The fourteenth century witnessed a late medieval arms race; an era that began with knightly combatants armed in mail - and ended with them dressed head-to-toe in the complete plate armour that is commonly associated with knights. Although well documented in art and effigies, only a very few examples of this early plate armour survive. In this first-of-its-kind series, Douglas Strong brings together three decades of research to offer a lavishly illustrated catalog of these surviving pieces with a detailed record of their provenance, characteristics, construction details, and current whereabouts. Filled with color and black-white photos, line-drawings, this 8.5 x 11 hardback is a piece of artwork in its own right. VOLUME I focuses on the bascinet, the ubiquitous helmet of the period. Developing out of a small skull-cap worn beneath the great helm, it quickly evolved into a complete head defense of its own, becoming the helmet that defines the knightly harness of the second half of the fourteenth century that survived in common usage into the early decades of the fifteenth century. Organizing the surviving examples into broad, morphological categories for both helmets and visors, Douglas Strong not only creates a catalog of surviving pieces, but presents a basic typology, the first of its kind, into which future discoveries can be fit.

Socialismo utópico foi o pensamento socialista anterior aos trabalhos de Marx e de Engels. Foi assim classificado por não se orientar por ações revolucionárias proletárias.

Travelling is one of the most fascinating phenomena that has inspired writers and scholars from Antiquity to our postmodern age. The father of history, Herodotus, was also a traveller, whose Histories can easily be considered a travel account. The first volume of this book is dedicated to the period starting from Herodotus himself until the end of the Middle Ages with focus on the Balkans, the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic world, and South-Eastern Europe. Research on travellers who connected civilizations; manuscript and literary traditions; musicology; geography; flora and fauna as reflected in travel accounts, are all part of this thought-provoking collected volume dedicated to detailed aspects of voyages and travel accounts up to the end of the sixteenth century. The second volume of this book is dedicated to the period between Early Modernity and today, including modern receptions of travelling in historiography and literature. South-Eastern Europe and Serbia; the Chinese, Ottoman, and British perception of travelling; pilgrimages to the Holy land and other sacred sites; Serbian, Arabic, and English literature; legal history and travelling, and other engaging topics are all part of the second volume dedicated to aspects of voyages and travel accounts up to the contemporary era.

Autonomous weapons systems, often referred to as killer robots, have been a hallmark of popular imagination for decades. However, with the inexorable advance of artificial intelligence systems (AI) and robotics, killer robots are quickly becoming a reality. These lethal technologies can learn, adapt, and potentially make life and death decisions on the battlefield with little-to-no human involvement. This naturally leads to not only legal but ethical concerns as to whether we can meaningful control such machines, and if so, then how. Such concerns are made even more poignant by the ever-present fear that something may go wrong, and the machine may carry out some action(s) violating the ethics or laws of war. Researchers, policymakers, and designers are caught in the quagmire of how to approach these highly controversial systems and to figure out what exactly it means to have meaningful human control over them, if at all. In Designed for Death, Dr Steven Umbrello aims to not only produce a realistic but also an optimistic guide for how, with human values in mind, we can begin to design killer robots. Drawing on the value sensitive design (VSD) approach to technology innovation, Umbrello argues that context is king and that a middle path for designing killer robots is possible if we consider both ethics and design as fundamentally linked. Umbrello moves beyond the binary debates of whether or not to prohibit killer robots and instead offers a more nuanced perspective of which types of killer robots may be both legally and ethically acceptable, when they would be acceptable, and how to design for them.

The German 10th Infantry Division, stationed in the area of the Pozna 5th Army Corps, was quite a unique formation. The author presents the origin and fighting traditions of the Divisions specific regiments in 18661871, the organisational structure, the uniforms, the soldiers equipment and weapons. However, the narration mainly focuses on the history of the 10th Infantry Division in August 1914 the departure to the concentration area and the fighting in the first month of the war. Bartosz Kruszyski also provides the perspective of the opponent, the French (Paris) 7th Infantry Division. Of great value is the fact that the military operations have been presented from the perspectives of German and French soldiers. The text is supplemented by maps and unique iconography.

John Clarks groundbreaking work in medieval equestrian history has shaped and inspired generations of scholars, transforming our understanding of horses in the past. A pioneer of archaeological and historical research on the medieval horse, Clarks influential 1995 work, The Medieval Horse and its Equipment, set the stage for much of the academic exploration that followed. In this celebratory volume, international scholars come together to honor his legacy with new perspectives on the history, culture, and significance of horses across the medieval world. Spanning from Roman Britain to the Elizabethan court, this interdisciplinary collection covers a diverse range of topics including equestrian equipment, horse training, folklore, and the symbolic role of horses in literature. Featuring in-depth studies on archaeological finds and providing innovative approaches to equestrian practices and the gendered dynamics of horse-riding, the essays in this book reflect the profound influence of John Clarks work. This Festschrift provides a fitting tribute to a scholar whose pioneering research continues to inspire and shape the field of equestrian history. Each chapter not only reflects John Clarks enduring influence but also showcases the breadth of scholarly engagement with the historical horse, from its practical use to its deeper cultural and symbolic meanings.

These Books of Rates list for the use of English customs officials the official values of hundreds of products commonly traded overseas in the sixteenth century. What goods needed to be listed and what their official valuations were held to be, had been the subject of wary negotiations between the crown and the Merchants Adventurers. These lists thus offer us four snapshots of the shape of English foreign trade.But that is not all. Unbeknownst to all previous scholars, the 1536/45 and 1558 Books of Rates were translated into German (in 1558/60) for the use of Hanseatic diplomats haggling with the crown about customs rates. These translations reflect Hanseatic commercial interests in trade with England, in a word: the shape of the Hanses trade with England.The subject indices, structured to function as a glossary, will serve as a glossary for all scholars working on the economic history of the sixteenth century.

HerodotusHistory, is our earliest historical source for Sparta. His work focuses on the later sixth and early fifth centuries BC, the period before and during the Persian Wars. His account is often thought to be relatively unsullied by the distorting effects of the Spartan mirage, which reached its apogee after his death. Yet his mythologised narrative of the Spartans defeat at the battle of Thermopylai in 480 BC continues to influence idealised accounts in modern popular media and politics. Since he wrote about a period when Spartas classical institutions were still being formed, his work is often interrogated by historians investigating the origins and nature of its famous austerity. In this volume eleven international scholars examine Herodotus presentation of Sparta, the implications for our understanding of its internal and external politics, and the development and character of its engagement with material culture. This book is the fourth in a Classical Press of Wales series focused on major sources for Sparta, following earlier volumes on Xenophon and Sparta (2020), Thucydides and Sparta (2021) and Sparta in Plutarchs Lives (2023).

When looking at the early modern period (c. 1500c. 1800), we often speak of "the military" or "the army". But what exactly do we mean when using these terms? The forms and structures of the armed forces have not only changed between 1500 and 1800, but also varied throughout different regions of the world and even within Europe. The contributors to this volume examine twelve early modern examples of armed forces in the Holy Roman Empire, Western and Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia and North America and paint a multifarious and even disparate picture during this period. The findings suggest that modern notions of the armed forces common in the early modern period should be used more prudently to avoid prevalent implications of non-existing continuity and uniformity.

The warhorse has long been emblematic of medieval chivalry and power, depicted in art, literature, and the grand narratives of knightly valor. Yet, behind these depictions lies a nuanced history that intertwines the fate of the warhorse with the social, political, and military developments of its time. This book, The Warhorse in England: 1272-1327, seeks to illuminate the warhorses essential role during the reigns of Edward I and Edward II-an era marked by almost perpetual conflict and the zenith of cavalry use in English warfare. Drawing on an extensive range of primary sources, including previously unpublished army inventories, royal stable records, and medieval veterinary texts, this study goes beyond the warhorses symbolic representation to examine its practical importance in military campaigns. It considers the full lifecycle of these animals, from breeding and training to deployment, and the toll that warfare exacted on their health. In doing so, it reveals not only the substantial investment of resources required to sustain warhorse populations but also the implications of their care on medieval administrative and logistical practices. This work also engages with a broader context, integrating perspectives from military history and animal studies to reevaluate how warhorses influenced the structure of armies and the experiences of those who relied upon them. By examining equine practices through meticulous analysis of financial records, army lists, and breeding documentation, this book provides fresh insights into medieval Englands martial landscape and the interplay between human and animal agency.

Military cultures, as a rule, do not change easily. Turkish military culture stands out here, however, having undergone several stark changes within the last century.This book focuses on modern Turkish politics by giving special reference to civil-military relations and military culture. Turkish people give very strong importance on soldiery and even sanctify the status of martyrdom. This obliges us to analyse cultural determinants of civil-military relations to understand the reasons of ongoing military interventions in politics. Under which circumstances do Turkish military officers believe that military rule is more favourable than civilian rule? Why did the Turkish people applaud a number of military interventions in the past? To answer these questions we analysed Turkish military culture comprehensively and separated its transformation into three periods, namely revolutionist (19081945), guardianship (19451999) and depoliticization (19992013). While analysing each part, we also noted their impacts on Turkish politics and Turkish society as well as the reasons that shape the so-called close linkage between military and society.

Coins of the best-known Roman revolutionary era allow rival pretenders to speak to us directly. After the deaths of Caesar and Cicero (in 44 and 43 BC) hardly one word has been reliably transmitted to us from even the two most powerful opponents of Octavian: Mark Antony and Sextus Pompeius - except through coinage and the occasional inscription. The coins are an antidote to a widespread fault in modern approaches: the idea, from hindsight, that the Roman Republic was doomed, that the rise of Octavian-Augustus to monarchy was inevitable, and that contemporaries might have sensed as much. Ancient works in other genres skilfully encouraged such hindsight. Augustus in the Res Gestae, and Virgil in Georgics and Aeneid, sought to flatten the history of the period, and largely to efface Octavians defeated rivals. But the latters coins in precious metal were not easily recovered and suppressed by Authority. They remain for scholars to revalue. In our own age, when public untruthfulness about history is increasingly accepted - or challenged, we may value anew the discipline of searching for other, ancient, voices which ruling discourse has not quite managed to silence. In this book eleven new essays explore the coinage of Romes competing dynasts. Julius Caesars coins, and those of his `son Octavian-Augustus, are studied. But similar and respectful attention is given to the issues of their opponents: Cato the Younger and Q. Metellus Scipio, Mark Antony and Sextus Pompeius, Q. Cornificius and others. A shared aim is to understand mentalities, the forecasts current, in an age of rare insecurity as the superpower of the Mediterranean faced, and slowly recovered from, division and ruin.

Recent scholars have analysed ways in which authors of the Roman era appropriated the figure of Alexander the Great. The essays in this collection cast a wider net, to show how Classical Greek, Hellenistic and Roman authors reinterpret and sometimes misinterpret information on ancient Macedonians to serve their own literary and political aims. Although Roman ideas pervade the historiographical tradition, this volume shows that the manipulation of ancient Macedonian history largely occurred much earlier. It reflected the complicated dynastic politics of the Argead royal house, the efforts of Alexander himself to redefine Macedonian kingship, and the competing strategies of the Successors to claim his legacy. Facing the complexity of the source tradition about the ancient Macedonians yields a richer and more balanced reflection of both the history and the historiography of this important and controversial people.

Fabio Troncarelli examines the Late Antique Cassiodorian edition of the "Consolation of Philosophy" by Boethius in this new study consisting of five chapters. The first one offers a brief sketch of the lives of the two protagonists of the story. The second concerns the medieval copies of the edition, some very close to the original archetype, preserving even its formal aspect, and the indication of its first transcription in Ravenna in the sixth century. The third chapter establishes a comparison between some typical rhetorical, philosophical, and editorial methods used by Cassiodorus and the ones found in Boethiuss edition. The fourth chapter explores possible reasons for Cassiodoruss decision to produce such an edition during the years of the collapse of Osthrogotic rule in Italy. The final chapter discusses the "living memory" of Boethiuss reputation at Vivarium and the relationships between his murder and Amalsuinthas murder as understood and covertly preserved by the Vivarian monks.

Na quarta capa de Casa Grande & Senzala, obra-prima de Gilberto Freyre publicada pela Global Editora, Darcy Ribeiro diz que este livro é uma "façanha da cultura brasileira". Tal elogio pode parec