moments of genius, the history of the atoms discovery is as bizarre, as capricious, and as weird as the atom itself. John Dalton gave us the first picture of the atom in the early 1800s. Almost 100 years later the young misfit New Zealander, Ernest Rutherford, showed the atom consisted mostly of space, and in doing so overturned centuries of classical science. It was a brilliant Dane, Neils Bohr, who made the next great leap - into the incredible world of quantum theory. Yet, he and a handful of other revolutionary young scientists werent prepared for the shocks Nature had up her sleeve. This insightful, compelling book (New Scientist) reveals the mind-bending discoveries that were destined to upset everything we thought we knew about reality and unleash a dangerous new force upon the world. Even today, as we peer deeper and deeper into the atom, it throws back as many questions at us as answers.

Atomi e dintorni e una breve guida sulla storia e la scienza degli atomi. Vi si racconta, senza utilizzare incomprensibili equazioni matematiche, la loro nascita nel momento del Big Bang e la loro trasformazione da un tipo a un altro nel corso della loro evoluzione. Ripercorreremo gli studi e le ricerche dei filosofi antichi fino ad arrivare alle moderne teorie dei fisici del nostro tempo che ci svelano i segreti degli atomi. Descriveremo i principi della fisica classica, relativistica e quantistica, partendo dallUniverso e arrivando allinfinitamente piccolo. Alla fine del racconto, le appendici ci aiuteranno ad approfondire i vari argomenti trattati fin li. Le appendici possono essere consultate dal lettore oppure possono venire tralasciate. Sono indipendenti e il lettore puo scegliere di leggerle a seconda delle proprie curiosita. Lautore cerca di spiegarci in modo discorsivo ma seguendo sempre una logica scientifica, cose che altrimenti molti di noi non riuscirebbero a comprendere nei particolari. Un percorso che vuole metterci in condizioni di conoscere, per quanto possibile, i misteri della materia e dellenergia e, in ultima analisi, dellUniverso stesso.

Spanning ten historic years, from the discovery of nuclear fission in 1939 to Joe-1, the first Soviet atomic bomb test in August 1949, Atomic is the first fully realised popular account of the race between Nazi Germany, Britain, America and the Soviet Union to build atomic weapons. Rich in personality, action, confrontation and deception, Jim Baggotts book tells an epic story of science and technology at the very limits of human understanding.

Complimenti per labilita che hai nello spiegare le lezioni, oltretutto utili e chiare!Complimenti, chiarissimo! Avrei voluto avere lei al corso di Chimica Generale alluniversita!Questi sono solo alcuni dei commenti che si trovano sul mio canale YouTube "Cosmox- Ripetizioni di chimica", che ha migliaia di iscritti ed oltre 120000 visualizzazioni totali annue, dedicato alla spiegazione dei concetti fondamentali della chimica.Sono un laureato in chimica. Dopo una pluriennale esperienza, come tecnico, nella ricerca scientifica seguita da unaltra esperienza come insegnante nella scuola secondaria di secondo grado, ho deciso di dare un aiuto fondamentalmente agli studenti universitari che hanno delle difficolta con lo studio di questa materia.Oltre al canale YouTube sto realizzando una serie di ebook, indipendenti luno dallaltro, sempre con lo scopo di chiarire i concetti fondamentali della chimica indispensabili per la comprensione dei vari argomenti che lo studente incontra durante lo studio. Tali ebook, quindi, non sono sostitutivi del libro di testo ma potrebbero essere un valido aiuto per rendere questa materia meno ostica.Questo primo ebook (145 figure e 70 espressioni presenti) contiene delle lezioni sullatomo e sul legame chimico ed e presentato in un video del mio canale YouTube.Ho creato al suo interno dei collegamenti ipertestuali per richiamare quei concetti, gia trattati nellopera, che sono necessari per la comprensione di un nuovo argomento e per inserire delle note integrative.Quando il collegamento comporta un lungo salto di pagina e possibile ritornare alla pagina precedente cliccando su unapposita freccia racchiusa tra parentesi quadre: []. Questi link vanno quindi cliccati solo dopo il salto di pagina e non quando si incontrano per la prima volta.Nella sezione "Schemi per ripetere" gli argomenti gia trattati in precedenza sono riproposti in maniera piu concisa e schematica per permettere al lettore di ripetere agevolmente quanto studiato nella prima parte dellebook.In questa terza edizione ho apportato alcune modifiche al testo per migliorare la chiarezza dellesposizione.I programmi utilizzati per la realizzazione di questo ebook sono gratuiti e "open source" e sono elencati alla fine dellopera.Se avete commenti o segnalazioni non esitate a contattarmi (il mio indirizzo mail e riportato nellultima pagina).Cosimo AncoraLuglio 2025

Os Atos Filosóficos criados neste manuscrito foram criados durante a pandemia de 2020 por Daniel L. Roberts, um filósofo Homem santo sob o Arcanjo Miguel, para aliviar as lutas colocadas sobre o mundo. Seu objetivo foi escrito para os Estados Unidos da America, mas tambem para ajudar o mundo e educar as pessoas sobre uma maneira de fazer as coisas funcionarem, como um povo. E para ajudar as geraçes futuras.

O livro tem como objetivo compartilhar décadas de experiência atuando em ambientes industriais.Áreas como qualidade e produtividade possuem vasta literatura e já são valorizadas pelas organizações em

In the 1960s, a group of University of Melbourne Science and Engineering students and one Law student banded together to build a satellite in their spare time. You are invited to the launch of a book that records the journey of those students as they built Australis OSCAR 5 and had it launched into orbit by NASA in January 1970. Australis operated successfully for nearly two months before its batteries ran out. It was the first satellite built in Australia and achieved a number of important technical milestones, including over a dozen world firsts. Then, nearly fifty years later, another group of students, also from the Universiy of Melbourne decided that they too would build a small satellite. Operating in a very different technical, social and regulatory environment and with remarkably similar goals, the team built their cubesat. As if to celebrate the anniversary year of Australis launch in 1970, ACRUX-1 was launched from New Zealand in 2019.

In the 1960s, a group of University of Melbourne Science and Engineering students and one Law student banded together to build a satellite in their spare time. You are invited to the launch of a book that records the journey of those students as they built Australis OSCAR 5 and had it launched into orbit by NASA in January 1970. Australis operated successfully for nearly two months before its batteries ran out. It was the first satellite built in Australia and achieved a number of important technical milestones, including over a dozen world firsts. Then, nearly fifty years later, another group of students, also from the Universiy of Melbourne decided that they too would build a small satellite. Operating in a very different technical, social and regulatory environment and with remarkably similar goals, the team built their cubesat. As if to celebrate the anniversary year of Australis launch in 1970, ACRUX-1 was launched from New Zealand in 2019.

One of the reasons for writing this story in its present form is to help the reader to realise that electrons are not mythical, but real existing things, and by far the most interesting things we know anything about. The discovery of electrons has shed a new light upon the meaning of very many things which have been puzzles until now. They give us a reasonable explanation of the cause of light and colour. They provide a new idea of the constitution of matter. They enable us to picture an electric current, and they give us definite, though by no means final, answers to the why and wherefore of magnetism, chemical union, and radio-activity.The story is imaginary only in so far that one of the electrons itself is supposed to tell the tale. But in the endeavour to make the story interesting, there has been no sacrifice of accuracy in the statements of fact.

Esta obra representa a formulação pormenorizada e consistente do conceito autopoeisis, cunhada na Biologia por Maturana, aplicado na ciência da religçao. O biólogo chileno Humberto Maturana, que morr