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World War I marks a huge break in Central European Jewish history. Not only had the violent wartime events destroyed Jewish life and especially the living space of Eastern European Jews, but the impacts of war, the geopolitical change and a radicalization of anti-Semitism also led to a crisis of Jewish identity. Furthermore, during the process of national self-discovery and the establishing of new states the societal position of the Jews and their relationship to the state had to be redefined. These partially violent processes, which were always accompanied by anti-Semitism, evoked Jewish and Gentile debates, in which questions about Jewish loyalty to the old and/or new states as well as concepts of Jewish identity under the new political circumstances were negotiated. This volume collects articles dealing with these Jewish and gentile debates about military service and war memory in Central Europe.

Ziel dieses Bandes ist, neue Akzente in der Mamlukenforschung zu setzen. Die Beitrage beruhren eine Reihe spannender Themen: Heirat, Ehe und Scheidung, narrative Strategien in den Biogrammen hanbalitischer Richter, Wissensvermittlung, die zeitgenossische politische Ordnung, Wirtschaftswachstum, islamische Philosophie, die Prasenz der Zawawi-Gruppen in der Ayyubiden- und Mamlukenzeit sowie die Islamisierung von Agypten und Syrien. Alle Beitrage tragen dazu bei, zu einem besseren, differenzierten Verstandnis der Mamlukenzeit zu gelangen.Die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Bandes, Fellows des Bonner Annemarie Schimmel Kollegs History and Society of the Mamluk Era, prasentieren in diesem Band die Ergebnisse ihrer am Kolleg durchgefuhrten Forschungen.

Roman Tarraco was the foundation for what came afterward at the same site in Late-Antiquity and the Islamic and Latin Christian periods, but it was an overlay on an Iberian habitation, Cissis, a coastal trading post with the Phocaean Greek partner, Kesse; a Punic counterpart on the other side of the River Tulcis; and above them all a refuge fort on the summit of Mt. Tarrakon. This history traces the amalgamation of these and their Romanization during the Punic Wars I-III, and Romes conversion of Tarraco into an imperial provincial capital. It was a complex of the main army base, a vast war industry, the government for the Hispania Citerior that became the Tarraconensis, a port, and trade center for the Western Mediterranean. It grew in population to become a major city with sophistication imitating everything Roman, The Hispanic Romans converted this outpost into a walled fortress and magnificent hillside municipality whose city-state encompassed the Camp de Tarragona as its territorium. Its upper tier was built into a terraformed tri-level monumental complex consisting of the temple ceremonial square, a new forum, and a circus with an amphitheater below. The hillside became its intramural residential district, and old Cissis was overbuilt with a lower forum, temple, market, and an entertainment area with a great theater, baths, gardens, and the coastal shelf consisted of a warehouse row, a manufacturing center, fishing villages and an artificial port, and waterworks for the Tulcis and harbor that demonstrated Roman advanced engineering just like the upper city showed off Roman architectural prowess and artistic tastes but also entertainment, i.e., its love of racing and games, bloodlust, and violence, and enjoyment of drama, music, and the brisque. The province would have an extensive road system, a proliferation of provincial towns, wealthy villas, and large-scale farms. The Tarraconensis was reduced in size during the re-organizations of the Empire, and the Roman Ulterior or Baetica became more urbanized as its population became more dense. The powerful northeastern capital followed the history of Rome and decline of the Empire with its interminable wars, barbarian invasions, weakened civic religion, and economic problems leading to the Visigohtic successor state in Late-Antiquity. Roman Tarraco was transformed into Tarracona but its monumental ruins and fabled history remained to be an inspiration to the medieval Restoration movement after the Islamic interlude. These are the subjects of subsequent volumes in this series.

Sociable Man, which celebrates the work of Nick Fisher, Emeritus Professor of Ancient History at Cardiff University, contains essays by leading classicists, ancient historians and archaeologists on the theme of ancient Greek social behaviour. Fifteen original papers reflect the diversity and the unities in the honorands interests: politics and law (Hans van Wees on Solons law of hybris, John K. Davies on the biography of a fourth-century Athenian politician); social values, including honour, dishonour and hybris (Stephen Lambert on honorific inscriptions, Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones on domestic violence, Louis Rawlings on a dog named Hybris, James Whitley on victory dedications, Douglas Cairns on ransom and revenge in Homer); social relations in the Athenian navy (Sam Potts); gender and power (Janett Morgan on gendering of domestic space, Sian Lewis on women and tyranny, Ruth Westgate on animal imagery in mosaics); citizen identity, Athenian (Robin Osborne on the influence of Attic local environments on citizen formation) and Arcadian (James Roy on the Arcadian reputation for backwardness); and sexuality (David Konstan on Alciphron and the invention of pornography, Emma Stafford on masturbation). The papers will be essential reading for researchers and students of ancient Greek literature, history and archaeology. The book also includes tributes by Paul Cartledge and P. J. Shaw, respectively, on Fishers place in research and teaching of ancient Greek social history.

Ancient peoples, like modern, spent much of their lives engaged in and thinking about competitions: both organised competitions with rules, audiences and winners, such as Olympic and gladiatorial games, and informal, indefinite, often violent, competition for fundamental goals such as power, wealth and honour. The varied papers in this book form a case for viewing competition for superiority as a major force in ancient history, including the earliest human societies and the Assyrian and Aztec empires. Papers on Greek history explore the idea of competitiveness as peculiarly Greek, the intense and complex quarrel at the heart of Homers Iliad, and the importance of formal competitions in the creation of new political and social identities in archaic Sicyon and classical Athens. Papers on the Roman world shed fresh light on Republican elections, through a telling parallel from Renaissance Venice, on modes of competitive display of wealth and power evident in elite villas in Italy in the imperial period, and on the ambiguities in the competitive self-representations of athletes, sophists and emperors.

Plutarchs Parallel Lives were written to compare famous Greeks and Romans. This most obvious aspect of their parallelism is frequently ignored in the drive to mine Plutarch for historical fact. However, the eleven contributors to the present volume, who include most of the worlds leading commentators on Plutarch, together bring out many ways in which Plutarch invoked aspects of parallelism. They show how pervasive and how central the whole notion was to his thinking. With new analysis of the synkriseis; with discussion of parallels within and across the Lives and in the Moralia; with an examination of why the basic parallel structure of the Lives lost its importance in the Renaissance, this volume presents fresh ideas on a neglected topic crucial to Plutarchs literary creation.

This is the 7th volume from the International Sparta Seminar, in the series begun in 1989 by Anton Powell with Stephen Hodkinson. The volume is both thematic and eclectic. Ephraim David and Yoann Le Tallec treat respectively the politics of nudity at Sparta and the role of athletes in forming the Spartan state. Nicolas Richer examines the significance of animals depicted in Lakonian art; Andrew Scott asks what Lakonian figured pottery reveals of local consumerism. Nino Luraghi and Paul Christesen deal respectively with the way in which Sparta was viewed by Messenians and by Ephorus. Jean Ducat treats the ghost of the Lakedaimonian state, a major study of formal relations between Spartiate and perioikic communities. Thomas Figueira considers how Spartan women policed masculine behaviour. Anton Powell traces the development of Spartan reactions to political divination in the classical period.

Ten new essays from a distinguished international cast treat Spartas most famous area of activity. The results are challenging. Among the contributors, Thomas Figueira explores the paradox that Spartas cavalry was an undistinguished institution. Jean Ducat conducts the most thorough study to date of Spartas official cowards, the tremblers. Anton Powell asks why Sparta chose not to destroy Athens after the Peloponnesian War. And Stephen Hodkinson argues that the image of Spartan society as militaristic may after all be a?mirage. This is the sixth volume from the International Sparta Seminar, founded by Powell and Hodkinson in 1988. The series has established itself as the main forum for the study of Spartan history.

The Al Khalifa of Bahrain is a long-standing dynasty that has established dispute resolution measures to overcome intra-tribal ambitions for power and wealth, replacing extra-constitutional rulership succession with primogeniture. Since their control over Bahrain began in 1783 until the British withdrawal from the Gulf in 1971, the Al Khalifa introduced ten senior ruling shaykhs, seven of whom experienced turbulent successions, and faced in-house rivalries and power-seeking disputes. This book provides valuable insights into how the Al Khalifa tribe managed to shape and maintain their patrimonial rule for over 240 years, ultimately emerging as one of the most prevailing and enduring royal families in the region today. It delves into their strategies and tactics for overcoming local contexts, external challenges, and intra-tribal rivalries. The book is an essential read for anyone interested in the history and politics of Bahrain and the Gulf region.

Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1854-1912) was the most important Austro-Hungarian diplomat in the period before the First World War. Volume Two of Solomon Wanks brilliant biography covers Aehrenthals years as foreign minister from 1906 until his death in 1912. This includes the dramatic events of the Bosnian annexation crisis in 1908/09 when Aehrenthal brought Europe to the brink of war until he retreated from the precipice once he recognized the abyss.

When the French Ligue des droits de lhomme was founded in 1898, it was the worlds first league for human rights. Over the following decades, human rights leagues were formed in many other countries following its example, and from 1922, they advocated for a universal human rights ideal under the auspices of a shared umbrella organization. The majority of these leagues were forced to interrupt their activities at some point, especially during the National Socialist period. After World War II, many leagues experienced a renaissance. Not least through their cooperation with the United Nations, they significantly contributed to the global acceptance of the very idea of human rights in the second half of the 20th century. The contributors in this volume break new ground: they provide a so-far lacking overview of international research on human rights leagues, synthesizing it and identifying research desiderata. Some of the presented civil society associations, like those in Eastern Europe, have never before been subject to scholarly consideration.

In commemoration of Lothar von Falkenhausens 60th birthday, this volume assembles eighteen scholarly essays that explore the intersection between art, economy, and ritual in ancient East Asia. The contributions are clustered into four themes: Ritual Economy, Ritual and Sacrifice, Technology, Community, Interaction, and Objects and Meaning, which collectively reflect the theoretical, methodological, and historical questions that Falkenhausen has been examining via his scholarship, research, and teaching throughout his career. Most of the chapters work with archaeological and textual data from China, but there are also studies of materials from Mongolia, Korea, Southeast Asia and even Egypt, showing the global impact of Falkenhausens work. The chronological range of studies extends from the Neolithic through the Bronze Age in China, into the early imperial, medieval, and early modern periods. The authors discuss art, economy, ritual, interaction, and technology in the broad context of East Asian archaeology and its connection to the world beyond.

Our ideas about ancient Athens are constructed very largely from the writings of Athenian authors. Relatively rare are our sources for how others -- whether Greeks, Asiatics or Romans -- saw Athens from the outside. Yet we can see that not only did many across the Mediterranean world resist the political power of Athens in countless wars over several centuries, but that there existed an intriguing variety of anti-Athenian ideologies. The 12 new studies in this volume, by a distinguished international cast, trace negative thinking about Athens from the late archaic period to Roman times. They challenge the easy modern supposition that Athens was generally seen as the cultural emblem of Greece, and cast light on the thinking of ancient peoples who - nowadays - tend to exist in Athens shadow.

This volume builds bridges between usually-separate social groups, between different methodologies and even between disciplines. It is the result of an innovative conference held at Swansea University in 2010, which brought together leading craftspeople and academics to explore the all-too-often opposed practices of experimental and experiential archaeology. The focus is upon Egyptology, but the volume has a wider importance. The experimental method is privileged in academic institutions and thus perhaps is subject to clear definitions. It tends to be associated with the scientific and technological. In opposition, the experiential is more rarely defined and is usually associated with schoolchildren, museums and heritage centres; it is often criticised for being unscientific. The introductory chapter of this volume examines the development of these traditionally-assumed differences, giving for the first time a critical and careful definition of the experiential in relation to the experimental. The two are seen as points on a continuum with much common ground. This claim is borne out by succeeding chapters, which cover such topics as textiles, woodworking and stoneworking. And Salima Ikram, Professor of Egyptology at the American University in Cairo, here demonstrates remarkably that our understanding of the classic Egyptian funerary practice of mummification benefits from both scientific experimental and sensual experiential approaches. The volume, however, is important not only for Egyptology but for archaeological method more generally. The papers illuminate the pioneering of individuals who founded modern archaeological practice. Several papers are truly groundbreaking and deserve to circulate far beyond Egyptology. Thus the archaeologist Marquardt Lund tackles the problem of understanding the earliest known depictions of flint knife manufacture, those from an Egyptian tomb dated around 1900 BC. He shows the importance of thinking outside traditional, i.e. modern, knapping practice. Lunds knapping method, guided by the tomb depictions, is surprising but effective, and very different from that presented in manuals of lithic technology or taught in academic institutions.

In the Ancient World death came - on average - at a far earlier age than in todays West, and without the authoritative warnings given by modern medicine. Consolation for the trauma of loss had, accordingly, a more prominent role to play. This volume presents eight original studies on consolatory writings from ancient Greek, Roman, early Christian and Arabic societies. The authors include internationally recognised authorities in the field. They offer insight into the ancient experience of loss and the methods used to palliate it. They explore how far there was a consolatory genre, involving letters, funerary oratory, epicedia, and philosophical prose. Focusing on responses to grief in numerous ancient authors, this volume finds elements of continuity and of individual variety in modes of consolation, and reveals instructive tensions between the commonplace and the personal.

Oxyrhynchus was a vibrant ancient city and a remarkable archaeological site. Oxyrhynchus: A City and its Texts immerses the reader in its rich material culture and captivating art objects, from sculptures to draftsmanship, all set against the backdrop of numerous papyrus texts. It offers an exploration of the site itself - its city plan, topography, monuments and art architecture - and delves into the history of the excavations carried out in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Ultimately, it weaves together a compelling synthesis of the social, cultural, and intellectual life under Greek, Roman, and Byzantine rule, igniting a deeper appreciation for this fascinating chapter of Egyptian history.

Plutarchs writings, for long treated in a fragmentary way as a source for earlier periods, are now increasingly studied in their own right. The thirteen original essays in this volume range over Plutarchs relations with his contemporaries and his engagement in philosophical debate, his views on social issues such as education and gender, his modes of expression and his construction of argument. Also treated here are Plutarchs understanding and use of his antecedents, literary and historical, and the sophisticated techniques with which he conveyed his own vision. It is a theme of the present book that the writings of Plutarch should be seen as the product of a single, extraordinarily capacious, intelligence.

This is the fifth volume from the International Sparta Seminar, in the series founded by Anton Powell and Stephen Hodkinson. Thomas J. Figueira is here the editor of sixteen papers; fifteen are new, the other is newly translated from the French. Among the authors are most of the worlds leading authorities on the history of Sparta. There are particular concentrations of papers on Spartan women; the economy of Sparta; helots and Messenians; Xenophon and Sparta; and the modern reception of Sparta.

The study of the Spartans is now pursued more widely and intensively than ever. Indeed, no longer is Sparta the second city of ancient Greece. This volume, the fourth in the established series on which Powell and Hodkinson have collaborated, breaks fresh ground, not least in the range of its contributors. The authors of the fourteen new papers represent nine different countries and demonstrate many of the fertile modern approaches to the history, the archaeology - and the still-influential image - of the city on the Eurotas.

The first comprehensive treatment of the topic of migration in the Jewish community in Prague. The book provides a trans-regional context and a new perspective on family networks and the mobility of merchants, scholars and rabbis between Prague and other Jewish communities in Europe.Since the Middle Ages, the history of European Jews has been characterised by migrations that were triggered by expulsions from certain countries, but were also motivated by trade and cultural, religious and family contacts between the communities. This publication is the first comprehensive treatment of the topic of migration and mobility in the Jewish community in Prague, which was one of the most important in the 16th century. Based on extensive archival research, it offers a new perspective on the causes, course and consequences of the migration of Pragues Jews. At the same time, the authors also trace the supra-regional mobility of Jewish merchants and traders, family networks and the mobility of rabbis, doctors and other scholars whose fates were linked to Prague.