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Increased industrial and agricultural activity has led to the contamination of the earths soil and groundwater resources with hazardous chemicals. The presence of heavy metals, dyes, fluorides, dissolved solids, and many other pollutants used in industry and agriculture are responsible for hazardous levels of water pollution. The removal of these pollutants in water resources is challenging. Bioremediation is a new technique that employs living organisms, usually bacteria and fungi, to remove pollutants from soil and water, preferably in situ. This approach is more cost-effective than traditional techniques, such as incineration of soils and carbon filtration of water. It requires understanding how organisms consume and transform polluting chemicals, survive in polluted environments, and how they should be employed in the field. Bioremediation for Environmental Pollutants discusses the latest research in green chemistry and practices and principles involved in quality improvement of water by remediation. It covers different aspects of environmental problems and their remedies with up-to-date developments in the field of bioremediation of industrial/environmental pollutants. Volume 2 explains the methods used to control the remediation processes making it cost-effectively and feasible. It elaborates on the application of microbial enzymes, microalgae, and genetically engineered microorganisms in the bioremediation of significant pollutants, food wastes, distillery wastewater, and pharmaceutical wastes. This book is invaluable for researchers and scientists in environmental science, environmental microbiology, and waste management. It also serves as a learning resource for graduate and undergraduate students in environmental science, microbiology, limnology, freshwater ecology, and microbial biotechnology.

Similar to the German enterprise of science as a whole, the German Research Foundation (DFG) originally conceived as an "Emergency Association for German Science" (Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft) in 1920 for decades considered itself as the politically authorized agency for the promotion of a patriotically accentuated science.The authors delineate the course followed by this research foundation in the fields of science and technology, in the humanities and social sciences, medicine, and the biosciences. Initially this path was revisionistic, after 1933 racist and politically expansionistic, and finally, westernized and conservative. Additional surveys on the history of the foundation as an organization and interdisciplinary overviews by the editors raise the issues of the liberalization of German research and its extragovernmental funding during the 1960s.

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Hematology is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in learning about advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of hematological disorders. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of natural and synthetic drugs employed in the treatment of anemias, coagulopathies, vascular diseases and hematological malignancies. Reviews in this series also include research on specific antibody targets, therapeutic methods, genetic hemoglobinopathies and pre-clinical / clinical findings on novel pharmaceutical agents. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Hematology is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of hematology, oncology and vascular pharmacology.The third volume of this series features 6 reviews: -Advances in the understanding and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia-Recent developments in chronic myeloid leukemia biology and treatment-Role of immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of lymphoid and myeloid malignancies-Pediatric hematological malignancies clinical manifestation, treatment and follow-up-Novel therapies and immunotherapeutic approaches to treat childhood leukemia-Erythrocyte turnover and erythropoietic patterns in two different experimental mouse models of anemia

Phytochemical compounds are secondary metabolites that plants usually synthesize for their own protection from pests and diseases. Phytochemical biosynthesis is also triggered under specific environmental conditions. They cannot be classified as essential nutrients since they are not required at specific amounts for life sustenance. Phytochemicals in Vegetables: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds presents information about the phytochemical (common and scarce) content of several cultivated vegetables, as well as their health and therapeutic effects based on in vitro, in vivo, animal and clinical studies. Chapters also cover recent research findings about their mode of action, bioavailabity, interactions with other biological matrices and pharmacokinetics. Moreover, the book gives special attention to the factors that may alter and modulate bioactive compound content, including both cultivation practices and post-harvest treatments that aim towards the production of high quality and healthy foods. Researchers, public health workers, consumers and members of the food industry will find this book to be a useful reference on the variety of phytochemicals present in vegetables.

Researchers, politicians and lay persons around the world agree that renewable energy technologies will play an increasingly important role in strengthening national economies in the future. The renewable energy industry has the potential to significantly increase power capacity of several countries and subsequently create many jobs. This book examines recent advances in specific renewable energy systems. Readers will learn about theoretical and applied perspectives which are key to addressing the major issues associated with such systems. Chapters cover solar energy systems, thermal energy storage, bioenergy, hydrogen production, geothermal energy and measurement techniques for these energy systems. Students in engineering programs, and engineers working in academia and the renewable energy sector will be able to broaden their understanding of complex renewable energy projects through the comprehensive overview of both the fundamental concepts and the technical issues covered in the text.

Nanotechnology is a diverse science that has brought about new applications in fields such as colloidal science, device physics and supra molecular chemistry. Environmental pollution treatment by nanomaterials is an emerging application of nanotechnology. It is gaining importance because of the increased environmental challenges due to the impact of modern industrial activities. Industrial activity involves the production and use of various toxic organic and inorganic chemicals which pollute nearby water streams, indirectly influencing aquatic and human life. Thus, there is a need to protect the environment through the development of new technologies and by enacting awareness drives for environmental sustainability. This volume summarizes cutting-edge research on nanomaterial utilization for environmental challenges.Chapters introduce readers to the concepts of environmental protection, sustainability and monitoring. Readers will also learn about technologies used for keeping the environment safer, including ion exchangers, metallic oxide complexes, nanocomposite materials, porous membranes and nanocatalysts.This volume is intended to be an introductory reference for students and researchers undertaking advanced courses in materials science, environmental science and engineering, giving readers a glimpse into the fascinating world of nanotechnology.

This volume presents information about several topics in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study of carbon-containing nanomaterials. It introduces the reader to an array of experimental and theoretical approaches for the analysis of paramagnetic centers (dangling bonds, interface defects, vacancies, and impurities) usually observed in modern carbon-containing materials such as nanographites, graphene, disordered onion-like carbon nanospheres (DOLCNS), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), nanodiamonds, silicon carbonitride (SiCN) and silicon carbide (SiC) based composites and thin films. In particular, the book describes in detail:The fundamentals of EPR spectroscopy and its application to the carbon-containing materials;The resolution of the EPR signals from different species in carbon materials;EPR characterization of spin dynamics in carbon nanomaterials;Magnetic properties of DWCNTs and MWCNTs polymer composites;EPR investigations on GO, rGO and CNTs with different chemical functionalities;EPR spectroscopy of semiconducting SWCNTs thin films and their transistors;In-situ EPR investigations of the oxygenation processes in coal and graphene materials;The two-temperature EPR measurement method applied to carbonaceous solids;Characterization of impurities in nanodiamonds and SiC nanomaterials and related size effects by CW and pulse EPR techniques;Application of multifrequency EPR to the study of paramagnetic defects in a-Si1-xCx:H thin films and a-SiCxNy based composites. This volume is a useful guide for researchers interested in the EPR study of paramagnetic centers in the carbon-containing thin films, nanomaterials, ceramics, etc. It is also a valuable teaching tool at graduate and postgraduate levels for advanced courses in analytical chemistry, applied sciences and spectroscopy. [Series description]: This series brings reference works and monographs on topics related to analytical methods employing different modes of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Contributions are written by eminent scholars. Volumes in this series are suitable for researchers and teachers involved in advanced courses in analytical techniques, applied sciences and condensed matter physics.

While oceans are vast, they represent a fragile resource that must be protected if we want to protect our livelihoods and our planet. Marine pollution has been a topic of concern for a long time, and

Advances in Organic Synthesis is abook series devoted to the latest advances in synthetic approaches towardschallenging structures. The series presents comprehensive reviews written byeminent authorities on different synthetic approaches to selected targetmolecules and new methods developed to achieve specific synthetictransformations or optimal product yields. Advances in Organic Synthesisis essential for all organic chemists in academia and the industry who wish tokeep abreast of rapid and important developments in the field. This volume presents the following reviews:Electroluminescent polymers - a review on synthesis from organic compoundsRemarkable advances in the asymmetric synthesis of biologically active natural compounds from the advent of chiral auxiliariesThe chemistry of ynamides and their application in organic synthesisCarbon-heteroatom bond formation for medium ring heterocyclesTin(ii) salts: versatile and efficient lewis acid catalysts in reactions to add value to the glycerol and terpenic alcohols(E)-n-methyl-1-(methylthio)-2-nitroethenamine (nmsm) as a versatile ambiphilic synthon in organic synthesis

Applications of Modern Mass Spectrometry covers the latest advances in the use of mass spectrometry inscientific research. The series attempts to present readers information on thebroad range of mass spectrometry techniques and configurations, data analysisand practical applications. Each volume contains contributions from eminentresearchers who present their findings in an easy to read format. Themultidisciplinary nature of the works presented in each volume of this bookseries make it a valuable reference on mass spectrometry to academicresearchers and industrial R&D specialists in applied sciences,biochemistry, life sciences and allied fields. The first volume of the series presents 5 reviews:- Applications of mass spectrometry for the determination of themicrobial crude protein synthesis in ruminants- Qualitative and quantitative LC-MS analysis in food proteins andpeptides- Chemometrics as a powerful and complementary tool for massspectrometry applications in life sciences- Recent developments of allied techniques of qualitative analysis ofheavy metal ions in aqueous solutions with special reference to modern massspectrometry- New techniques and methods in explosive analysis

Marine ecosystems offer several benefits to human communities. To make sustainable use of these benefits, it is necessary to elucidate and conserve marine ecology, and strive to maintain a sustainable natural resource management program. For this reason, understanding the diversity and behavior of both macro-ecosystems and micro-ecosystems are crucial. Monitoring Artificial Materials and Microbes in Marine Ecosystems explores microbial roles and their interaction with artificial materials in marine environments. After starting with simple topics for beginners, chapters explore methods to detect microorganisms in marine ecosystems and interactions of marine organisms with artificial materials. The sequential progression into advanced topics makes it easier to understand how to solve the reduction in marine-ecosystem viability caused by adverse events. Readers are provided with useful information for rehabilitating marine environments to make them sustainable for communities. Topics are covered in 3 parts: Part 1 is an introductory guide to marine ecosystems and environmental monitoring assessment. Readers are introduced to coral reef ecosystems, algal blooms and the role of environmental monitoring services in maintaining and restoring the quality of marine environments. This is followed by examples of sustainable marine environment assessment.Part 2 provides information about methods to detect microorganisms (viruses and bacteria) and evaluate marine environments. This includes sample enrichment methods, electrochemical analysis, and single cell imaging techniques. The highly sensitive and specific techniques presented in the book, are applicable in a wide variety of situations.Part 3 is dedicated to interactions between artificial metallic materials and microorganisms in marine environments. Chapters in this section share results from several experiments conducted to separate microorganisms and biofilms from such environments. This book is intended primarily for marine ecologists, microbiologists, environmental engineers, and engineers associated with industrial projects. This book is also useful as a text for undergraduate and graduate level courses in marine biology, ecology, and microbiology.

Voltammetry for Sensing Applications familiarizes readers with recent advancements in the field of electrochemical analysis. The book features 16 chapters which cover many applications of voltammetric analysis such as drug testing and analysis, sensors for point-of-care devices, sensors for diverse analysis, advanced energy storage devices, clinical sample analysis, sensors for the detection of heavy metals, nanomaterials, disease detection, immune sensors, food sample analysis, and anti-inflammatory and anticancer drug detection. Many of the current methods of voltammetry offer increased stability, repeatability, high performance, cost-effectiveness, time-saving, sensitivity, and the chapters also cover appropriate applications for the sensing tools and methodologies which are imperative in electrochemical, environment, biological, medicinal, and food safety analysis. This informative reference serves as a timely and comprehensive update on voltammetry and sensing materials for chemistry scholars and industrial chemists alike.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a technique applied in multidisciplinary research. Its use has tremendously grown in the last 40 years owing to improved nanofabrication, biomolecules extraction and sensitive signal acquisition techniques. This book focuses on the underlying principles of SERS by emphasizing on basic concepts and background information about the subject. Chapters explain the physics of Raman spectroscopy while also indicating its relevance to designing protocols and methodologies for biosensing and imaging. The book gives updated and recent details on colloids and nanostructures, their fabrication, surface engineering and immobilization methods, all in context to SERS based biosensing. Key Features: - Covers basic knowledge and new research about surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) - Provides a complete framework on SERS based biosensing with concise chapters - Focuses on different active molecules critical to SERS and associated developed nanoassemblies - Presents information about ongoing research on SERS imaging applications - Highlights bottlenecks of SERS technique in biosensing - Includes references for further reading This book serves as a reference book for researchers and academicians and will also provide a reasonable understanding on the topic of SERS to newcomers irrespective of their background in a simple manner. The book is of interest to all readers within the scientific community involved with Raman spectroscopy, including chemists, physicists, biologists, material scientists as well as biomedical engineers.

This reference describes recent advances and applications of capillary electrophoresis in the field of food science. The first two chapters are devoted to the fundamentals of capillary electrophoresis, and to the main sample preparation techniques used for food analysis using this miniaturized separation technique, respectively. These two introductory chapters are followed by several chapters focused on the different strategies for analyzing specific food components, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, polyphenols, and food additives. The information provided in these chapters helps readers to understand and develop appropriate methods to carry out a deep characterization of food samples. Relevant concepts such as food authentication, chemical food safety or the control of the quality and safety of dietary supplements, and food metabolomics are also covered, where appropriate. The big potential of capillary electrophoresis to achieve chiral separations and the determination of enantiomers in food samples or to develop targeted and non-targeted metabolomics strategies to ensure food safety and quality is also described. As an additional step towards analytical miniaturization, a chapter devoted to food analysis by microchip electrophoresis is also included in this book. All 14 chapters are contributed by highly experienced researchers in the field. Capillary Electrophoresis in Food Analysis is a key source of information for food chemists and analytical chemists in industry (quality control laboratories) and academia (research labs and training courses).

Despite the current technological advancement, agriculture being a vital source of livelihood, was essentially dependent on weather and climate, and is adversely affected by the weather and climate related extreme events. Over the past few decades, extreme events such as droughts, floods, storms, tropical cyclones and forest fires have destroyed economic and social infrastructure and at the same time endangered food security. The agricultural sector is affected through the impact on water resources, damage to crops, rangelands and forests due to incidence of droughts, locust plagues and wilde and fires. Given the current recognition of the importance of preparedness to cope with risks and uncertainties associated with climate extremes, it is important to develop suitable and sustainable strategies to alleviate the impact of natural disasters on crop productivity. Improved forecast accuracy and more focused information on the location, intensity and duration of climate extremes could underpin efforts to implement more effective risk management strategies. It is crucial that governments exercise their sovereign responsibility to prepare and issue early warnings of extreme events in a timely and effective manner to reduce their impact on agricultural production. While natural hazards may not be avoided, integration of risk assessment and early warnings, prevention and mitigation measures including community capacity building and livelihood strategies, can prevent them from becoming disasters. There is also a need to develop locally agrometeorological adaptation strategies to reduce the effect of natural disasters especially in vulnerable regions where food and fibre production is most sensitive and vulnerable to climatic fluctuations. This proposed book based on state of the art knowledge on the science and application of agricultural meteorology needed to better cope with extreme climate events, should be of interest to all organizations and agencies engaged in planning disaster reduction strategies and management for prevention and mitigation of extreme events. The publication will also be of equal interest to the agrometeorologists of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of the countries throughout the globe as well as to the agricultural planners, meteorologists associated with public weather services, forest fire forecasters, and the various departments of governments concerned with agriculture and food production.Contents:1. Agrometeorology in Extreme Events and Natural Disasters An Overview2. Drought and Desertification3. Irrigation Scheduling to Combat Moisture Deficit in Plants4. Heavy Rains, Floods, Hail and Snow and their Impact on Agriculture5. Tropical Cyclones, Storm Surges, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes and Squalls: Implications for Agriculture6. Agrometeorology Related to Extreme Temperatures, Heat Waves and Frost7. Wind Storms and Sand/Dust Storms and their Effect on Environment and Plants8. Forest- and Bush-Fire and their Impact on the Environment9. Pests and Diseases of Crops and Livestock10. Environmental and Agricultural Implications of Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Volcanic Eruptions11. Community Capacity Building and Livelihood Strategies in Disaster Management and Mitigation of Adverse Impacts on Agricultural Sector12. Role of Agricultural Chemicals on Soil, Water and Air Pollution and their Effects on Plants, Livestock and Aquatic Systems13. Climate Change, Extreme Events and Change in Cry...

Despite an increase in life expectancy over the past 20 years, the number of novel, multi-drug resistant microorganisms has also risen dramatically. To reduce the risk of reemerging infections, and limit the spread of multidrug resistant microorganisms, it is urgently necessary to develop safe and effective therapeutic countermeasures. New antimicrobial chemicals are mostly produced with the help of microorganisms, and the bulk of medications now on the market are of this type. The use of high therapeutic screening and recent developments in analytical instrumentation has allowed the researchers to identify novel antimicrobial compounds from bacteria, fungi, plants, mushrooms, algae, and other sources more quickly. The second volume of Frontiers in Antimicrobial Agents highlights the ongoing requirement for researching and creating novel antimicrobial medications. Current Trends in the Identification and Development of Antimicrobial Agents aims to bring together the expertise of notable academics to examine all facets of antimicrobial research while keeping recent advancements in perspective. Antibiotic discovery, sources of novel antimicrobial chemicals, developing and reemerging microbial infections, various elements of drug resistance, and the need for antimicrobial medications in the future are all covered in this book. It is a timely reference for anyone involved in the discovery and development of new drugs, including microbiologists, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, doctors, and researchers.

This book informs readers about recent advances in graphene carbocatalysis encapsulating the current developments in the syntheses, properties, characterizations, functionalization and catalytic applications of graphene, its derivatives and composites. It serves as a comprehensive primary reference book for chemistry and engineering students who are required to learn about graphene chemistry in detail. It also serves as an introductory reference for industry professionals and researchers who are interested in graphene research as well as its emerging applications in catalysis and beyond. Volume 1 provides an introduction to catalysis and the chemistry of graphene. This is followed by chapters that cover the chemistry of graphene compounds. Next, it covers the functionalization of graphene into catalytic materials and its role in the synthesis of nanocomposites. Finally, the book delves into the complex aspects of graphene carbocatalysis: recent advances in graphene supported palladium catalysts for coupling reactions, applications of graphene-based catalysts in multicomponent, domino reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions, and recent trends in biocatalytic properties of graphene-based composites are all discussed in detail.

This book aims to inform readers about the latest trends in environment-friendly extraction techniques in food analysis. Fourteen edited chapters cover relevant topics. These topics include a primer green food analysis and extraction, environment-friendly solvents, (such as deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, and supramolecular solvents), and different extraction techniques.

Nanoelectronics Devices: Design, Materials, and Applications provides information about the progress of nanomaterial and nanoelectronic devices and their applications in diverse fields (including semiconductor electronics, biomedical engineering, energy production and agriculture). The book is divided into two parts. The editors have included a blend of basic and advanced information with references to current research. The book is intended as an update for researchers and industry professionals in the field of electronics and nanotechnology. It can also serve as a reference book for students taking advanced courses in electronics and technology. The editors have included MCQs for evaluating the readers understanding of the topics covered in the book. Topics covered in Part 1 include basic knowledge on nanoelectronics with examples of testing different device parameters. - The present, past, and future of nanoelectronics, - An introduction to Nanoelectronics and applicability of Moores law - Transport of charge carrier, electrode, and measurement of device parameters - Fermi level adjustment in junction less transistor, - Non-polar devices and their simulation - The negative capacitance in MOSFET devices - Effect of electrode in the device operation - Second and Sixth group semiconductors, - FinFET principal and future, Electronics and optics integration for fast processing and data communication - Batteryless photo detectors - Solar cell fabrication and applications - Van der Waals assembled nanomaterials Audience Researchers and industry professionals in the field of electronics and nanotechnology; students taking advanced courses in electronics and technology.

This book is a review of photonic materials and their applications. It presents 14 chapters, that give a snapshot of the field including basic sciences (photonics, plasmonics, advanced optics, nanophotonics) and applications (renewable energy, fiber-optics, lasers and smart materials). The book starts with a summary of recent developments in photonic crystal (PC) applications. This introduction is followed by chapters that present design concepts and investigations of PC devices such as: - All-optical XOR gates using 2D photonic crystals - One-dimensional PCs containing germanium (Ge). - Graphene surface plasmonics - Nanophotonics and fiber-optic lasers - Chalcogenides - Bragg Fibers and more The broad range of topics make this an informative source on current and exciting photonics research, and the variety of photonic materials. It serves as a reference for graduate scholars (in physics and materials science) and allied researchers who have a keen interest in photonics.