Ebooks ciencias humanas, página 10 de 34

Kant argues that while theoretical reason cannot prove the existence of God or freedom, practical reason demands them as necessary postulates for moral action. He posits that the moral law within us is an undeniable fact that points towards a higher order of existence. The text explores the relationship between virtue and happiness, suggesting they can only be reconciled in an afterlife. It represents a shift from skepticism to a faith grounded in rational moral necessity.

Two Athenian generals, Nicias and Laches, are asked to advise on the education of young men, leading to a broader investigation into the nature of courage. Through cross-examination, Socrates reveals that these military leaders cannot consistently define the very virtue that defines their profession. The dialogue explores the relationship between endurance, knowledge, and fear, ultimately ending in a state of aporia or puzzlement. It serves as a reminder that practical experience does not always translate into theoretical understanding.

Socrates acts as a philosophical midwife to the young mathematician Theaetetus, helping him labor to deliver a definition of knowledge. They test the theories that knowledge is perception, true judgment, or true judgment with an account, ultimately finding all of them wanting. The dialogue is a brilliant exercise in epistemology, filled with memorable metaphors like the wax tablet of memory and the aviary of birds. It demonstrates the rigor of the Socratic method, valuing the clearing away of false beliefs as much as the discovery of positive truths.

In this magnum opus, Socrates and his interlocutors undertake the construction of a theoretical city in speech to determine the definition of justice. The dialogue spans ten books, covering the triadic structure of the soul, the danger of imitative poetry, and the famous allegory of the cave. It argues that the just man is happier than the unjust, proposing a society ruled by philosopher-kings who have seen the light of the Good. This text remains the foundational document for all subsequent discussions on utopia, education, and governance.

Using the method of division and collection, this dialogue attempts to define the statesman as a distinct kind of expert shepherd of the human flock. The stranger from Elea leads the inquiry, utilizing the myth of the age of Cronus to distinguish between divine rule and human governance. It explores the necessity of laws as an imperfect substitute for the wisdom of a true ruler, acknowledging the messiness of practical politics. The work provides a sophisticated analysis of constitutional forms and the art of weaving together different temperaments in the state.

Outside the courthouse where he awaits his own prosecution, Socrates engages a self-righteous prophet in a conversation about the nature of holiness. The dialogue systematically dismantles the idea that piety is simply doing what the gods love, leading to the famous Euthyphro dilemma that continues to challenge ethicists today. As definitions are proposed and rejected, the text exposes the fragility of dogmatic belief when subjected to rational scrutiny. It is a masterclass in the search for a universal definition amidst conflicting traditions.

At a celebratory drinking party, a group of prominent Athenians take turns delivering eulogies to the god of Love. The speeches range from the medical and pedantic to the comic and sublime, culminating in Socrates revelation of the ladder of love that leads to the absolute Form of Beauty. The sudden entrance of a drunken Alcibiades adds a layer of raw human emotion and political subtext to the philosophical proceedings. It is perhaps Platos most literary and artistically perfect dialogue, blending humor, romance, and metaphysics.

A wealthy nobleman from Thessaly challenges Socrates with the question of how virtue is acquired, sparking a deep dive into the nature of learning itself. To solve the problem of how one can search for unknown knowledge, Socrates demonstrates a geometry lesson with an enslaved boy, arguing that learning is the recollection of eternal truths. The text blends ethical inquiry with metaphysical speculation, introducing the concept of the immortal soul as the repository of wisdom. It is a pivotal work that bridges the gap between Socratic ethics and Platonic epistemology.

Socrates returns from the war and engages a beautiful and popular youth in a discussion about the meaning of "temperance." They test several definitionsshame, quietness, doing ones own businessbut find each one lacking under scrutiny. The dialogue emphasizes the link between the health of the soul and the health of the body, suggesting that true cure requires wisdom. It ends without a conclusion, inviting the reader to continue the search for the definition of virtue.

In a series of letters addressed to a fellow poet, the author applies a rational and historical lens to the study of the supernatural. The text surveys the history of witch trials, fairy lore, and ghost stories, attempting to explain these phenomena through psychology and the medical understanding of the time. It reveals the authors deep fascination with the uncanny, balancing a skepticism of the events with a respect for the folklore itself. This work is a captivating blend of Enlightenment inquiry and Gothic curiosity.

Socrates wakes in his prison cell to find his old friend Crito waiting with a plan for his escape and exile. The philosopher refuses to break the law, engaging in a personified dialogue with the "Laws of Athens" to explain his loyalty to the state. He argues that having benefited from the citys protection his whole life, he cannot now destroy its authority by fleeing the verdict. It is a rigorous examination of the social contract and the duty of the citizen.

Socrates confronts the celebrity rhetoricians of his day in a passionate debate regarding the purpose of persuasion and the nature of power. The discussion escalates from a polite inquiry into the definition of rhetoric to a fierce argument about whether it is better to inflict injustice or to suffer it. Plato presents a stark contrast between the life of the politician, who seeks to please the crowd, and the life of the philosopher, who seeks the good of the soul. This dialogue contains some of Socrates most fervent moral convictions regarding the health of the human spirit.

A visitor from Locri delivers a long, uninterrupted discourse on the nature of the physical universe and the creation of the world soul. The text describes the cosmos as a living creature endowed with intelligence by a benevolent Demiurge, using geometry to explain the elements of matter. It includes the first mention of the legendary island of Atlantis, situating human history within a grand cosmic cycle. This work served as the primary source of Platonic physics for the Middle Ages, harmonizing religion and science.

Kant establishes a pure moral philosophy, arguing that the only thing good without qualification is a "good will." He develops the concept of the Categorical Imperative, a rule requiring that ones actions must be suitable to become a universal law for everyone. The text strips away empirical motives like happiness or desire, focusing strictly on the rational necessity of duty. It is a rigorous defense of objective morality based on the structure of reason itself.

In a meeting with a prize-winning rhapsode, Socrates investigates the link between artistic performance and genuine knowledge. The philosopher uses the metaphor of a magnetic chain to explain how divine inspiration flows from the muse to the poet and finally to the audience, bypassing the intellect entirely. The text questions whether performers truly understand the subjects they enact or if they are merely possessed intermediaries. It is a fascinating early inquiry into the psychology of creativity and the irrational roots of art.

Socrates stands before a jury of 501 Athenians, defending his life and his mission to question the wisdom of the powerful. He refuses to use emotional manipulation, instead using logic to prove that he has been a benefactor to the city by waking it from its stupor. The text portrays a man who fears wickedness more than death, famously claiming that a good man cannot be harmed by a bad one. It is a stirring testament to intellectual integrity and moral courage.

Delve into the shadowy realm of the subconscious and the supernatural in this compelling investigation of dreams and spectral visitations. Drawing upon historical accounts and personal anecdotes, the work analyzes the phenomenon of ghosts through a lens of curiosity and anthropological insight. It questions the reality of visions and the possibility of communication with the beyond, devoid of sensationalism but full of intrigue. This collection serves as a serious yet accessible study for anyone fascinated by the mysteries of the mind and the afterlife.

Explore the fascinating boundary between the rational world and the unexplained in this collection of essays on spiritualism and the supernatural. Examining historical hauntings and psychic phenomena, the text bridges the gap between folklore and scientific inquiry with wit and skepticism. From the famous Cock Lane ghost to ancient rituals, the author dissects the enduring human fascination with the invisible world. This volume invites readers to question the nature of belief and the limits of human perception.

Publicado em 1889, Em Alto-Mar é um dos mais importantes testemunhos literários sobre a imigração italiana no final do século XIX. A obra nasce da experiência real de Edmondo De Amicis, que em 1884 e

La Filosofía Vedanta de Swami Vivekananda es una obra profundamente introspectiva, que ofrece una rica exposición de los principios del Vedanta, una de las seis escuelas de la filosofía hindú. El texto se caracteriza por un lenguaje claro y accesible, aunque no exento de una profundidad teorica que invita al lector a una reflexion continua. Vivekananda sobresale en intercalar sus vastos conocimientos de las escrituras vedicas con ejemplos practicos y anecdotas cotidianas, proporcionando al lector una experiencia tanto educativa como iluminadora. La obra forma parte del contexto literario del renacimiento espiritual de la India en el siglo XIX, un periodo en el que la religion y la filosofia indianas comenzaban a ganar atencion mundial. Swami Vivekananda, con su posicion como uno de los discipulos mas destacados de Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, emergio como una figura central en la introduccion del pensamiento hindu al mundo occidental. Nacido como Narendranath Datta, su formacion en el ambiente cosmopolita de Calcuta y su profundo encuentro espiritual con su maestro plantaron las semillas para su inmersion en el Vedanta. Sus numerosos viajes y discursos, especialmente en el Parlamento Mundial de Religiones de 1893, donde gano fama por su cautivador discurso sobre la universalidad de la religion, influyeron significativamente en la elaboracion de su obra filosofica. Para aquellos interesados en comprender las sutilezas del pensamiento vedantino y su aplicacion en la vida diaria, la Filosofia Vedanta es una lectura imprescindible. No solamente sirve como introduccion a los conceptos vedicos de manera esclarecedora, sino que tambien incentiva una exploracion introspectiva sobre la esencia de la existencia y la conexion espiritual entre todos los seres. La pasion de Vivekananda por el tema y su habilidad para comunicar ideas complejas en forma comprensible hacen que este libro sea tanto filosofico como transformador. Inspirador y educativo, es un recurso valioso tanto para academicos como para cualquier buscador espiritual moderno. Esta traduccion ha sido asistida por inteligencia artificial.