Ebooks de historia, página 12 de 2145

Autonomous weapons systems, often referred to as killer robots, have been a hallmark of popular imagination for decades. However, with the inexorable advance of artificial intelligence systems (AI) and robotics, killer robots are quickly becoming a reality. These lethal technologies can learn, adapt, and potentially make life and death decisions on the battlefield with little-to-no human involvement. This naturally leads to not only legal but ethical concerns as to whether we can meaningful control such machines, and if so, then how. Such concerns are made even more poignant by the ever-present fear that something may go wrong, and the machine may carry out some action(s) violating the ethics or laws of war. Researchers, policymakers, and designers are caught in the quagmire of how to approach these highly controversial systems and to figure out what exactly it means to have meaningful human control over them, if at all. In Designed for Death, Dr Steven Umbrello aims to not only produce a realistic but also an optimistic guide for how, with human values in mind, we can begin to design killer robots. Drawing on the value sensitive design (VSD) approach to technology innovation, Umbrello argues that context is king and that a middle path for designing killer robots is possible if we consider both ethics and design as fundamentally linked. Umbrello moves beyond the binary debates of whether or not to prohibit killer robots and instead offers a more nuanced perspective of which types of killer robots may be both legally and ethically acceptable, when they would be acceptable, and how to design for them.

The Hebrew Union College Annual is the flagship journal of Hebrew Union College Press and the primary face of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion to the academic world. With a history spanning nearly a century, it stands as a chronicle of Jewish scholarship through the twentieth century and into the twenty-first.

Studying the different forms of socialization of the concept of virtue during the early modern age is currently one of the most complex and cross-cutting topics in the field of history and related disciplines. The work Studies on the idea of excellence in Europe (15th19th centuries) Virtus vera nobilitas est brings together essays by historians and philosophers that set out to show the problems posed by the concept of virtue in the early modern era.

This e-book deals with the intersection between religion, philosophy, and politics in the Graeco-Roman world, and especially in Late Antiquity, with special reference to the figure alluded to in ancient sources with the expression "theios aner". Charisma and leadership are basic elements of this notion: its literary, historical, and ideological context and the different interpretations of holiness and sanctity in a sociopolitical or educative community are researched in this collective endeavour. The scholarly contributions are organized along three sections Holiness, Charisma and Leadership, and Transmission and Reception aiming at an overall analysis of the patterns involving charismatic leadership of the intellectual and spiritual figures in the sources and its socio-political context, with the central axis of Late Antiquity. Thus, together with some methodological considerations, this e-book examines some well-known figures of holiness and attempts to offer a panoramic, transdisciplinary, and comparative view of their cultural and intellectual context, and to determine what socio-political role they had.

The German 10th Infantry Division, stationed in the area of the Pozna 5th Army Corps, was quite a unique formation. The author presents the origin and fighting traditions of the Divisions specific regiments in 18661871, the organisational structure, the uniforms, the soldiers equipment and weapons. However, the narration mainly focuses on the history of the 10th Infantry Division in August 1914 the departure to the concentration area and the fighting in the first month of the war. Bartosz Kruszyski also provides the perspective of the opponent, the French (Paris) 7th Infantry Division. Of great value is the fact that the military operations have been presented from the perspectives of German and French soldiers. The text is supplemented by maps and unique iconography.

This volume is a collection of research essays submitted by fellows of the Annemarie Schimmel Kolleg, an Advanced Center of Research in Mamluk Studies. It covers three themes, which correspond to the research agenda of the final three academic years of the Annemarie Schimmel Kolleg. These were: environmental history, material culture studies, and im/mobility. The aim of the contributions is to overcome the disciplinary boundaries of the field and to engage in scholarly debates in Ottoman Studies, European history, archae-ology and art history, and even the natural sciences.

Pervading Empire addresses the issue of diversity within the Roman Empire and promotes interpretations that go beyond general and often abstract theoretical framings. The baseline of the volume is the notion that reality is created by the endless and multi-directional relations of different human and inhuman actors, and that the sorts and modes of correlations create specific phenomena.The volume offers a variety of theoretically and methodologically well-informed geographical, chronological and thematic case studies, written by established and emerging specialists in the field of Roman Studies, on a range of different research questions such as the integration in the Roman world, inter-cultural perceptions, (mis)communications, transfers and exchanges, transformations of social structures and landscape, patterns of consumption and related identities and the dynamics in the sphere of religion among others. Thereby, Pervading Empire demonstrates the complex and fluctuating nature of the Roman world and emphasizes the fertility of such approaches within Roman Studies.

World War I marks a huge break in Central European Jewish history. Not only had the violent wartime events destroyed Jewish life and especially the living space of Eastern European Jews, but the impacts of war, the geopolitical change and a radicalization of anti-Semitism also led to a crisis of Jewish identity. Furthermore, during the process of national self-discovery and the establishing of new states the societal position of the Jews and their relationship to the state had to be redefined. These partially violent processes, which were always accompanied by anti-Semitism, evoked Jewish and Gentile debates, in which questions about Jewish loyalty to the old and/or new states as well as concepts of Jewish identity under the new political circumstances were negotiated. This volume collects articles dealing with these Jewish and gentile debates about military service and war memory in Central Europe.

Since Bouthouls seminal work on polemology (1951), war studies have been increasingly influenced by sociology, psychology and psychoanalysis, memory studies, and even literary theory; while also weathering the storms of the cultural turn and, more generally, postmodernism. These are challenges that raised new questions, or offered new answers. How is war memorialized and commemorated? How do individuals react to war trauma? How are individual reactions and narratives implemented in collective thoughts, narratives and memories? How do societies remember wars, and how do these memories, in turn, affect political structures? How are public commemorations organized? These are some of the questions contemporary war studies are still engaged in. By presenting case studies both ancient and modern, from the ancient Greeks and Romans through medieval and modern times to contemporary history, this volume stimulates reflection on how and why individuals and societies remember and commemorate war.

The shores of the Mediterranean-Black Sea basin were home to some of the earliest urban communities and some of the earliest literate cultures. Their complex history and rich archaeological heritage have been studied by generations of scholars, to a degree of detail comparable to no other macro-region of our planet. Its waters, too, have been the object of intense and systematic investigation, motivated not only by scientific curiosity but also by increasing concern for the well-being of their marine life. Yet until recently, there have been few attempts at integrating the results of different scientific approaches in order to write the ecohistory of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.In this volume, eighteen scholars from eleven different countries and representing a wide range of scientific disciplines address the question of how humans have interacted with the Mediterranean-Black Sea ecosystem from the dawn of prehistory until the twentieth century; how they have exploited its resources; what consequences this has had for life in the sea and what, based on past experience, the future may hold in store.

The study of emotions has emerged as one of the most dynamic topics of research in Ancient History, Classics, and Archaeology. Studying a variety of sources (historiography, Greek and Latin poetry and oratory, the New Testament, inscriptions, medical authors, Greek vase-painting and sculpture, skeletal remains) and using different methodological approaches, the authors of this volume address a selection of questions related with the study of emotions in Greek and Roman culture: the representation of emotion in literature and art; the arousal of emotion through texts and images; the expression of emotion through metaphor and metonymy; the display of emotions in rituals; intellectual discourse concerning specific emotions (pride, grief, fear); emotional communities; and the importance of emotions in public life, value systems, and social relations.

Das Werk des Thukydides uber den Peloponnesischen Krieg hat nicht nur bis heute unsere Vorstellung von Geschichte mageblich gepragt, es fordert aufgrund der Komplexitat seiner Darstellung auch die philologische wie historische Interpretation in besonderem Mae heraus. Neben der Konzentration der Darstellung auf die politisch-militarischen Aspekte hat dieses Werk mit der Eroffnung eines vollkommen illusionslosen, ja regelrecht naturwissenschaftlichen Blickes auf das historische Geschehen und seine Antriebskrafte Mastabe gesetzt, die seither kaum mehr ubertroffen wurden. Angesichts der frappierenden Nuchternheit, mit der Thukydides die geschichtliche Realitat als naturhaften Seinsbereich jenseits aller theologischen, ethischen oder ideologischen Verbramung darstellt, faszinieren an diesem Geschichtsmodell die geistesgeschichtlichen Voraussetzungen wie die hermeneutischen Implikationen gleichermaen.Der vorliegende Band versucht Antworten zu finden auf die Frage, wie sich im Geschichtswerk des Thukydides das Verhaltnis zwischen historischer Realitat und literarischer Darstellungsweise gestaltet. Dabei werden aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln neue Einsichten vermittelt zu der Frage, wie der Leser der zeitgenossische des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. ebenso wie der heutige vom Autor als gewalttatigem Lehrer gelenkt wird.The work of Thucydides on the Peloponnesian War has not only decisively influenced our notion of history up until the present day; the complexity of his account also constitutes a particular challenge to philological and historical interpretations alike. Besides focussing on the political and military aspects, by virtue of its unpretentious, downright scientific perspective on historical events and their driving forces, this work set standards that have hardly been surpassed since. In the light of the remarkable sobriety with which Thucydides presents historical reality as a natural realm of existence beyond all theological, ethical or ideological embellishments, the history of thought and the hermeneutical implications behind this model of history are equally fascinating.This volume endeavours to explore the nature of the relation between historical reality and literary portrayal in Thucydides historical work. New insights are provided from different perspectives on the question how the contemporary 5th-century and the present-day reader is directed by the author as a "violent teacher".

An innovative volume of fifteen interdisciplinary essays at the nexus of material culture, performance studies, and game theory, Playthings in Early Modernity emphasizes the rules of the game(s) as well as the breaking of those rules. Thus, the titular "plaything" is understood as both an object and a person, and play, in the early modern world, is treated not merely as a pastime, a leisurely pursuit, but as a pivotal part of daily life, a strategic psychosocial endeavor.

The transition from the Neolithic period to the Copper Age in the northern Balkans and the Carpathian Basin was marked by significant changes in material culture, settlement layout and organization, and mortuary practices that indicate fundamental social transformations in the middle of the fifth millennium BC. Prior research into the Late Neolithic of the region focused almost exclusively on fortified tell settlements. The Early Copper Age, by contrast, was known primarily from cemeteries such as the type site of Tiszapolgar-Basatanya. This edited book describes the multi-disciplinary research conducted by the Koros Regional Archaeological Project in southeastern Hungary from 2000-2007. Centered around two Early Copper Age Tiszapolgar culture villages in the Koros Region of the Great Hungarian Plain, Veszto-Bikeri and Korosladany-Bikeri, our research incorporated excavation, surface collection, geophysical survey and soil chemistry to investigate settlement layout and organization. Our results yielded the first extensive, systematically collected datasets from Early Copper Age settlements on the Great Hungarian Plain. The two adjacent villages at Bikeri, located only 70 m apart, were similar in size, and both were protected with fortifications. Relative and absolute dates demonstrate that they were occupied sequentially during the Early Copper Age, from ca. 4600-4200 cal B.C. The excavated assemblages from the sites are strikingly similar, suggesting that both were occupied by the same community. This process of settlement relocation after only a few generations breaks from the longer-lasting settlement pattern that are typical of the Late Neolithic, but other aspects of the villages continue traditions that were established during the preceding period, including the construction of enclosure systems and longhouses.

House X is by far the largest and best appointed of the Minoan houses excavated at Kommos in south-central Crete, a Minoan harbor and settlement that later became the site of a Greek sanctuary. Situated on the seacoast of the western Mesara Plain, Kommos faces west toward the Libyan Sea. House X stands on the southern edge of the Minoan town, separated by a large slab-paved road from the monumental civic buildings built and used between the Protopalatial and Postpalatial periods. The description of the stratigraphic excavation of this elite house is published with numerous architectural plans along with the cataloged small finds and tables of data on the floral and faunal materials. The excavated fresco fragments are also discussed and illustrated. This volume presents the Late Bronze Age pottery from in and around House X, a large Minoan house at Kommos situated not far from the sea in South-Central Crete. This volume is richly illustrated with drawings, photos, and tables of data. Rutters contribution complements the publication of the architecture, stratigraphy, and small finds in Part 1 (Shaw and Shaw, eds., 2012). Together, this pair of volumes offers a conclusion to a series of monographs (volumes I-V) previously published about the site (Shaw and Shaw, eds., 1995-2006). The Kommos series is now completed by the two-volume publication on House X.

House X is by far the largest and best appointed of the Minoan houses excavated at Kommos in south-central Crete, a Minoan harbor and settlement that later became the site of a Greek sanctuary. Situated on the seacoast of the western Mesara Plain, Kommos faces west toward the Libyan Sea. House X stands on the southern edge of the Minoan town, separated by a large slab-paved road from the monumental civic buildings built and used between the Protopalatial and Postpalatial periods. The description of the stratigraphic excavation of this elite house is published with numerous architectural plans along with the cataloged small finds and tables of data on the floral and faunal materials. The excavated fresco fragments are also discussed and illustrated.

La Crónica del Perú, de Cieza, escrita entre 1541 y 1551, compendia noticias de la historia natural y geográfica de una amplia zona indiana, especialmente del Perú, haciendo hincapié en las grandes posibilidades agricolas y economicas o mercantiles de la tierra, e indagando en la historia moral de los indios, describiendo la organizacion de las poblaciones, estructura de las viviendas, vestimentas, ceremonias religiosas y fiestas profanas, costumbres y practicas de guerra... Cieza se propone, ademas, guardar memoria de la historia para el porvenir en el marco de una perspectiva providencialista y de la evangelizacion de la empresa conquistadora, abordando tambien las sombras de una empresa que se configura como ejemplo para el porvenir y cuyas responsabilidades deben ser asumidas. Cronica fundamental, obra de un testigo y protagonista de algunos de los hechos mas relevantes que narra, y en su conjunto optimista, aunque critique las malas actuaciones de los españoles, con aguda atencion a los problemas y obstaculos del camino que se abre en el Nuevo Mundo.

Despite the doubts about the representability of the Holocaust, thousands of works of art and visual artifacts were created by prisoners in Nazi camps and ghettos during and immediately after the Holocaust. Yet, both art historians and historians rarely dealt with them for decades. Because of their mostly figurative language, researchers and memory institutions often reduced such images to the status of spiritual and political resistance, praised their artistic quality, or consulted them as illustrations of "how it was". But these images do not speak for themselves, they require analysis. In this volume, 19 international scholars, curators, and educators explore the potential of analytical approaches to drawings, albums, paintings, and prints created by victims and witnesses of the Nazi regime. They consolidate current approaches to these multifaceted objects and take the images seriously as images.

Winner of the Frank Watson Book Prize The legendary Scottish king Máel Coluim III, also known as Malcolm Canmore, is often held to epitomise Scotlands ancient Gaelic kings. But Máel Coluim and his dynasty were in fact newcomers, and their legitimacy and status were far from secure at the beginning of his rule. Mael Coluims long reign from 1058 until 1093 coincided with the Norman Conquest of England, a revolutionary event that presented great opportunities and terrible dangers. Although his interventions in post-Conquest England eventually cost him his life, the book argues that they were crucial to his success as both king and dynasty-builder, creating internal stability and facilitating the takeover of Strathclyde and Lothian. As a result, Mael Coluim left to his successors a territory that stretched far to the south of the kingships heartland north of the Forth, similar to the Scotland we know today. The book explores the wider political and cultural world in which Mael Coluim lived, guiding the reader through the pitfalls and possibilities offered by the sources that mediate access to that world. Our reliance on so few texts means that the eleventh century poses problems that historians of later eras can avoid. Nevertheless Scotland in Mael Coluims time generated unprecedented levels of attention abroad and more vernacular literary output than at any time prior to the Stewart era.

Beneath the shining world of the citizen of Classical Athens was the perilous shadow-realm of the resident foreigner, the metic. Emblematic of the status of metic was the requirement to pay a special metic tax, the metoikion. And if a metic failed to pay this tax, he or she would be sold into slavery, a fate that threatened no citizen of the classical Athenian polis. In the late fourth century BC the Athenians, in the face of widespread departure of metics in the face of economic recession and legal harassment, moved to improve metics legal situation in order to entice metics back to Athens.It is to the context of these legal reforms of the metic condition, this volume argues, that a celebrated set of fourth-century BC Athenian inscriptions recording dedications of silver cups, phialai, belong. Known since the nineteenth century as the "Attic Manumissions", these inscriptions have been thought to be the result of a legal process by which slaves were set free. Here these inscriptions are published as a corpus for the first time. And it is argued that they represent not the freeing of slaves, but preserve instead the traces of prosecutions of metics for failure to pay the metoikion. In the new pro-metic atmosphere of the 330s BC, persons who sued metics for failing to pay the metic tax, but did not win a conviction, were fined to discourage frivolous suits, and part of that fine was dedicated to divinity in the form of a phiale.