Analytical Lexicon of the Greek BibleThe basic forms of the Greek Bible put in alphabetical order create the lexicons entries. Every entry has its English translation along with the number of occurrences of the Greek term in the Septuagint, parallel texts and in the New Testament with the sum of all occurrences in all the Bible. At the end of each entry the lexical forms of it are given and listed in alphabetical order with a grammatical analysis and occurrences throughout the Scriptures.In the dictionary, as it is in the concordance, four colours are given a new category of distinction. They separately characterize the texts and references of the Septuagint (green), parallel texts (red) and the New Testament (blue). The same colours are attributed to the number of appearances of the terms in the text. The terms are presented in the Dictionary firstly in basic form, then in all lexical forms arranged in alphabetical order.Complete Concordance to the Greek BibleA Complete Concordance to the Greek Bible is very extensive, therefore it was published in pdf-format which greatly facilitates the search for specific words or phrases. All the words are ordered according to the Greek alphabet and the alphabetical order covers both the word sought and its immediate, two-sided context. Although previous concordances were also arranged alphabetically, the verses with a specific word were given according to the biblical canon. In this Concordance each word is listed in its preceding and following context. Consequently, one can immediately find biblical quotations, paraphrases and other similar passages on the same topic. Since it is a textual concordance, all words are given in their textual forms.Provided here is the first contextual full concordance to the full Greek Bible: Septuagint with its parallel texts and Greek New Testament. Four colors are given in order to create a new category of distinction between the text sources. They characterize separately the texts and references of Septuagint (green), parallel texts (red) and New Testament (blue). The following context is arranged in alphabetical order and this choice is favoring in easy way the possibility to note the presence of all synoptic phenomena.

Qumran Cave 11Q was discovered by Bedouin in 1956. In the cave, remains of around 30 Dead Sea Scrolls were found, a few of them in very good state of preservation (the Temple Scroll, the Psalm Scroll, the Paleo Leviticus Scroll, and the Targum Job Scroll). The cave was excavated by Roland de Vaux (Ecole Biblique et Archeologique Française, Jerusalem) and Gerald L. Harding (Department of Antiquities of Jordan) in 1956; later by Joseph Patrich (University of Haifa) in 1988, and by Marcello Fidanzio and Dan Bahat (ISCAB FTL and Universita della Svizzera Italiana) in 2017. Due to Roland de Vauxs premature death, the archaeology of Cave 11Q has never been published. This volume presents the final report on the 1956, 1988 and 2017 excavations at Cave 11Q.Next to discussing the physical characteristics and stratigraphy of the cave and offering a full analysis of non-textual finds, the volume for the first time presents many tiny manuscript fragments found in storerooms during recent work. These fragments, most of which were collected during 1956 excavation, have not been known until now. The volume, therefore, offers the final report of Cave 11Q excavations as well as the editio princeps of the new fragments, followed by a reevaluation of the entire set of texts found in this famous cave.

Die Publikation macht es moglich, insbesondere fur die hellenistisch-fruhromische Zeit die ersten ca. 25 Jahre der am Nordende des Sees Gennesaret seit 1987 durchgefuhrten Ausgrabung von et-Tell nachzuvollziehen, und sie lasst fur diesen Zeitraum den letzten Stand der auch fur die neutestamentliche Forschung wichtigen Grabung erkennen. Die Grabung wird von dem israelischen Archaologen Prof. Dr. Rami Arav geleitet; der Verfasser ist Professor fur Neues Testament und Kodirektor des Bethsaida Excavations Project.Die Grabung hat gezeigt, dass et-Tell gleichzusetzen ist mit Betsaida/Julias, das z. B. im Neuen Testament (siebenmal), bei dem judischen Historiker Josephus und in der rabbinischen Literatur erwahnt wird. Der Band, der weit uber 100 Abbildungen, zu einem groen Teil in Farbe, enthalt, verfolgt also ein doppeltes Ziel: Zum einen kann aufgrund der 15 gesammelten Aufsatze in Deutsch und Englisch und der fortlaufenden Munchner Ausgrabungsplane der entdeckten Schichten von Eisenzeit IIA und hellenistisch-romischer Zeit der Verlauf der Grabung von Anfang an verfolgt werden (die gefalzten Plane in doppeltem Seitenformat), zum anderen geben die Nachtrage zu den veroffentlichten Aufsatzen sowie der letzte unveroffentlichte Aufsatz den jungsten Stand der Grabung wieder. Der Verfasser richtet den Blick ofter speziell auf die erste Halfte des 1. Jh. n.Chr. und das historisch-kritisch nachweisbare Wirken Jesu in Betsaida (gema Mt 11,2123 parallel Lk 10,1315).

For 60 years Qumran research has been focused on epigraphy, exegesis, and the historical sources of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The manuscripts are now published and accessible, and research is turning in a positive way to the archaeology of the site and its context. The time has come to provide researchers with a complete documentation. The excavator, Roland de Vaux, had given preliminary reports and a valuable interpretation made in the immediate aftermath of the excavations. Since considerable progress has been made in the archeology of Hellenistic and Roman Palestine, however, Qumran has to be reassessed and the interpretation objectively verified.Volume IIIA presents an up-to-date archaeological reconsideration: a shorter and more precise chronology, in which the earthquake of 31 BC is deleted; the concept of an Essene community is challenged, owing to the lack of a suitable infrastructure; the cemetery itself is connected with a Jewish diaspora scattered around the Dead Sea. Other facilities strengthen the Jewish character of the site, however. The function of Qumran fits better with the rites of a pilgrimage on the occasion of the festivals of Passover and Pentecost.In the second part, the peripheral Essene facilities, expanded around an earlier Hellenistic center, are analyzed and described. The essay seeks to outline their internal consistency and to determine their function. The restoration of a stratigraphy, by cross-checking the excavation archives, leads to a redistribution of pottery in four levels in a more precise chronology.The reconsideration makes use of anthropology, which opens up the archaeological field and throws additional light on the manuscripts.

A Complete Concordance to the Greek Bible is very extensive, therefore it was published in pdf-format which greatly facilitates the search for specific words or phrases. All the words are ordered according to the Greek alphabet and the alphabetical order covers both the word sought and its immediate, two-sided context. Although previous concordances were also arranged alphabetically, the verses with a specific word were given according to the biblical canon. In this Concordance each word is listed in its preceding and following context. Consequently, one can immediately find biblical quotations, paraphrases and other similar passages on the same topic. Since it is a textual concordance, all words are given in their textual forms.Provided here is the first contextual full concordance to the full Greek Bible: Septuagint with its parallel texts and Greek New Testament. Four colors are given in order to create a new category of distinction between the text sources. They characterize separately the texts and references of Septuagint (green), parallel texts (red) and New Testament (blue). The following context is arranged in alphabetical order and this choice is favoring in easy way the possibility to note the presence of all synoptic phenomena.

Cliff Shelters and Hiding Complexes in Galilee during the Early Roman Period is the result of years of intensive study conducted by Yinon Shivtiel throughout Galilee combining historical, archaeological, and speleological research. The author documents and describes all the Galilean sites so far discovered containing the traces of underground cavities hewn out and readied by Jews as refuges and hiding places during the Early Roman period. The study relies on accounts in two of Flavius Josephus works, The Jewish War and The Life of Josephus, where Josephus records that the Jewish population in Galilee prepared two types of underground chambers for use in times of adversity, defined in the research as cliff shelters and hiding complexes. During the authors comprehensive fieldwork, which is thoroughly documented and described in the book, it became clear that the first method exploited natural caves whose openings were located at the top of steep cliffs, most of which could only be reached by rock climbing or rappelling with the aid of ropes. The many finds from these shelters shed light on their extensive use during the Early Roman period. Where no naturally fortified cliffs existed, the Jews of Galilee resorted to quarrying out underground hiding complexes. The book details the evidence and finds from the different forms of hiding complexes discovered beneath the remains of many of the Jewish settlements in Galilee chronicled by Flavius Josephus. Research into these complexes has revealed their resemblance to similar hiding systems discovered in the Judean plain. The book is copiously illustrated with plans, figures and photographs of both types of underground chambers and it discusses their connection with the desperate times faced by the Jews in Galilee throughout the entire Early Roman period, particularly during the Great Revolt.

In 1885, a large hypogeum was discovered at the Saint-Etienne Compound, the domain acquired only two and a half years before by the Dominicans on the western slope of El Heidhemiyeh hill, about 250 m north of the Jerusalem Ottoman wall.After the unearthing of a second large hypogeum, only fifty metres north of Hypogeum 1, in their monumental work on the history of Jerusalem, the two eminent Dominican scholars Louis-Hugues Vincent and Felix-Marie Abel proposed to date the two burial complexes to the Hellenistic or Roman period.This dating remained unchallenged until the survey of 197475, carried out by the distinguished Israeli archaeologists Gabriel Barkay and Amos Kloner, who proposed to date the two burial caves towards the end of the Judahite kingdom, on the basis of an unsystematic comparison of few architectural features with those of other tombs.In the frame of the improved knowledge of the broad and adjacent archaeological contexts since the last study of the Saint-Etienne Compound Hypogea, between 2011 and 2014 Riccardo Lufrani carried out a detailed survey of the two burial caves, providing new and more detailed photographic, topographic, archaeological and geological documentation.The systematic comparison of the significant architectural features of the Saint-Etienne Compound Hypogea with a consistent sample of 22 tombs in the region suggest dating the hewing of the two hypogea to the Early Hellenistic period, shedding a new light on the history of Jerusalem.

The basic forms of the Greek Bible put in alphabetical order create the lexicons entries. Every entry has its English translation along with the number of occurrences of the Greek term in the Septuagint, parallel texts and in the New Testament with the sum of all occurrences in all the Bible. At the end of each entry the lexical forms of it are given and listed in alphabetical order with a grammatical analysis and occurrences throughout the Scriptures.In the dictionary, as it is in the concordance, four colours are given a new category of distinction. They separately characterize the texts and references of the Septuagint (green), parallel texts (red) and the New Testament (blue). The same colours are attributed to the number of appearances of the terms in the text. The terms are presented in the Dictionary firstly in basic form, then in all lexical forms arranged in alphabetical order.

The Synod of Dordt 1618/1619 was one of the most important church councils in the history of the Reformed tradition. International delegates from all over Europe served as important participants and played a significant role in the evaluation of Remonstrant doctrine and in the formation of the Canons of Dordt. The Synod made important pronouncements on other issues such as Sunday observance, catechism instruction and theological education. Given the continuing worldwide historical significance of the Synods Canons and church order, the absence of a critical scholarly edition of the majority of documents of the Synod is remarkable. The Johannes a Lasco Bibliothek in Emden, a leading research center for the history and theology of Reformed Protestantism, has taken the initiative to edit the Acts and documents of the Synod of Dordt. The edition is organized as a RefoRC project, with the participation of other institutions and scholars in Europe and North-America.Vol. II/1 edits the Convening of the Synod.

Die direkten Zitate im Hebraerbrief gehen vermutlich auf eine Vorlage aus der Septuaginta zuruck, sind aber bislang kaum erforscht. Von einer traditionsgeschichtlichen und einer textkritischen Perspektive aus geht Gert J. Steyn dieser Sachlage auf den Grund. Er folgt damit der im Hebraerbrief angelegten Struktur, die zwei verschiedene Arten von Zitaten kennt, die paarweise aufgefuhrt werden: primar Liedtexte und Zitate aus der Torah, die sich mit Psalm- und Prophetenworten vermischen. Gert J. Steyn untersucht jedes Zitat auf dem Hintergrund der moglichen alternativen Vorlage(n). Im Verlauf der Studie wird deutlich, dass der Briefautor selbst eine ganze Reihe an Zitaten aus der fruhen judischen und der fruhen christlichen Tradition kombiniert hat.

Dieser Band setzt das groe internationale Standardwerk zur Rezeption der Hebraischen Bibel/des Alten Testaments, das christliche und judische Fachleute aus der ganzen Welt vereint, fort. Es stellt die alttestamentliche Exegese von den Anfangen innerbiblischer Schriftdeutung bis zur gegenwartigen Forschung umfassend dar. Dieser Band widmet sich der Zeitspanne zwischen Renaissance und Aufklarung (13001800).

Volume II/2 of this critical edition of all the documents of the Synod of Dordt (16181619) contains documents relating to the early sessions of the Synod of Dordt, until the expulsion of the Remonstrants. Many are published for the first time. Included are documents of the Pro-Acta sessions on several matters of Dutch church lifea new Dutch Bible translation, catechetical instruction, baptism of slave children, theological training and printing abusesas well as documents concerning the contentious procedural debates with the Remonstrants on how to deal with the doctrinal issues in the controversytheir view of predestination and related points.

The emergence of urbanism in Iraq occurred under the distinctive climatic conditions of the Mesopotamian plain; rainy winters and extremely hot summers profoundly affected the formation and development of these early cities. Sunlight and Shade in the First Cities explores the relationship between society, culture and lived experience through the way in which sunlight was manipulated in the urban built environment. Light is approached as both a physical phenomenon, which affects comfort and the practical usability of space, and as a symbolic phenomenon rich in social and religious meaning. Through the reconstruction of ancient urban light environments, to the extent possible from the archaeological remains, the location, timing and meaning of activities within early Mesopotamian cities become accessible. Sunlight is shown to have influenced the formation and symbolism of urban architecture and shaped the sensory experience of urban life.From cities as part of the sunlit landscape, this work progresses to consider city forms as a whole and then to the examination of architectural types; residential, sacred and palatial. Architectural analysis is complemented by analysis of contemporary textual sources, along with iconographic and artefactual evidence. The cities under detailed examination are limited to those on the Mesopotamian plain, focusing on the Early Dynastic periods up to the end of the second millennium BC.This volume demonstrates the utility of light as a tool with which to analyse, not just ancient Mesopotamian settlements, but the built environment of any past society, especially where provision of, or protection from sunlight critically affects life. The active influence of sunlight is demonstrated within Mesopotamian cities at every scale of analysis.

Volume 1 includes the original Acta Authentica of the synod, here published for the first time. Following the Acta Authentica, the corresponding acts, as first published in the Acta Synodi Nationalis Dordrechti Habitae (Leiden, 1620), are reprinted; these published Acta were a significantly revised version, for stylistic and political purposes, of the original Acta Authentica. Also included are the Acta Contracta, a topical summary of the Acta Authentica, and the minutes of the meetings of the state delegates, who represented the Dutch government at the synod; neither of these has been previously published. This volume begins with a general introduction to the Synod of Dordt and its context, an introduction to the Acta Authentica, the published Acta and Acta Contracta, and an introduction to the role of the state delegates and the minutes of their meetings.

Dieser erste Teilband des dritten und letzten Bandes des HBOT-Projekts setzt die kritische Darstellung der ganzen Rezeptions-, Auslegungs- und Forschungsgeschichte der Hebraischen Bibel / des Alten Testaments fort und berucksichtigt die neuen Aspekte dieser Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, und zwar auf judischer wie auf christlicher Seite, unter katholischen wie unter protestantischen Theologen und Forschern. Dabei macht sich vor allem eine neue Faszination des Phanomens einer vielfaltigen und bunten Geschichte bemerkbar; die Geschichte ruckt in den Brennpunkt, und mit dem immer breiter ausgreifenden und vielfaltigen historischen Kontext tritt ein entschieden starkeres Interesse an historischen Fragestellungen bei der Auslegung und Erforschung der Bibel in den Vordergrund. Diese Kursanderung kommt namentlich an den Tag, wenn das Alte Testament in seinen vorderorientalischen Kontext naher eingeordnet wird, wahrend die Bezuge zur Kirche und Synagoge mehr oder weniger geschwacht werden. Sobald eine historisch-kritische Annaherungsweise und Methode in der Bibelforschung allmahlich an Dominanz gewinnt, gerat das Verhaltnis zwischen der neuen wissenschaftlichen Exegese und der herkommlichen kirchlichen Auslegung des Alten Testaments mehrfach in eine Krise, und zudem werden Streitigkeiten zwischen Fronten hervorgerufen; doch enthalt diese weithin krisenhafte Lage noch Moglichkeiten fruchtbarer Neuorientierungen in der Bibelwissenschaft wie in Leben und Lehre der Kirchen. Dabei greift das auslaufende 19. Jahrhundert auf das 20. Jahrhundert aus.

The material culture of Colossae is here for the first time given as full a collation as possible to the present day. 38 inscriptions, 88 coins and 49 testimonia are brought together in the context of a thorough overview of the site of Colossae. These include evidence that has been thought lost or has been overlooked or misinterpreted or has only recently been discovered.New readings, insights and analyses of the material evidence are brought into a highly creative exchange with the two letters of the Second Testament connected with the site. The texts thereby become additional evidence for an appreciation of the life of a city in the first two centuries of the Common Era.The fullest collation of evidence for the ancient Phrygian city in the Greco-Roman period was the coin catalogue assembled by Hans von Aulock (1987). The most recent catalogue of the inscriptions of Colossae was published by William Calder and William Buckler in 1939. There has never been a full inventory of ancient writings that bear witness to the site. Alan H. Cadwallader in his volume not only updates this material by subjecting it to thorough, critical analysis in the light of comparative evidence from across the Roman province of Asia and the Mediterranean world. New discoveries from the site and from museums and collections in the United Kingdom, Europe, Russia, Australia and the United States are introduced. Into this assemblage and interpretation are brought the letters to the Colossians and Philemon in the Second Testament writings of the Christian Church. For the first time, the letters are released to be players in the highly competitive environment of a city negotiating its way in the new realities of imperial Rome. Here the letters and their recipients become participants in the society of the day, contributing, critiquing and struggling to forge an identity for the Christ followers within that world. Echoes of the gymnasium, gladiatorial spectacles, cosmological speculations, religious devotion and sanction, family structures, commerce and industry, struggles for justice, intercity competition and legal negotiations are found in the letters, echoes that witness to their participation in the life of Colossae. This is a radical new approach, incorporating the turn to material culture as the embedding of literature and its consumers rather than an embellishing backdrop.

The aim of the volume is to engage in an interdisciplinary discussion about the establishment and debates on anthropological concepts and their changes in the age of Reformation: How do anthropological concepts touch theological questions such as the freedom of will or the human likeness to God? In which ways is there a reflection on emotions? How is scientific knowledge received by theologians? How is contemporary thought on the conditio humana presented in literature and poetry? The volume combines selected papers of relevant experts with the research work of young graduate or postgraduate scholars. It tries to encourage a transdisciplinary, international discussion focused on exemplary case studies as well as systematic points of view. Thanks to the outstanding commitment of all participants of the conference we are able to present the results of this discussion, a rich and comprehensive spectrum of research work, which will encourage further research.

Harvard has often been referred to as "godless Harvard." This is far from the truth. Fact is that Harvard is and always has been concerned about religion. This volume addresses the reasons for this. The story of religion at Harvard in many ways is the story of religion in the United States. This edition will clarify this relationship. Furthermore, the question of religion is central not only to the religious history of Harvard but to its very corporate structure and institutional evolution. The volume is divided into three parts and deals withthe Formation of Harvard College in 1636 and Evolution of a Republic of Letters in Cambridge ("First Light", Chapters 15); Religion in the University, the Foundations of a Learned Ministry and the Development of the Divinity School (The "Augustan Age", Chapters 69); and the Contours of Religion and Commitment in an Age of Upheaval and Globalization ("Calm Rising Through Change and Through Storm", Chapters 1012).The story of the central role played by religion in the development of Harvard is a neglected factor in Harvards history only touched upon in a most cursory fashion by previous publications. For the first time George H. Williamstells that story as embedded in American culture and subject to intense and continuing academic study throughout the history of the University to this day.Replete with extensive footnotes, this edition will be a treasure to future historians, persons interested in religious history and in the development of theology, at first clearly Reformed and Protestant, later ecumenical and interfaith.

The long and complex history of reception and interpretation of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament through the ages, described in the HBOT Project, focuses in this concluding volume III, Part 2 on the multifarious research and the different methods used in the last century. Even this volume is written by Christian and Jewish scholars and takes its wider cultural and philosophical context into consideration. The perspective is worldwide and ecumenical. Its references to modern biblical scholarship, on which it is based, are extensive and updated.The indexes (names, topics, references to biblical sources and a broad body of literature beyond) are the key to the wealth of information provided.Contributors are J. Barton, H.L. Bosman, A.F. Campbell, SJ, D.M. Carr, D.J.A. Clines, W. Dietrich, St.E. Fassberg, D. Fllesdal, A.C. Hagedorn, K.M. Heim, J. Hgenhaven, B. Janowski, D.A. Knight, C. Korting, A. Laato, P. Machinist, M.A.OBrien, M. Oeming, D. Olson, E. Otto, M. Sb, J. Schaper, S. Sekine, J.L. Ska, SJ, M.A. Sweeney, and J. de Waard.

Peter Lampes work has covered a wide range of fields, the common denominator being his interest in contextualizing belief systems. Mirroring his multifaced work, the authors pursue his interest from different interdisciplinary angles, addressing the interdependence between religious expressions and their situations or contexts. The application of theoretical models to texts examples flanks the inspiring theoretical epistemological and methodological reflections. Studies in socio-economic and political history adjoin archaeological, epigraphic, papyrological and iconographic investigations. (Social-)psychological interpretations of texts complement rhetorical analyses. The hermeneutical reception of biblical materials in, for example, the Koran and Christian Chinese or Orthodox contexts, as well as in religious education and homiletics, rounds off the volumes.