Olaf Stapledon

Entre la cosmogonía y la fábula científica, ésta es, en palabras de Borges, una «novela prodigiosa»Una noche de amargura y desengaño, un hombre contempla el firmamento desde lo alto de una colina. De

In Star Maker, Olaf Stapledon delves into the vastness of time and space, interweaving philosophical inquiry with speculative narrative. The novel presents a cosmic journey through the evolution of intelligent life, exploring themes of creation, purpose, and existentialism as the protagonist communes with the titular Star MakerAian entity that shapes the universe. Written in a style that blends lyrical prose with a profound sense of wonder, Stapledon invites readers to reflect not only on the cosmos but on humanitys place within it, resonating deeply within the context of 20th-century modernist literature that sought to redefine the relationship between mankind and the universe. Olaf Stapledon was a British philosopher and writer whose profound intellectual upbringing influenced his visionary outlook on existence. His experiences during World War I and the tumultuous developments of the early 20th century imbued his works with urgent existential questions. Stapledons extensive background in philosophy and sociology shaped his unique approach to science fiction, making Star Maker a seminal work that transcends mere entertainment to probe the profound interconnectedness of life itself. For readers yearning for a rich, immersive experience that challenges the mind and expands the soul, Star Maker is an essential read. It propels us into a thought-provoking exploration of existence and invites contemplation on our own cosmic significance, establishing itself as a cornerstone of speculative fiction.

In "Olaf Stapledon: Complete Novels," readers are presented with a comprehensive collection that showcases the visionary narratives and speculative thought that define Stapledons literary prowess. This anthology includes seminal works such as "Last and First Men" and "Star Maker," where Stapledon deftly combines philosophical inquiry with imaginative storytelling. His distinctive style, marked by grand ideas and sweeping temporal perspectives, reflects the zeitgeist of the early 20th century, probing human evolution, cosmic existence, and the ethical implications of technological progress. With its blend of scientific theories and literary art, this volume stands as a crucial examination of humanitys place in the universe, pushing the boundaries of traditional science fiction into profound philosophical realms. Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950) was a British philosopher and author whose diverse intellectual background fueled his explorations of existence and consciousness. Educated at the University of Liverpool and influenced by contemporary ideas in science and philosophy, Stapledon sought to expand the horizons of science fiction, drawing on the cultural shifts of his time, particularly post-World War I anxieties. His keen insights into the human condition led him to craft narratives that transcend mere entertainment, inviting readers to reflect deeply upon their existence. "Olaf Stapledon: Complete Novels" is a must-read for enthusiasts of speculative fiction and philosophy alike. This anthology not only entertains but also challenges readers to contemplate the vast possibilities of the future and our moral responsibilities within it. Stapledons visionary insights resonate today as they did in his time, making this collection an essential addition to any serious literary library.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A comprehensive Introduction outlines these selected works unifying features, themes, or stylistic evolutions.- A Historical Context section situates the works in their broader erasocial currents, cultural trends, and key events that underpin their creation.- A concise Synopsis (Selection) offers an accessible overview of the included texts, helping readers navigate plotlines and main ideas without revealing critical twists.- A unified Analysis examines recurring motifs and stylistic hallmarks across the collection, tying the stories together while spotlighting the different works strengths.- Reflection questions inspire deeper contemplation of the authors overarching message, inviting readers to draw connections among different texts and relate them to modern contexts.- Lastly, our handpicked Memorable Quotes distill pivotal lines and turning points, serving as touchstones for the collections central themes.

e-artnow Publishing presents to you this special edition of "Odd John" by Olaf Stapledon. e-artnow Publishing considers every written word to be a legacy of humankind. Every e-artnow book has been carefully reproduced for republishing in a new modern format. The books are available in print, as well as ebooks. e-artnow hopes you will treat this work with the acknowledgment and passion it deserves as a classic of world literature.

In "The Essential Works of Olaf Stapledon," readers are invited to explore the intricate tapestry of human experience through Stapledons visionary prose. This anthology encapsulates his profound philosophical insights and sweeping narratives that delve into cosmic themes, the evolution of consciousness, and the fate of humanity. With a distinctive style that merges speculative fiction with metaphysical inquiry, Stapledon crafts narratives that are both imaginative and intellectually stimulating, addressing the nature of existence in a rapidly changing universe. His works resonate within the broader context of early 20th-century science fiction, pushing boundaries and challenging contemporary thought on human potential and destiny. Olaf Stapledon, a philosopher and novelist born in 1886, was profoundly influenced by the tumultuous events of his time, including the World Wars. His extensive academic background in philosophy and his interest in psychology and sociology informed his literary pursuits, allowing him to articulate complex ideas through compelling storytelling. StapledonAos unique perspective as a seeker of knowledge drove him to envision futures that interrogate humanityAos moral and existential dilemmas, making his work timeless and relevant. I highly recommend "The Essential Works of Olaf Stapledon" to anyone seeking a deeper understanding of human existence from a speculative perspective. This collection not only showcases Stapledons literary genius but also invites readers to engage with essential questions about humanitys place in the universe, making it a must-read for both science fiction enthusiasts and philosophical thinkers alike.

In "Star Maker," Olaf Stapledon embarks on an ambitious exploration of the cosmos, weaving a narrative that transcends traditional science fiction. Through the lens of an unnamed protagonist, he unveils a series of extraordinary visions, revealing a universe teeming with diverse forms of life and consciousness. The novels literary style is characterized by its philosophical depth and cosmic scope, drawing heavily from the speculative philosophy of the early 20th century. Stapledon employs a vast and lyrical prose, offering a contemplative meditation on existence, evolution, and the nature of creativity itself, positioning the work within the literary context of the early modernist movement. Olaf Stapledon, born in 1886, was an English philosopher and science fiction writer whose academic background in philosophy profoundly influenced his narrative approach in "Star Maker." His experiences during World War I and his encounters with existential themes shaped his worldview, prompting him to grapple with human destiny and the potential for better futures within the vast cosmos. His imaginative prowess, underpinned by rigorous philosophical inquiry, enabled him to craft this quintessential text of speculative fiction. "Star Maker" is a must-read for anyone intrigued by the intersection of philosophy and science fiction. Stapledons visionary narrative invites readers to expand their perception of life and consciousness, making it a profound yet accessible addition to the genre. This book is not merely a journey through the stars; it is an exploration of the very essence of creation and human aspiration.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

Enjoy this meticulously edited SF Collection, filled with space adventures, dystopian novels and apocalyptic tales:_x000D_ Novels:_x000D_ Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future_x000D_ Last Men in London_x000D_ Odd John: A Story Between Jest and Earnest_x000D_ Star Maker_x000D_ Darkness and the Light_x000D_ Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discord_x000D_ Death into Life_x000D_ Short Stories:_x000D_ The Flames (1947)_x000D_ The Seed and the Flower_x000D_ The Road to the Aide Post_x000D_ A Modern Magician_x000D_ East is West_x000D_ A World of Sounds_x000D_ Arms Out of Hand

This unique and meticulously edited collection of Olaf Stapledons greatest works includes: Novels:_x000D_ Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future_x000D_ Last Men in London_x000D_ Odd John: A Story Between Jest and Earnest_x000D_ Star Maker_x000D_ Darkness and the Light_x000D_ Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discord_x000D_ Death into Life_x000D_ Short Stories:_x000D_ The Flames_x000D_ The Seed and the Flower_x000D_ The Road to the Aide Post_x000D_ A Modern Magician_x000D_ East is West_x000D_ A World of Sounds_x000D_ Arms Out of Hand_x000D_ Philosophical Works:_x000D_ A Modern Theory of Ethics: A Study of the Relations of Ethics and Psychology_x000D_ Interplanetary Man?

"The Collected Works of Olaf Stapledon" presents a comprehensive anthology of Stapledons visionary narratives, encompassing philosophical science fiction that boldly stretches the imagination. Through a series of interconnected essays, novels, and short stories, Stapledon delves into grand themes such as human evolution, cosmic exploration, and ethical dilemmas confronted by humanity. His distinctive literary style combines lyrical prose with speculative theory, offering a profound emotional and intellectual experience that resonates with readers wary of technological futures, making it a quintessential volume in the realm of speculative fiction and philosophical discourse. Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950), a British philosopher and writer, drew upon his academic background in philosophy and literature to craft stories that interrogate the human experience and the universes vastness. Influenced by the turbulence of the early 20th century, including two world wars, Stapledon sought to navigate the complexities of existence and human advancement. His works, particularly "Last and First Men" and "Star Maker," mark a pivotal position in science fiction literature, showcasing an optimistic yet cautionary view of humanitys potential. This anthology is highly recommended for readers seeking to broaden their intellectual horizons and explore the interplay between philosophy and speculative fiction. Stapledons works continue to inspire a new generation of thinkers and writers, making this collection an essential addition to the library of anyone interested in the deeper questions of existence and the future of humanity.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A comprehensive Introduction outlines these selected works unifying features, themes, or stylistic evolutions.- A Historical Context section situates the works in their broader erasocial currents, cultural trends, and key events that underpin their creation.- A concise Synopsis (Selection) offers an accessible overview of the included texts, helping readers navigate plotlines and main ideas without revealing critical twists.- A unified Analysis examines recurring motifs and stylistic hallmarks across the collection, tying the stories together while spotlighting the different works strengths.- Reflection questions inspire deeper contemplation of the authors overarching message, inviting readers to draw connections among different texts and relate them to modern contexts.- Lastly, our handpicked Memorable Quotes distill pivotal lines and turning points, serving as touchstones for the collections central themes.

Una primera novela tan exitosa como La última y la primera humanidad exigió una secuela y Stapledon se comprometió en ella con Los Últimos Hombres en Londres, libro publicado en 1932 por Methuen. Este tratado de ficcion filosofica no puede ser apreciado verdaderamente sin una lectura previa de La ultima y la primera humanidad. El titulo en si es completamente engañoso, ya que no se refiere a los ultimos hombres vivos en Londres despues de un desastre, como podria esperarse, sino a una visita mental de uno de los Ultimos Hombres que perecieron en Neptuno en el primer libro de Stapledon que retorna a nuestra era y sus reacciones ante lo que ve.

In "The Complete Novels," Olaf Stapledon presents an expansive collection that showcases his visionary imagination and profound philosophical inquiries. Encompassing works such as "Last and First Men" and "Star Maker," this anthology delves into the farthest reaches of human and cosmic evolution, weaving a literary tapestry that fuses science fiction with deep existential reflection. Stapledons narrative style is characterized by its grand scope and innovative structure, often eschewing traditional character arcs in favor of broader universal themes, making it a seminal work in the genres development during the early 20th century. Olaf Stapledon, a British philosopher and writer, was profoundly influenced by the tumultuous events of his time, including the World Wars and the existential threats they posed. Educated at the University of Liverpool and later at Oxford, Stapledon synthesized his academic background with his literary endeavors, leading him to explore the complex relationship between humanity and the cosmos. His works often reflect a deep sense of responsibility towards the future of mankind, mirroring his personal convictions and philosophical musings. This collection is highly recommended for readers who wish to explore the intricate interplay of imagination, science, and philosophy. Stapledons work not only pushes the boundaries of speculative fiction but also challenges readers to contemplate the future of humanity within the cosmos, making it an essential reading for anyone interested in the evolution of the genre.

In "Olaf Stapledon: Collected Works," the reader is immersed in the profound and expansive narratives that have established Stapledon as a pioneering figure in science fiction. This anthology encompasses his most notable works, including the philosophical narratives of "Last and First Men" and "Star Maker," which explore humanitys evolution and the cosmos with profound depth and visionary imagination. Stapledons literary style is noted for its lyrical prose and speculative scope, blending philosophical inquiry with sweeping cosmic timelines that challenge the very essence of existence and consciousness. His works reflect the existential anxieties of the early 20th century, addressing the impact of war and technological progress while envisioning possible futures for humankind. Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950) was a British philosopher and novelist whose academic background in philosophy and his experiences during World War I heavily influenced his writing. His belief in the interconnectedness of life and the evolution of consciousness is a recurring theme throughout his works. Stapledons unique ability to intertwine scientific concepts with imaginative storytelling reveals a deep reflection on humanitys place in the universe, prompting readers to contemplate both the sublime and the terrifying aspects of existence. "Olaf Stapledon: Collected Works" is a must-read for enthusiasts of speculative fiction, philosophy, and anyone curious about the future of humanity. Stapledons visionary ideas resonate with contemporary issues, making this collection not just a nostalgic reflection of early science fiction, but a timeless exploration of existential themes that remain ever relevant. Engage with Stapledons profound insights as he invites readers to ponder their place in the cosmos.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A comprehensive Introduction outlines these selected works unifying features, themes, or stylistic evolutions.- A Historical Context section situates the works in their broader erasocial currents, cultural trends, and key events that underpin their creation.- A concise Synopsis (Selection) offers an accessible overview of the included texts, helping readers navigate plotlines and main ideas without revealing critical twists.- A unified Analysis examines recurring motifs and stylistic hallmarks across the collection, tying the stories together while spotlighting the different works strengths.- Reflection questions inspire deeper contemplation of the authors overarching message, inviting readers to draw connections among different texts and relate them to modern contexts.- Lastly, our handpicked Memorable Quotes distill pivotal lines and turning points, serving as touchstones for the collections central themes.

Olaf Stapledons "The Philosophical & Science-Fiction Works of Olaf Stapledon" presents a profound exploration of metaphysical themes through the lens of speculative fiction. Combining vivid narrative imagination with philosophical inquiry, Stapledon delves into the nature of consciousness, existence, and human experience across time and space. His literary style is characterized by grand sweeping vision and a lyrical prose that invites readers to ponder the cosmic implications of their lived realities. As a work situated within early 20th-century science fiction, it bridges the gap between artistic expression and philosophical thought, heralding an era where speculative narratives challenge the boundaries of intellect and imagination. Stapledon, a British philosopher and writer, was influenced by his academic background in philosophy and psychology, alongside the tumultuous events of his time, including World War I. His experiences and contemplations pushed him to explore expansive ideas regarding humanitys future and our place in the universe. Within this anthology, readers can discern Stapledons commitment to using fiction as a vehicle for philosophical dialogue, as he seeks to instill a sense of wonder and inquiry in his audience. This collection is essential for any reader interested in the intersection of philosophy and science fiction. Stapledon not only entertains but provokes deep reflection on the evolution of human thought and the potential trajectories of our species. Whether you are a newcomer to his works or a dedicated fan, this book promises to challenge your perceptions and expand your horizons.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "Last and First Men," Olaf Stapledon presents a sweeping narrative that transcends both time and species, exploring the evolution of humanity over two billion years. This monumental work showcases Stapledons unique literary style, a blend of philosophical musings and speculative fiction, enriched by vivid imagery and a sweeping scope that captures the essence of human aspiration, suffering, and transformation. Set against a backdrop of cosmic change, the novel offers a profound introspection into humanitys place in the universe, serving as a precursor to later science fiction epics. Its blend of existential themes and innovative narrative structure places it firmly within the literary context of early 20th-century futurism. Olaf Stapledon, an English philosopher and writer, was deeply influenced by the tumultuous events of his time, including the World Wars and the rise of scientific inquiry. His academic background in philosophy and a profound contemplation on human potential and destiny shaped his vision for this speculative odyssey. Stapledons urge to address both the grandeur and fragility of human existence led him to create a narrative that not only entertains but also encourages deep reflection on the future of sentient life. "Last and First Men" is a thought-provoking exploration that is highly recommended for readers interested in the philosophical underpinnings of science fiction. Stapledons masterful storytelling invites readers to ponder the trajectory of humanity and the potential for future civilizations. This book is not just a journey through time; it is a clarion call to reflect on what it means to be human and the legacy we wish to leave behind.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

Stapledons science fiction novels often present the strivings of some intelligence that is beaten down by an indifferent universe and its inhabitants who, through no fault of their own, fail to comprehend its lofty yearnings. It is filled with protagonists who are tormented by the conflict between their "higher" and "lower" impulses._x000D_ Table of Contents:_x000D_ Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future_x000D_ Last Men in London_x000D_ Odd John: A Story Between Jest and Earnest_x000D_ Star Maker_x000D_ Darkness and the Light_x000D_ Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discord_x000D_ Death into Life_x000D_ The Flames_x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_ _x000D_

In "The Complete Sci-Fi Works of Olaf Stapledon," readers are invited to explore the imaginative landscapes that define Stapledons contributions to science fiction literature. A prolific pioneer, Stapledon weaves intricate narratives that transcend traditional storytelling, blending philosophical inquiry with speculative futurism. His works, including the visionary "Last and First Men" and the monumental "Star Maker," challenge conventional notions of humanity, temporality, and the cosmos, encapsulating a style rich with lyrical prose and a profound sense of the interconnectedness of all beings. Written during the early to mid-20th century, Stapledons writings reflect the tumultuous socio-political climate of his time, offering a framework through which to understand the implications of human progress and existential inquiry. Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950), a British author and philosopher, was profoundly influenced by his academic background in philosophy and the sciences, which shaped his innovative approaches to narrative structure and thematic exploration. His experiences during World War I profoundly colored his outlook on humanitys potential and its vulnerabilities, leading him to contemplate the existential dilemmas that echo through his works. Stapledons unique blend of visionary perspectives and explorations of the human condition mark him as a pivotal figure in the evolution of modern science fiction. I highly recommend this comprehensive collection not only to aficionados of the genre but also to readers seeking a deeper understanding of humanitys place in the universe. Stapledons thought-provoking narratives serve as a clarion call for introspection about our collective future, urging readers to contemplate both the triumphs and tribulations that lie ahead.

Olaf Stapledons "The Complete Novels of Olaf Stapledon" presents a compendium of his visionary works that explore the boundaries of human imagination and philosophy. This volume, encompassing masterpieces like "Last and First Men" and "Star Maker," is distinguished by its rich, speculative prose and profound existential inquiry. Stapledons literary style fuses poetic language with robust scientific theory, situating his narratives within the context of early 20th-century modernism, where the quest for meaning in an often chaotic universe presides. His narratives navigate both the breadth of human history and the potential futures of intelligent life, proffering a philosophical meditation on mortality, evolution, and the cosmos. Stapledon, born in 1886 in Liverpool, was a philosopher and novelist whose experiences in World War I deeply influenced his writing. His background in philosophy informed his speculative narrative approach, allowing him to ask poignant questions about society, existence, and interstellar life. His works emerged during a period marked by both scientific advancements and existential crises, reflecting a fusion of hope and despair regarding humanitys fate. This collection is an essential reading for enthusiasts of speculative fiction and philosophy alike, inviting readers to ponder the vast possibilities of existence. Stapledons unique foresight inspires reflection on the complexities of time and the many forms intelligence may take. This book serves as a gateway to understanding not just the genre of science fiction, but the very essence of what it means to be human.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A comprehensive Introduction outlines these selected works unifying features, themes, or stylistic evolutions.- A Historical Context section situates the works in their broader erasocial currents, cultural trends, and key events that underpin their creation.- A concise Synopsis (Selection) offers an accessible overview of the included texts, helping readers navigate plotlines and main ideas without revealing critical twists.- A unified Analysis examines recurring motifs and stylistic hallmarks across the collection, tying the stories together while spotlighting the different works strengths.- Reflection questions inspire deeper contemplation of the authors overarching message, inviting readers to draw connections among different texts and relate them to modern contexts.- Lastly, our handpicked Memorable Quotes distill pivotal lines and turning points, serving as touchstones for the collections central themes.

In "The Essential Works of Olaf Stapledon," readers are invited into the expansive realms of speculative thought that characterize Stapledons literary contributions. This compilation not only encapsulates his visionary narratives but also showcases his unique philosophical approach, blending science fiction with existential inquiry. Stapledons literary style merges lyrical prose with profound conceptual exploration, reflecting contemporary dilemmas about humanitys future in an ever-evolving cosmos. Often heralded as a precursor to modern science fiction, his works confront the intricacies of consciousness, societal evolution, and universal interconnectedness. Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950) was a British philosopher and author whose pioneering thoughts on sociology and metaphysics deeply influenced the genre. His own diverse backgroundstudies at the University of Liverpool, work as a philosopher, and experiences during the two World Warshelped shape his understanding of humanitys precarious position in the universe. Stapledons imaginative extensions of philosophical ideas into fictional narratives reveal his conviction that literature can pierce the veil of reality, illuminating essential truths about existence. This collection is highly recommended for readers yearning for a thoughtful exploration of human potential and cosmic destiny. Stapledons enduring insights resonate with contemporary challenges, making this essential reading for both avid science fiction fans and those seeking philosophical depth. Discover how Stapledon masterfully intertwines narrative and intellect, urging us to contemplate our role within the grand tapestry of the universe.

In "Last and First Men," Olaf Stapledon crafts an extraordinary narrative that blends speculative fiction with philosophical inquiry. Written in 1930, this seminal work traces the evolution of humanity over two billion years, exploring the rise and fall of eighteen successive species of humans, each faced with unique challenges and existential dilemmas. Stapledons expansive prose is characterized by its visionary scope and dense philosophical reflections, drawing readers into a rich tapestry of ideas about civilization, consciousness, and the future of humanity. As a pioneering work of science fiction, it sets a precedent for blending scientific concepts with speculative narratives, influencing numerous writers and thinkers in the genre. Stapledon, a British philosopher and author, was profoundly intrigued by the implications of human fate and progress, factors deeply rooted in his own education and intellectual background. His experiences as a soldier during World War I and his academic pursuits in philosophy fostered a deep reflection on humanitys capacity for both destruction and transcendence. This blend of personal experience and intellectual inquiry culminates in "Last and First Men," which is both a narrative of human resilience and an exploration of cosmic possibilities. I highly recommend "Last and First Men" to readers who seek a thought-provoking and eloquent exploration of the future of humanity. Its scientific insight and philosophical depth make it a timeless piece that resonates with contemporary concerns about our trajectory as a civilization. Stapledons visionary narrative pushes the boundaries of literature, urging us to reflect on our past while contemplating the infinite possibilities that lie ahead.

Enjoy this meticulously edited SF Collection, filled with space adventures, dystopian novels and apocalyptic tales: Novels: Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future Last Men in London Odd John: A Story Between Jest and Earnest Star Maker Darkness and the Light Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discord Death into Life Short Stories: The Flames (1947) The Seed and the Flower The Road to the Aide Post A Modern Magician East is West A World of Sounds Arms Out of Hand