On a monetary basis, Magdala must be considered as one of the most important and active settlements between the 1st century BC and most of the 3rd century AD on Lake Kinneret, a place of production and trade, of supply for military forces, certainly in contact with other trading centres, probably located on the Mediterranean coast, however in a market perspective quite different from our current experience and even from the semantic content of this word, often abused with a semantic extension that does not correspond to the experience of the ancients. Its monetary decline started on the early 4th century, when the economic and monetary strategies of the Constantinian era shifted the flow of money to other routes, especially between the great port cities of the Mediterranean.The welcome contribution of Calleghers study derives from the new data published, which allows us to overcome "cliches" and a stereotypical view of both the archaeological site and the economy of the Upper Galilee.

The Qumran coins (hoard and single finds) are worthy of a novel. They were perfectly examined by H. Seyrig and A. Spijkerman, then the popular conviction spread that the coins had been lost. In fact, they were always kept where they had been classified. Now they are finally published and provide the possibility to suggest that Qumran was a very open centre for trade and transactions, at least from finally the end of the second century BC until the destruction of the site in 70/72 CE.This documentation provides a new reasoning on effective data not on assumptions.

Einzigartige Einblicke in die Lebenswelt einer lange vergangenen Zeit Der zweite Band des Grabungsberichts prasentiert Funde aus den Strata 25-17 von Tall Zira, die die Besiedlung des Tells zwischen der fruhen Bronzezeit II/III und der mittleren Bronzezeit IIB dokumentieren. Ein Erdrutsch hatte in der Zeit von Stratum 16 (vor 1500 v.Chr.) den westlichen Bereich der Siedlung zerstort; ein etwa 120 m2 groes Gebiet im Zentrum von Areal I war davon jedoch nicht betroffen, so dass bedeutende architektonische Zeugnisse aus jener Zeit ausgegraben werden konnten. Funde aus der fruhen und mittleren Bronzezeit

In this volume, the key monuments that form the Theatral Complex, including the Theatral Circle, the Fieldstone Building with its masonry style plaster interior, the marble Doric hexastyle Dedication of Philip III and Alexander IV, the elegant Ionic Porch later attached to the western side of the Dedication, and the remains of dozens of bronze statues that originally framed the Theatral Circle, are presented in their archaeological, architectural, and historical contexts. The potential significance of the Complex within the mystery cult, both as the place that initially gave shape to the group of pilgrims undergoing initiation, and as the place where new initiates ultimately departed the Sanctuary, accords the Theatral Complex on the Eastern Hill a central place in the history of ancient Greek sacred space. Actual-state and reconstruction drawings; photographs; and a catalogue of the small finds, including pottery, lamps, terracotta figurines, coins, metal objects, inscriptions, stone objects, and glass, accompany the text.

Of all the enormous monuments throughout Egypt and Nubia that Ramesses II (the Great; ca. 1279-1212 BCE) left behind, his temple at Abydos, built early in his reign, stands as one of his most elegant, with its simple architectural layout and dramatic and graceful painted relief scenes. Though best known for its dramatic reliefs depicting the battle of Kadesh, the temple also offers a wealth of information about religious and social life in ancient Egypt. It reflects, for example, the strenuous efforts of the early Ramessides to reestablish the Osiris cult in Egypt-and particularly at Abydos-in the aftermath of the Amarna period. Building on the comprehensive photographic and epigraphic documentation of the temple presented in The Temple of Ramesses II at Abydos volumes 1 (Wall Scenes) and 2 (Pillars, Niches, and Miscellanea), volume 3 (Architectural and Inscriptional Features) offers a detailed analysis of the overall architectural layout and decorative program of the temple and its symbolism. This discussion approaches the religious history of the site through its archaeology, its inscriptions-both planned and secondary (graffiti)-and its situation in the complex religious landscape of Abydos. Of particular interest are the temples role as a staging point for the great Osiris Festival and its procession, among the most important of all ritual events in the Egyptian religious calendar during the Ramesside period; the promotion of an active, unbound form of Osiris; and the evidence for important cult activities that took place on the rooftop of the temple, the presence of which is documented today by the staircase that accessed it from Court B.

A century ago, Charles Leonard Woolley directed the first excavations at Amarna site M50.14-16, identifying it as a workshop for glass and faience. However, the archaeological record and its publication in The City of Akhenaten I were somewhat superficial. New excavations conducted by the Amarna Project in 2014 and 2017 yielded extensive evidence of glass-, faience-, stone-, and metalworking, reaffirming the sites role as a workshop. These investigations also illuminated its domestic character, uncovering valuable data on houses and other structural remains. This volume presents a near-complete record of the site, offering a comprehensive archaeological and architectural evaluation alongside in-depth analyses of material culture, including archaeobotany, charcoal, animal bones, ceramics, and other artefacts. The individual chapters reconstruct the chaines operatoires of various craft production activities. Additionally, the organisation of production and the concept of cross-craft interaction are explored, as the site is situated within the broader industrial network of Amarna. This volume furthermore provides an in-depth examination of the inhabitants roles and daily lives, enriching our understanding of this significant site.

H. Altenmüller: Bemerkungen zum Architrav und zur Scheintür des Felsgrabes des Anchi unter der Südumfassung der Djoseranlage in Saqqara R. Assem: The God @w – A Brief Study L. Baqué-Manzano: Beyond

Rhyta are among the most appealing yet enigmatic classes of artefacts from the Aegean Bronze Age. They were produced in a wide range of forms and media with a consistently high degree of craftsmanship. This comprehensive study of Bronze Age rhyta from the Aegean builds on nearly a century of discoveries and scholarly contributions, and addresses questions of typology, function, context, and the uses of these vessels. The volume includes a thoroughly illustrated catalogue, an index of sites and the present locations of rhyta.

M. Abdelrahiem: Third Intermediate Wooden Stela from the Cairo Museum J.-C. Antoine: The Wilbour Papyrus revisited: the land and its localisation. An analysis of the places of measurement K. H. Awad: Drei Stelen des Alten Reiches und der fruhen 1. Zwischenzeit aus Abydos im Agyptischen Museum (Kairo CG 1450, CG 1589 und CG 1616) N. Billing: Monumentalizing the Beyond. Reading the Pyramid before and after the Pyramid Texts M. Fitzenreiter: Grabmonument und Gesellschaft Funerare Kultur und Soziale Dynamik im Alten Reich S. Gromadzka / S. Rzepka: Two flails in the kings hands: Unusual royal iconography on a scarab from Tell elRetaba S. Grunert: Danse macabre. Ein altagyptischer Totentanz aus Saqqara J. M. Iskander: The Haker Feast and the Transformation J. Janak: A Question of Size. A Remark on Early Attestations of the Ba Hieroglyph K. Jansen-Winkeln: Sprachgeschichte und Textdatierung J. Kahl / M. El-Khadragy / U. Verhoeven / M. Abdelrahiem / H. F. Ahmed / C. Kitagawa / J. Malure / S. Prell / T. Rzeuska: The Asyut Project: Eighth Season of Fieldwork (2010) K. Koller: Vier Aegyptiaca im Fokus K. Konrad: Mutter, Gefahrtin, Tochter und Beschutzerin des Sonnengottes. Ein einzigartiger Beleg zu HathorNb.t-Htp.t als Sistrumgottin G. Lapp: Der Sargtextspruch gegen die JbhAtjSchlange A. v. Lieven: Where there is dirt there is system. Zur Ambiguitat der Bewertung von korperlichen Ausscheidungen in der agyptischen Kultur G. Menendez: Figurines and statuettes from the area of TT 1112 in Dra Abu elNaga R. Preys: Les tombes nonroyales de la Vallee des Rois O. O. Romanova: Contribution to reconstruction of some scenes in the chapel of prince Kawab (G 71107120) H. El Shahhat: Funf Armreifen aus Tell elBalamun im Agyptischen Museum, Kairo J. Sigl: Weaving Copts in the North Tombs of Tell elAmarna A. J. Spalinger: The Date of Amunhotep IIs First Accession K. Zibelius-Chen: Das Tubinger Fragment eines Perlennetzes. u.a.m.

M. Abdelrahiem: The Festival Court of the Temple of Ramesses II at Abydos (Part I). K. H. Awad: Zwei Totengedenksteine des spaten Mittleren Reiches im Louvre. H. Beinlich: Das Wiener Relief L1. A. Bettum: Dismutenibtes and Aaiu. Two 25th Dynasty Coffins in Oslo. F. Breyer: Thutmosis III. und die Hethiter. Bemerkungen zum Kurustama-Vertrag sowie zu anatolischen Toponymen und einer hethitischen Lehnubersetzung in den Annalen Thutmosis III. G. P. F. Broekman: Libyan Rule Over Egypt. The Influence of the Tribal Background of the Ruling Class on Political Structures and Developments during the Libyan Period in Egypt. R. Bumann: Der Kult fur die Konigsmutter Anchenes-Merire I. im Tempel des Chontamenti. Zwei unpublizierte Tursturze der 6. Dynastie aus Abydos. R. Gundacker: Konigliche Pyramidentexte im Mittleren Reich? Zur Herkunft und zu einigen Besonderheiten der Pyramidentexte Sesostrisanchs. S. Herrmann: Landestypische Krankheiten in der Description de lEgypte. J. M. Iskander: The Lintel of Ptahemheb in Cairo Museum (TR 22/3/25/10). J. E. Jay: Parallelism in the Correspondence between Senwosret I and Sinuhe. J. Kahl / M. El-Khadragy / U. Verhoeven / S. Prell / I. Eichner / Th. Beckh: The Asyut Project: Seventh Season of Fieldwork (2009). D. Klotz: Emhab versus the tmrhtn: Monomachy and the Expulsion of the Hyksos. B. Lurson: Nouveaux elements sur la decoration et larchitecture du temple contigu au Ramesseum. E.-E. Morgan: Agyptische Ohrenstelen. Fragen und Antworten. R. Nutz: Zur ideologischen Verortung von T -ntr und Punt. M. Nuzzolo: The V Dynasty Sun Temples Personnel. An overview of titles and cult practise through the epigraphic evidence. D. Stefanovic: The Late Middle Kingdom stela of the staff of provisioning sector (sn) (Musees dart et dhistoire, Geneve 6875). Ch. Theis: Die Pyramiden der Ersten Zwischenzeit. Nach philologischen und archaologischen Quellen. D. Topmann: PT-Sequenzen in Spruch 885 der Sargtexte. S. Uljas: Archaeology of Language. A Case Study from Middle Kingdom/Second Intermediate Period Egypt and Nubia.

Hartwig Altenmuller: Die Wandlungen des Sem-Priesters im Mundoffnungsritual. Alessia Amenta: ""The Vatican Mummy Project"". The restoration of the mummy of Ny-Maat-Re (MV 25011.6.1). Miroslaw Barwik: Two pilgrims from Armant at Deir el-Bahari. Stefan Bojowald: Randglosse zu einigen in ""d"" kulminierenden Schreibungen. Marc Brose: Ostrakon BM EA 50727 - ""An unknown literary text""? Manuela Gander: Materialimitationen - Bemalte Gefae aus Grabern des Neuen Reiches aus dem Agyptischen Museum und Papyrussammlung Berlin. Stefan Grunert: Die Geburtsumstande der Jbhaty-Schlange. Eine Komposition von Spruchen auf der Totenbahre zur Ehrfurcht vor dem Leichnam. Jochem Kahl / Mahmoud El-Khadragy / Ursula Verhoeven / Ahmed El-Khatib / Chiori Kitagawa: The Asyut Project: Sixth Season of Fieldwork (2008). Klaus Koschel: Salbgefae ohne Ende? Konigliche Miniatursalbgefae eines undokumentierten Fundkomplexes Teil II. Rolf Krauss: Weisen die Pyramidenkorridore den Weg zum Himmel? Christian Leitz: Das Ichneumonweibchen von Herakleopolis - eine Manifestation der Bastet. Michel Malaise: Le calathos de Serapis. Ludwig D. Morenz: Der Turkis und seine Herrin. Die Schopfung einer besonderen Expeditionsreligion im Mittleren Reich. Diana Prell: Der Nil, seine Uberschwemmung und sein Kult in Agypten. Ilona Regulski: The beginning of Hieratic Writing in Egypt. Foy Scalf: Magical bricks. Danijela Stefanovic: Stela Bolton 1920.10.12: The Non-Royal Women of the Middle Kingdom II. Christoffer Theis: Die Pyramiden der 13. Dynastie. Ad A. J. Thijs: The Second Prophet Nesamun and his claim to the High-Priesthood. Silvia Wiebach-Kopke: Das Pflanzenwachstum unter den Sonnenstrahlen des Re.

Janne Arp: Bemerkungen zur Architektur der Felsfassadengraber von Tell el-Amarna. Stefan Bojowald: Zu einem bisher verkannten agyptischen Wortspiel zwischen der ih.t ""Kuh"" und dem hw.t ""Haus"". Jana Budek: Die Sonnenlaufszene. Untersuchungen zur Vignette 15 des Altagyptischen Totenbuches wahrend der Spat- und Ptolemaerzeit. Khaled Daoud: Professions and Career of Niankhnesut. Frank Feder: Nephthys - Die Gefahrtin im Unrecht. Die spat(zeitlich)e Enthullung einer gottlichen Sunde. Martin Fitzenreiter: 3h n jtn als 3h jkr n r. Die koniglichen Familienstelen und die religiose Praxis in Amarna. Wolfram Grajetzki / Paul Whelan: The mummiform figure of Senankh from Abydos. Stefan Grunert: Nur fur Erwachsene - political correctness auf Altagyptisch? Neue Lesungen und Interpretationen der biographischen Inschrift des Gaufursten Henqu. Anke Hemmerle: Priesterfamilien und ihre Archive. Ein Beitrag zur Prosopographie und Topographie Thebens zur Ptolemaerzeit. Michael Hoveler-Muller: Zu den fruhzeitlichen Konigen ""Fingerschnecke"" und ""Fisch"" aus dem Grab U-j in Umm el-Qaab. Peter Hubai: Der zerbrochene Zauberstab. Vom Nutzen der Magie oder das Apotropaion zu Budapest. Jochem Kahl / Mahmoud El-Khadragy / Ursula Verhoeven with a contribution by Abd el-Naser Yasin: The Asyut Project: Fifth Season of Fieldwork (2007). Mahmoud El-Khadragy: The Decoration of the Rock-cut Chapel of Khety II at Asyut. Kirsten Konrad: Aegyptiaca im Gutenberg-Museum in Mainz. Gemma Menendez: Figured Ostraca from Dra Abu el-Naga (TT 11-12). Luca Miatello: The Hypocephalus of Takerheb in Firenze and the Scheme of the Solar Cycle. Gabriele Pieke: Der heilsame Wohlgeruch - Zum Motiv des Salb-Riechens im Alten Reich. Rene Preys: Les objets sacres dHathor et la royaute de Re. Malte Roemer: Zwei Schenkungsstelen der 26. Dynastie. Katrin Scheele-Schweitzer: Zu einigen Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen in Grabdarstellungen des Alten Reiches und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung. Johanna Sigl: Koptische Webstuhlgruben in den Grabern von Amarna? Marco Zecchi: The monument of Abgig

Situated south of the Dead Sea, near the famous Nabatean capital of Petra, the Faynan region in Jordan contains the largest deposits of copper ore in the southern Levant. The Edom Lowlands Regional Archaeology Project (ELRAP) takes an anthropological-archaeology approach to the deep-time study of culture change in one of the Old Worlds most important locales for studying technological development. Using innovative digital tools for data recording, curation, analyses, and dissemination, the researchers focused on ancient mining and metallurgy as the subject of surveys and excavations related to the Iron Age (ca. 1200-500 BCE), when the first local, historical state-level societies appeared in this part of the eastern Mediterranean basin. This comprehensive and important volume challenges the current scholarly consensus concerning the emergence and historicity of the Iron Age polity of biblical Edom and some of its neighbors, such as ancient Israel. Excavations and radiometric dating establish a new chronology for Edom, adding almost 500 more years to the Iron Age, including key periods of biblical history when David, Solomon, and the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I are alleged to have interacted with Edom. Included is a 7 gigabyte DVD with over 55,000 files of additional data and photographs from the project.

The burial tumulus of Lofkend lies in one of the richest archaeological areas of Albania (ancient "Illyria"), home to a number of burial tumuli spanning the Bronze and Iron Ages of later prehistory. Some were robbed long ago, others were reused for modern burials; few were excavated under scientific conditions. Modern understanding of the pre- and protohistory of Illyria has largely been shaped by the contents of such burial mounds. What inspired the systematic exploration of Lofkend by UCLA was more than the promise of an unplundered necropolis; it was also a chance to revisit the significance of this tumulus and its fellows for the emergence of urbanism and complexity in ancient Illyria. In addition to artifacts, the recovery of surviving plant remains, bones, and other organic material contribute insights into the environmental and ecological history of the region.

The best-known sites along the length of the Nile Rivers Second Cataract are the ruins of Egyptian towns and fortresses occupied during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. One of the fortresses in the Second Cataract region, Dorginarti existed in a later era than the better-known Middle and New Kingdom forts. The earliest ceramics found at the site date from the later tenth or early ninth century BC, and those from a later occupation stem from the early eighth century. The latest phase of occupation did not extend far beyond the first phase of Persian dominance in Egypt beginning in the last quarter of the sixth century BC. This volume is the final report of the emergency excavations undertaken at Dorginarti for five months in 1964 by the University of Chicagos Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures as part of the UNESCO Nubian salvage project necessitated by the building of the Aswan High Dam. Following a description of the fortresss landscape and resources, the book describes Dorginartis architecture in detail and then presents the selection of artifacts brought back from the Sudan and stored in the ISAC Museum. The picture that emerges from the archaeological record shows the continuing importance of Lower Nubia after the withdrawal of Egyptian control in the late second millennium BC and before the rise of the Kushite empire in the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty.

This volume describes and illustrates the ceramic figurines excavated at the Maya site of Tikal, Guatemala, from 1956 through 1969. The collection includes both hand modeled and mold-made figures, human and animal, as well as related ceramic objects including figurine molds, flutes, and panpipes. The figurines are classified by subject matter, and the site distribution and dating discussed. These figurines are the largest excavated collection of ceramic figurines from a Maya site, and one of the major artifact categories from the site of Tikal. Most of the classifiable pieces are illustrated at a scale that allows comparison with similar objects from other Maya sites. The purpose of this volume is the presentation of the material from the site of Tikal; comparative material is limited.

This book presents the results of the first systematic archaeological study of Roman peasants. It examines the spaces, architecture, diet, agriculture, market interactions, and movement habitus of non-elite rural dwellers in a region of southern Tuscany, Italy, during the Roman period. Volume 1 presents the excavation data from eight non-elite rural sites including a farm, a peasant house, animal stall/work huts, a ceramics factory, field drains, and a site of uncertain function, here framed as individual chapters complete with finds analysis. Volume 2 examines this data synthetically in thematic chapters addressing land use, agriculture, diet, markets, and movement. The results suggest a different, more sophisticated Roman peasant than heretofore assumed. The data suggests that Roman peasants particularly in the first century BC/AD built specialized sites distributed throughout the landscape to maximize use of diverse land parcels. This has important implications for the interpretation of field survey data, the estimate of rural demographics from that survey, and assumptions about the long-term changes to human settlement. It also points to an important moment of agricultural intensification in this period, a contention beginning to be supported by other studies. The project also identified sophisticated systems of land use, including crop rotation and an important investment in animal agriculture. This work presents the first systematic data from Roman Italy for rural consumption, tracking the fine wares made at a production site to local sites nearby. This supports the largely theoretical problematizing of the so-called consumer city model and suggests the potential importance of rural aggregate demand. Movement studies, based on finds from the sites themselves, describe a more mobile population than anticipated, engaged in quotidian and long-distance movement patterns, supported by the small but steady stream of imports and exports into and out of this seemingly liminal region. The book concludes by addressing the implications of this new data for major questions in Roman social and economic history.

Located on the shore of the Gulf of Argos, Lerna is one of the most important prehistoric sites in Greece, having been occupied with few interruptions over a period of some 5,000 years, from the 6th to the 1st millennium B.C. Following excavations under the direction of Professor J. Caskey from 1952 to 1958, the well-preserved, deeply stratified record resulted in Lerna becoming the undisputed "typesite" and master sequence for the Early and Middle Bronze Ages on the southern Greek mainland. However, the Middle Bronze Age settlement and material have never been comprehensively published. This volume presents a catalogue of the Middle Helladic ceramic material and an analysis of the material in terms of shape, decoration, and fabric with the objective of elucidating the changing patterns of ceramic production and consumption at a key mainland site.

Animals, Ancestors, and Ritual in Early Bronze Age Syria: An Elite Mortuary Complex from Umm el-Marra, edited by Johns Hopkins professor Glenn M. Schwartz, is a final report of the excavation of Tell Umm el-Marra in northern Syria, conducted in 1994-2010. It is likely the site of ancient Tuba, capital of a small kingdom in the Early and Middle Bronze periods, in the Jabbul plain between Aleppo and northern Mesopotamia. Its study advances our understanding of early Syrian complex society beyond the big cities of Antiquity. Of particular importance in the Early Bronze excavations are the results from the site necropolis, tombs of high-ranking persons containing objects of gold, silver, and lapis lazuli. Separate installations hold kungas (donkey x onager hybrids), sometimes along with human infants. This site provides the first archaeological attestation of the kunga equids, unique in the archaeology of third-millennium Syria and Mesopotamia.

This volume brings together the final reports of salvage excavations carried out in the vicinity of Tel Qashish in the northern Jezreel Valley, Israel, from 2010 to 2013. These include the Middle and Epipaleolithic flint workshops at Tel Qashish West and Tel Qashish South, the early Early Bronze Age I settlement at Tell el-Waer, the late Early Bronze Age I features and the Late Bronze Age II cultic repository at Tel Qashish, as well as some early Roman remains. Twenty-nine chapters by twenty-five authors present the context, stratigraphy, finds, and analyses of these four major aspects of the excavations.