John Locke

Las disputas, en muchos casos sangrientas, entre las diversas sectas cristianas surgidas a raíz de la Reforma, provocaron ya desde fecha temprana una fuerte inquietud en el pensamiento europeo. John Locke (1632-1704), destacado representante del empirismo filosofico, tampoco pudo sustraerse a la preocupacion por este problema. En el "Ensayo sobre la tolerancia" (1666) y, mas tarde, en la "Epistola de tolerantia" (1685) propugno la separacion entre la Iglesia y el Estado y la aceptacion de todo tipo de opinion religiosa que no atentara contra los principios fundamentales de la sociedad constituida, dos principios que continuan teniendo plena vigencia en el pensamiento politico moderno.Introduccion y traduccion de Carlos Mellizo

La teoría política de John Locke (1632-1704) ha influido notablemente en la formación de la ideología liberal moderna. Mientras que el "Primer Tratado" es una larga y elaborada refutación de la teoría del derecho divino de los reyes tal y como fue concebida por sir Robert Filmer en Patriarca -tambien en esta coleccion-, el "Segundo Tratado sobre el Gobierno Civil" -"Un ensayo acerca del verdadero origen, alcance y fin del Gobierno Civil"- aborda temas tan importantes como el origen de la legitimidad de los gobiernos, la propiedad o la sociedad civil, aunque por encima de todo fue un trabajo destinado a reafirmar el derecho de resistencia a una autoridad injusta y, en ultima instancia, el derecho a hacer una revolucion. La presente edicion ha utilizado como referencia la edicion postuma de 1764.Traduccion y prologo de Carlos MellizoLa teoría política de John Locke (1632-1704) ha influido notablemente en la formación de la ideología liberal moderna. Mientras que el "Primer Tratado" es una larga y elaborada refutación de la teoría del derecho divino de los reyes tal y como fue concebida por sir Robert Filmer en Patriarca -tambien en esta coleccion-, el "Segundo Tratado sobre el Gobierno Civil" -"Un ensayo acerca del verdadero origen, alcance y fin del Gobierno Civil"- aborda temas tan importantes como el origen de la legitimidad de los gobiernos, la propiedad o la sociedad civil, aunque por encima de todo fue un trabajo destinado a reafirmar el derecho de resistencia a una autoridad injusta y, en ultima instancia, el derecho a hacer una revolucion. La presente edicion ha utilizado como referencia la edicion postuma de 1764.Traduccion y prologo de Carlos Mellizo

John Lockes An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding is a groundbreaking work in the field of philosophy, specifically focusing on the nature of human knowledge and understanding. Written in a clear and rational style, Locke explores the origins of ideas, the role of language in shaping thought, and the limits of human understanding. This work is considered a key text in the history of empiricism, as Locke argues that all knowledge comes from sensory experience and reflection. His emphasis on the importance of observation and experimentation laid the foundation for modern scientific inquiry. Lockes work is a must-read for anyone interested in the development of modern philosophical thought. John Locke, a prominent Enlightenment thinker, was influenced by his background in medicine, politics, and theology. His experiences living through political turmoil in England and interacting with prominent intellectuals of his time shaped his perspective on epistemology and politics. Lockes dedication to reason and empirical evidence in the pursuit of knowledge is evident in An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. I highly recommend An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding to readers interested in philosophy, epistemology, and the history of ideas. Lockes thorough examination of the nature of human knowledge continues to be relevant and influential in contemporary philosophical discussions.

In "Some Thoughts Concerning Education," John Locke presents a groundbreaking exploration of educational philosophy that emerged during the Enlightenment period. Locke advocates for a rational approach to education, emphasizing the formation of a childs character and intellect over rote memorization. He employs a clear and pragmatic literary style, thoughtfully dismantling prevailing notions of pedagogy in his time. Through accessible language, Locke articulates the significance of experiential learning and the role of the environment in shaping a childs understanding, providing insights that remain relevant in contemporary educational discourse. John Locke, a pivotal figure in political philosophy and epistemology, was profoundly influenced by the prevailing scientific and philosophical currents of the 17th century. His commitment to reason and individual rights translates into a compelling case for educational reform, reflecting his belief in the potential for human growth through knowledge. His experiences in mentoring and teaching also illuminate his perspectives on the importance of nurturing an inquisitive mind. Engaging and thought-provoking, "Some Thoughts Concerning Education" remains a vital text for educators, parents, and anyone interested in the development of human thought. Lockes ideas invite readers to reconsider traditional educational methods and inspire a lifelong pursuit of knowledge.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "Of the Conduct of the Understanding," John Locke embarks on an intellectual journey to elucidate the principles of human cognition. Written with clarity and precision, this treatise explores the nature of understanding, emphasizing the importance of empirical evidence and rational thought over preconceived notions. Locke introduces a systematic approach to knowledge acquisition and articulates the necessity of self-examination and critical analysis, aligning his thoughts with Enlightenment ideals that champion reason and individual autonomy. The work serves as a crucial precursor to modern epistemology, illustrating the delicate interplay between perception, knowledge, and belief. John Locke, a prominent 17th-century philosopher, was profoundly influenced by the tumultuous political landscape of his time, as well as by the scientific advancements of the Scientific Revolution. His experiences in politics and philosophy shaped his inquiry into the workings of the mind. As an advocate for empiricism, Locke sought to dismantle the dogmas of previous eras, laying the groundwork for a more rigorous exploration of human understanding that would resonate throughout Western philosophy. "Of the Conduct of the Understanding" is an essential read for anyone interested in the development of modern thought and the foundations of knowledge. Lockes insights encourage readers to cultivate a deliberate and thoughtful approach to learning and reasoning, making this text a timeless guide in fostering intellectual rigor and self-awareness.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 (although dated 1690) with the printed title An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.He describes the mind at birth as a blank slate (tabula rasa, although he did not use those actual words) filled later through experience. The essay was one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern philosophy, and influenced many enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley.Book I of the Essay is Lockes attempt to refute the rationalist notion of innate ideas. Book II sets out Lockes theory of ideas, including his distinction between passively acquired simple ideassuch as "red,""sweet,""round"and actively built complex ideas, such as numbers, causes and effects, abstract ideas, ideas of substances, identity, and diversity.Locke also distinguishes between the truly existing primary qualities of bodies, like shape, motion and the arrangement of minute particles, and the secondary qualities that are "powers to produce various sensations in us" such as "red" and "sweet." These secondary qualities, Locke claims, are dependent on the primary qualities. He also offers a theory of personal identity, offering a largely psychological criterion. Book III is concerned with language, and Book IV with knowledge, including intuition, mathematics, moral philosophy, natural philosophy ("science"), faith, and opinion.

La primera de las libertades reivindicadas en la época moderna fue la libertad religiosa, que dentro de la dialéctica del pensamiento liberal puede considerarse no sólo como la primera en el tiempo, sino tambien como la raiz del desarrollo de las demas libertades. A su vez, en el seno de la idea de la libertad religiosa, la Carta sobre la Tolerancia de J. Locke, publicada por primera vez en 1689 y 1690, marca un hito de primer rango. Se trata de uno de esos libros breves que, al igual que El Principe de Maquivelo o el Manifiesto del Partido Comunista de Marx y Engels, estan destinados a ejercer una decisiva influencia historica. Aparte de su significacion universal, la Carta es altamente representativa del pensamiento politico ingles en una de las etapas mas interesante de su historia.

This book analyzes the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. Locke describes the mind at birth as a blank slate (tabula rasa) filled later through experience. The essay was one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern philosophy, and influenced many enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. Book I of the Essay is Lockes attempt to refute the rationalist notion of innate ideas. Book II sets out his theory of ideas, including his distinction between passively acquired simple ideas, such as "red", "sweet", "round", etc., and actively built complex ideas, such as numbers, causes and effects, abstract ideas, ideas of substances, identity, and diversity. Book III is concerned with language and Book IV with knowledge, including intuition, mathematics, moral philosophy, natural philosophy ("science"), faith, and opinion.

In "A Letter Concerning Toleration," John Locke artfully argues for religious tolerance as an essential foundation for civil society. Written in 1689 during a period of intense religious conflict in Europe, Lockes treatise is both a philosophical exploration and a political manifesto advocating the separation of church and state. Employing a rational and empirical style, Locke challenges the prevailing dogmas of his time, emphasizing the necessity of individual conscience and the detrimental effects of religious persecution on societal harmony. His work serves as a cornerstone in Enlightenment thought, influencing contemporary views on human rights and liberty. John Locke, an influential English philosopher and physician, is often regarded as one of the founders of modern liberalism. His experiences during the tumultuous political climate of 17th-century England, particularly the civil wars and the Glorious Revolution, undoubtedly shaped his views on governance and individual rights. His background in natural philosophy and political science informed his advocacy for tolerance, as he sought practical solutions to the conflicts that divided society, promoting reason over dogma. I highly recommend "A Letter Concerning Toleration" to anyone interested in the intersections of philosophy, religion, and political thought. Lockes timeless arguments not only resonate in historical contexts but are remarkably pertinent in todays discussions on faith, freedom, and coexistence. This work is essential for anyone seeking to understand the principles of democracy and the importance of tolerance in a pluralistic society.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

The Two Treatises of Government is a renowned work of political philosophy written by English philosopher John Locke. The treatises were published in 1690 and were an important influence on the development of liberal political thought.The first treatise argues against the divine right of kings and the idea that political power is derived from God. Instead, Locke asserts that individuals possess natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that these rights cannot be legitimately taken away by any government or individual. He also argues that individuals have the right to overthrow a government that fails to protect these rights.The second treatise focuses on the role of government and how it should be structured to protect individual rights. Locke argues that government exists to protect natural rights and that it derives its authority from the consent of the governed. He also emphasizes the importance of the separation of powers and the idea that government should be limited in its scope and power.John Locke (1632-1704) was an English philosopher and physician, known as one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment era. He is considered the father of liberalism and empiricism, which held that knowledge comes from experience and observation rather than innate ideas.Lockes most famous work is An Essay Concerning Human Understanding in which he argues against the idea of innate ideas and posits that the mind is a blank slate or "tabula rasa" at birth, which is then filled with ideas and knowledge through experience.He also believed in the natural rights of life, liberty, and property, which influenced the American Declaration of Independence.In addition to his philosophical work, Locke was involved in politics and served as a physician for the government. He wrote several other works on politics, religion, and education, including Two Treatises of Government and Some Thoughts Concerning Education.Preface by Federica Rainaldi.Federica Rainaldi has a PhD in Political Science from the University of Bologna. Her previous publications include Making sense of Italian politics (Part 1 and 2), online at www.politcsworldwide.com; and Il policy change tra nuovi paradigmi e vecchie pratiche. Le politiche idriche in Italia e Inghilterra, in Rivista Italiana di Politiche Pubbliche, n.1/2011 (with R. Scintu). She currently lives and works in England.

Two Treatises of Government John Locke - First published anonymously in December 1689, John Lockes Two Treatises of Government are considered to be some of the most important works of political philosophy ever written. In the first treatise Locke disputes the divine right of monarchial rule principle that is put forth in the book Patriarcha by Sir Robert Filmer. The first treatise is in fact a sentence by sentence refutation of Patriarcha. Filmer asserts the idea that absolute authority over the world flows from the Biblical Adam and his ownership of the world and that the heir of Adam is the rightful inheritor of this authority. Locke dismisses this line of reasoning that authority flows from some divine lineage to the first man in favor of a system based on natural laws and consent of the people. In the second treatise Locke sets forth the basic principles of natural law that lay the foundation for basic human rights and the government of man. Also contained within this volume is the shorter work, A Letter Concerning Toleration.

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke - An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 (although dated 1690) with the printed title An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. He describes the mind at birth as a blank slate (tabula rasa, although he did not use those actual words) filled later through experience. The essay was one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern philosophy, and influenced many enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley.Book I of the Essay is Lockes attempt to refute the rationalist notion of innate ideas. Book II sets out Lockes theory of ideas, including his distinction between passively acquired simple ideassuch as "red,""sweet,""round"and actively built complex ideas, such as numbers, causes and effects, abstract ideas, ideas of substances, identity, and diversity. Locke also distinguishes between the truly existing primary qualities of bodies, like shape, motion and the arrangement of minute particles, and the secondary qualities that are "powers to produce various sensations in us" such as "red" and "sweet." These secondary qualities, Locke claims, are dependent on the primary qualities. He also offers a theory of personal identity, offering a largely psychological criterion. Book III is concerned with language, and Book IV with knowledge, including intuition, mathematics, moral philosophy, natural philosophy ("science"), faith, and opinion.

In "A Letter Concerning Toleration," John Locke argues for the vital importance of religious tolerance in a pluralistic society, articulating the necessity of separating civil governance from individual belief systems. Through clear, compelling prose and robust philosophical reasoning, Locke critiques the intertwining of state power and religion, positing that true faith must be voluntary and cannot be enforced. He draws upon contemporary debates in 17th-century Europe regarding varying religious doctrines, using these conflicts to exemplify the destructive consequences of intolerance and advocating for a social contract rooted in mutual respect and understanding. John Locke, a pivotal figure in Enlightenment philosophy, was deeply influenced by the tumultuous religious wars of his time. His experiences and observations of the struggles between Catholics and Protestants in England shaped his thoughts on governance and human rights. Lockes background in both philosophy and political theory underpins his ability to traverse complex theological arguments while maintaining a focus on civil societys practical requirements. This essential text is a cornerstone for anyone interested in political philosophy, religious studies, or the development of modern democratic thought. Lockes eloquent defense of tolerance not only remains relevant but serves as a resonant reminder of the necessity for understanding and coexistence in contemporary society.

John Lockes "Of the Conduct of the Understanding" serves as a profound exploration of the principles governing human thought and knowledge. Written in a distinctly empirical style, Locke meticulously outlines the processes of understanding, emphasizing the importance of clear definitions and the avoidance of ambiguity. Situated within the context of 17th-century rationalism and the burgeoning Age of Enlightenment, this work reflects Lockes commitment to reason as a means to acquire true knowledge, ultimately guiding readers towards a more disciplined approach to thought and intellectual inquiry. As one of the most influential philosophers of his time, John Lockes views were deeply shaped by his background in medicine and natural philosophy. His experience in studying human cognition led him to advocate for a systematic approach to understanding, free from the constraints of dogmatic thinking. This work, like much of Lockes oeuvre, resonates with his belief in the transformative power of education and the need for individuals to cultivate their intellectual faculties. For readers seeking to enhance their critical thinking skills, "Of the Conduct of the Understanding" is an essential text. Lockes clear, cogent arguments provide invaluable tools for navigating the complexities of thought, making this work a vital resource for philosophers, educators, and anyone interested in the foundations of human understanding.

“Creo poder asegurar que de cien personas hay noventa que son lo que son, buenas o malas, útiles o inútiles a la sociedad, debido a la educación que han recibido. Es de ahí de donde viene la gran dif

John Locke, filósofo y político inglés (1632-1704), está considerado como una de las principales fuentes del liberalismo moderno. En Dos ensayos sobre el gobierno civil (1689-1690) pretende demostrar que los libros del Antiguo Testamento nos ofrecen argumentos por los que se pueda considerar a Adan y a sus sucesores como los gobernantes establecidos por Dios para todo el mundo. Frente a la tesis de que Dios haya dotado a alguien con una autoridad natural sobre los demas, Locke parte el Segundo Tratado de que los seres humanos son iguales por naturaleza y que, por consiguiente, nadie puede gobernar sobre los otros sin consentimiento de estos. Joaquin Abellan, es profesor de Historia de las Ideas Politicas en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, especializado en la historia del liberalismo europeo.

En el presente texto sobre la ley de la naturaleza, compuesto en 1664, trata Locke de uno de los asuntos fundamentales de toda filosofía moral y política. Postulada la existencia de una ley natural universalmente aplicable, la obra perfila en ocho "cuestiones" la esencia de dicha ley y sus caracteristicas propias. Locke, consecuente con la linea general de su pensamiento, da razones para mostrar que no hay principios morales ni especulativos inscritos por naturaleza en el ser humano. A continuacion nos indica mediante que pasos puede la razon, partiendo de la base de una verdad proporcionada por los sentidos, llevarnos al conocimiento de una ley natural comun a los de nuestra especie. Aunque las "cuestiones" planteadas en el libro tienen por objeto demostrar el hecho mismo de una ley de la naturaleza que puede descubrirse con la luz de la razon, son tambien obvias en el argumento las ramificaciones teologicas del discurso. Locke admite ciertas vias demostrativas a favor de una Divinidad creadora y planificadora, y ve en estas pruebas un elemento indispensable para confirmar su parecer acerca de la ley de la naturaleza: sin un Dios creador y planificador, la ley natural no tendria explicacion satisfactoria. Asi, Dios, sabio y poderoso en grado sumo, ha diseñado el mundo con miras a un fin y ha querido que el ser humano se ajuste al plan que se le ha asignado y viva conforme a su condicion racional.

"Segundo Tratado sobre o Governo" é um dos grandes clássicos da Filosofia Política. Seu autor John Locke se tornou um dos maiores filósofos do liberalismo e da democracia e suas ideias se mantém atuais e so estudadas ate os dias de hoje. Os pensamentos de Locke influenciaram eventos importantes na historia, principalmente na Europa e na America. Por muitos e chamado de teorico da Revoluço Inglesa (1688) e foi a principal fonte de ideias para a Revoluço Norte-Americana (1776), tendo influenciado na Declaraço de Independencia e nas constituiçes estaduais daquele pais. Em "O Segundo Tratado sobre o Governo", John Locke, expressa o seu pensamento liberal e sua posiço contra governos absolutistas com argumentos que demostram que o governo emana da povo e que, junto com a lei, deve ser usado para o bem comum.

La figura de John Locke (1632-1704) es central en la gestación y el desarrollo del pensamiento moderno europeo por sus contribuciones originales y decisivas en diversos campos. En la teoría del conocimiento, Locke estudia los limites del entendimiento humano y niega la existencia de las idas innatas, poniendo las bases del empirismo moderno. En cuanto a la teoria politica, Locke es considerado el padre del liberalismo y sus ideas determinaron la redaccion de las constituciones francesa y americana. Locke fundamenta la libertad de credo religioso en la naturaleza del hombre, anterior al gobierno. El fin del Estado es proteger los derechos civiles del individuo y no influir en sus creencias religiosas.