Ebooks de historia, página 13 de 2237

Despite the doubts about the representability of the Holocaust, thousands of works of art and visual artifacts were created by prisoners in Nazi camps and ghettos during and immediately after the Holocaust. Yet, both art historians and historians rarely dealt with them for decades. Because of their mostly figurative language, researchers and memory institutions often reduced such images to the status of spiritual and political resistance, praised their artistic quality, or consulted them as illustrations of "how it was". But these images do not speak for themselves, they require analysis. In this volume, 19 international scholars, curators, and educators explore the potential of analytical approaches to drawings, albums, paintings, and prints created by victims and witnesses of the Nazi regime. They consolidate current approaches to these multifaceted objects and take the images seriously as images.

Beneath the shining world of the citizen of Classical Athens was the perilous shadow-realm of the resident foreigner, the metic. Emblematic of the status of metic was the requirement to pay a special metic tax, the metoikion. And if a metic failed to pay this tax, he or she would be sold into slavery, a fate that threatened no citizen of the classical Athenian polis. In the late fourth century BC the Athenians, in the face of widespread departure of metics in the face of economic recession and legal harassment, moved to improve metics legal situation in order to entice metics back to Athens.It is to the context of these legal reforms of the metic condition, this volume argues, that a celebrated set of fourth-century BC Athenian inscriptions recording dedications of silver cups, phialai, belong. Known since the nineteenth century as the "Attic Manumissions", these inscriptions have been thought to be the result of a legal process by which slaves were set free. Here these inscriptions are published as a corpus for the first time. And it is argued that they represent not the freeing of slaves, but preserve instead the traces of prosecutions of metics for failure to pay the metoikion. In the new pro-metic atmosphere of the 330s BC, persons who sued metics for failing to pay the metic tax, but did not win a conviction, were fined to discourage frivolous suits, and part of that fine was dedicated to divinity in the form of a phiale.

Slaves and Slave Agency in the Ottoman Empire offers a new contribution to slavery studies relating to the Ottoman Empire. Given the fact that the classical binary of slavery and freedom derives from the transatlantic experience, this volume presents an alternative approach by examining the strong asymmetric relationships of dependency documented in the Ottoman Empire. A closer look at the Ottoman social order discloses manifold and ambiguous conditions involving enslavement practices, rather than a single universal pattern. The authors examine various forms of enslavement and dependency with a particular focus on agency, i. e. the room for maneuver, which the enslaved could secure for themselves, or else the available options for action in situations of extreme individual or group dependencies.

By the end of the regal period (late 6th c. BC) Rome was by far the greatest non-Greek city in Italy. How she attained her enormous size was a problem for the ancients no less than for the moderns. The former agreed on Romes birth (the first city of the 8th c. BC on the Palatines 15 hectares) and completion (all the traditional Seven Hills, ca. 400 hectares); everything in-between was a matter of dispute. The latter, while agreeing on the point of arrival, evidenced by the archaic remains of the Servian Wall, reject the point of departure and so the whole literary tradition on Romes growth, pointing out that the Palatine was inhabited much earlier and the Capitol earlier still; another argument is a hypothetical huge (200300 hectares) proto-urban centre on Romes site. The aim of this study is to assess the worth of the ancients certainty that the Palatine was the citys cradle and see if their writings preserved dependable information on her growth; the results Rome was in fact founded on the Palatine and had one stage of growth between the Romulean birth and the Servian-Tarquinian achievement pass well the test of confrontation with the archaeological material.

From assemblies to courts of justice, from the Senate to the battlefield, from Rome to the provinces: public opinion could vary and take many guises. Roman politicians were aware of its existence and influence, and engaged with it.This e-book offers a study of public opinion in the Roman Republic, with an emphasis from the 3rd to 1st centuries BC. It focusses on four main issues: nature and components of public opinion; public opinion in relation to military and administrative questions; the interaction between public opinion and public dialogue and, finally, the transmission of public opinion. It furthermore asks the following question: Who was the populus Romanus? How did public opinion influence specific political or military decisions? Can Habermas view of public opinion be applied to the Roman Republic? How was the rhetoric of fear applied to public opinion?Drawing on the more recent interpretations of Roman Republic, this volume studies the mechanisms that make public opinion and politics work at many different levels. It provides an engaging view on political communication and the interaction between the elite and the people.

The essays discuss continuity and change in Bild al Shm (Greater Syria) during the sixteenth century, examining to what extent Egypt and Greater Syria were affected by the transition from Mamluk to Ottoman rule. This is explored in a variety of areas: diplomatic relations, histories and historiography, fiscal and agricultural administration, symbolic orders, urban developments, local perspectives and material culture. In order to rethink the sixteenth century from a transitional perspective and thus overcome the conventional dynasty-centered fields of research Mamlukists and Ottomanists have been brought together, shedding light on the remarkable sixteenth century, so decisive for the formation of early modern Muslim empires.

Ziel dieses Bandes ist, neue Akzente in der Mamlukenforschung zu setzen. Die Beitrage beruhren eine Reihe spannender Themen: Heirat, Ehe und Scheidung, narrative Strategien in den Biogrammen hanbalitischer Richter, Wissensvermittlung, die zeitgenossische politische Ordnung, Wirtschaftswachstum, islamische Philosophie, die Prasenz der Zawawi-Gruppen in der Ayyubiden- und Mamlukenzeit sowie die Islamisierung von Agypten und Syrien. Alle Beitrage tragen dazu bei, zu einem besseren, differenzierten Verstandnis der Mamlukenzeit zu gelangen.Die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Bandes, Fellows des Bonner Annemarie Schimmel Kollegs History and Society of the Mamluk Era, prasentieren in diesem Band die Ergebnisse ihrer am Kolleg durchgefuhrten Forschungen.

Having demonstrated that about a third of the speeches in our corpus of forensic oratory were written for delivery by synegoroi rather than main parties, the author investigates the way in which synegoroi and main parties divided the argumentation between them in individual cases. She shows that trials of major political importance were conducted by teams of pleaders, and she concludes that such legal actions are best understood as team-based contests rather than as rhetorical confrontations between individual members of the Athenian elite. The implications of this for our overall understanding of the Athenian democracy and the political part played by the courts are discussed, and it is suggested as a possibility that team-based public actions offered a wider scope for participation by ordinary citizens than is normally allowed by modern historians.

The study of royal women has been one of the most dynamic fields of inquiry into the Hellenistic world (ca. 33630 BC) and has dramatically shifted our perceptions of gender, status, and influence in the ancient world. Amid numerous works on the Ptolemies, Antigonids, and Argeads, this volume is the first to examine the roles and representations of the women of the Seleukid dynasty and its clients. These royal women were born or married into a dynasty that ruled an empire spanning dozens of cultures and languages, encompassing territory from western Asia Minor to modern-day Afghanistan. As representatives of their familys prestige, they were highly influential in shaping the culture and legacy of this Empire that spanned East and West. The contributions of this volume offer a systematic scrutiny of the representation of female Seleukids in visual and textual media. Avoiding Eurocentric perspectives in favour of embracing the diversity of the Empire, these scholars examine the interaction of Seleukid women with royal traditions ranging from Persia, Bactria, and Judaea to their Hellenistic contemporaries. The result is a landmark achievement in the study of ancient women.

When analyzing the character of monarchic regimes and their strategies for creating obedience and acceptance, the focus usually lies on the ruler ideology and the self-representation of the individual monarch. However, the contributions to the present volume try to approach the matter from the angle of the real or merely anticipated criticism against the background of which monarchic legitimization was expressed: what conditions, what elements, and what strategies were characteristic of a critical discussion of monocracy in antiquity, and to what extent was the relationship between ruler ideology and antimonarchic sentiment marked by mutual dependence? What significance did the eternal background noise possess which as a contre-discourse compelled rulers in Egypt, Persia, Judea, Greece and Rome to justify themselves again and again?

The contributions assembled in this volume study the social function and functioning of notions and ideas about the past held by groups and individuals, with a special focus on ancient Greece but including comparative contributions on early China and on the function of the classical past in modern European culture. Special attention is devoted to the past as a foundation for collective identities and to the ways in which the goals and needs of specific groups impacted its representation and transmission. Contributions range in time from the archaic age to the Roman Empire, covering aspects such as the representation of the past in visual arts, the function of myth and its representation in literary and visual genres, the relationship of historiography to social memory, and the way that the past features in Greek religion. Monuments, literary texts, inscriptions are investigated in order to reconstruct the rich texture of Greek social memory and its development over time.

ContentsKonstantinos D. Politis: PrologueNorman Lewis: The Rediscovery of Petra, 1807-1818Robert Wenning: The Nabataeans in History (Before AD 106)John F. Healey: Nabataeans Inscriptions: Language and ScriptJohn R. Bartlett: Nabataean ReligionJoseph Patrich: Nabataean Art between East and West: A methodical AssessmentLaurent Tholbecq: Nabataean Monumental ArchitectureBernhard Kolb: Nabataean Dwellings: Domestic Architecture and Interior DecorationDavid Graf: Nabataeans under Roman Rule (After AD 106)Konstantinos D. Politis: Nabataean Cultural Continuity into the Byzantine PeriodFazwi Zayadine: The Spice Trade from South Arabia and India to Nabataea and PalestineJohn P. Oleson: Nabataean Water Supply, Irrigation and AgricultureJacqueline Studer: Animal Exploitation in the Nabataean WorldPeter J. Parr: The Urban Development of PetraHero Granger-Taylor: Textiles of the Graeco-Roman Period from the Dead Sea RegionStephan G. Schmid: Nabataean Fine-ware PotteryJames R. B. Mason: Experimenting the Manufacture of Nabataean Fine-ware PotteryJulian M. C. Bowsher: Monetary Interchange in Nabataean PetraSteven Rosen: The Nabataeans as Pastoral Nomads. An Archaeological PerspectiveZaki Aslan: The Cultural and Heritage Management of Petra p Glen W. Bowersock: Conclusion

Recent research into the military history of ancient Greece has questioned the central role traditionally ascribed to the famous hoplite phalanx by historians and suggested that even as late as the Persian Wars of 480479 BC, Greek battles consisted essentially of open fighting and duels between individual combatants, in an almost Homeric fashion.In this meticulous study, Adam Schwartz in turn questions the new orthodoxy. Departing from a detailed scrutiny of hoplite equipment and its physical characteristics, the author demonstrates that this equipment must in fact have been developed specifically to meet the needs of warriors fighting in phalanx formations, which, it is shown, can be traced back into the eighth century BC. In this way, the study is not only a reappraisal of the role of the phalanx, but also a significant contribution to the study of Archaic Greek history. Great emphasis is, furthermore, placed upon the illumination of such crucial questions as the duration of the average hoplite battle and the role of the othismos pushing in deciding the outcome. In short, this e-book will quickly claim its place as one of the basic studies of ancient Greek hoplite battle.

At the beginning of the Hellenistic Age, Sicily became the landing-place for political innovations produced by Hellenistic culture in the West and very soon it turned out to be the theatre for the comparison of different ethnicities: Sicilian natives, Greeks, Italics, Carthaginians and Romans.This book investigates the decades between 289 and 241 B.C. and the social as well as political development of Sicily by re-examining crucial events that made the island the first Roman provincia after the first Punic War: the failure of the first Hellenistic kingship in the West; the Sicilian expedition of Pyrrhus; the new Hellenistic kingship of Hiero of Syracuse; the first Punic War and the victory of Rome. Also, this study highlights how successfully the political modernization and the social innovations of the Hellenistic Age took place in Sicilian cities and the way some novelties were rejected and some traditional institutions still existed, even after the complete Roman conquest.

The Armenian Question in the Caucasus, Russian Archive Documents and Publications (1724-1914) is issued in this three-volume collection as a special topic of study for the first time in world historiography. The topic is presented as a complex based on rare documents and publications which were long stored as secret and top secret in the Russian State Historical Archive (St Petersburg) and the Russian State Military History Archive (Moscow). The first volume deals chronologically with the period 1724-1904 and comprises two sections. The first section provides an analysis of the documents and materials. The second section contains copies of the originals in the archives and publications. Eleven of the documents and materials presented in this volume are made publically available here for the first time. To guarantee academic objectivity, the contextual integrity of the archive documents has been preserved. All materials are arranged chronologically and by topic. The collection provides the reader with the opportunity to undertake a critical review of current theses on the Armenian question. It also assists the application of contemporary academic methods to a comprehensive study of the essence of this question.

The Armenian Question in the Caucasus, Russian Archive Documents and Publications (1724-1914) is issued in this three-volume collection as a special topic of study for the first time in world historiography. The topic is presented as a complex based on rare documents and publications which were long stored as secret and top secret in the Russian State Historical Archive (St Petersburg) and the Russian State Military History Archive (Moscow). The second volume deals chronologically with the period 1905-1906 and comprises two sections. The first section provides an analysis of the documents and materials. The second section contains copies of the originals in the archives and publications. Fourteen of the documents and materials presented in this volume are made publically available here for the first time. To guarantee academic objectivity, the contextual integrity of the archive documents has been preserved. All materials are arranged chronologically and by topic. The collection provides the reader with the opportunity to undertake a critical review of current theses on the Armenian question. It also assists the application of contemporary academic methods to a comprehensive study of the essence of this question.

John Clarks groundbreaking work in medieval equestrian history has shaped and inspired generations of scholars, transforming our understanding of horses in the past. A pioneer of archaeological and historical research on the medieval horse, Clarks influential 1995 work, The Medieval Horse and its Equipment, set the stage for much of the academic exploration that followed. In this celebratory volume, international scholars come together to honor his legacy with new perspectives on the history, culture, and significance of horses across the medieval world. Spanning from Roman Britain to the Elizabethan court, this interdisciplinary collection covers a diverse range of topics including equestrian equipment, horse training, folklore, and the symbolic role of horses in literature. Featuring in-depth studies on archaeological finds and providing innovative approaches to equestrian practices and the gendered dynamics of horse-riding, the essays in this book reflect the profound influence of John Clarks work. This Festschrift provides a fitting tribute to a scholar whose pioneering research continues to inspire and shape the field of equestrian history. Each chapter not only reflects John Clarks enduring influence but also showcases the breadth of scholarly engagement with the historical horse, from its practical use to its deeper cultural and symbolic meanings.

This volume assembles leading Near Eastern art historians, archaeologists, and philologists to examine and apply critical contemporary approaches to the arts and artifacts of the ancient Near East. The contributions in the volume, which include a comprehensive first chapter by the editor and twelve paired chapters (each of which explores a key theme of the volume through a specific case study), are divided into six sections: Representation, Context, Complexity, Materiality, Space, and Time / Afterlives. A number of sub-themes and questions also thread through the volume as a whole: how might art historical, archaeological, anthropological, and philological approaches to the Near East complement and inform each other? How do word and image relate? And how might the field of Near Eastern studies not only adapt and apply approaches developed in other fields but also contribute to critical contemporary discourses? The volume is unified both by the themes that thread through it and by the comprehensive first chapter in the volume, which explores the status of Near Eastern arts and artifacts as simultaneously non-Western and ancient and as neither of these, and which provides a larger theoretical framework for issues addressed in the volume as a whole.

Roman Tarraco was the foundation for what came afterward at the same site in Late-Antiquity and the Islamic and Latin Christian periods, but it was an overlay on an Iberian habitation, Cissis, a coastal trading post with the Phocaean Greek partner, Kesse; a Punic counterpart on the other side of the River Tulcis; and above them all a refuge fort on the summit of Mt. Tarrakon. This history traces the amalgamation of these and their Romanization during the Punic Wars I-III, and Romes conversion of Tarraco into an imperial provincial capital. It was a complex of the main army base, a vast war industry, the government for the Hispania Citerior that became the Tarraconensis, a port, and trade center for the Western Mediterranean. It grew in population to become a major city with sophistication imitating everything Roman, The Hispanic Romans converted this outpost into a walled fortress and magnificent hillside municipality whose city-state encompassed the Camp de Tarragona as its territorium. Its upper tier was built into a terraformed tri-level monumental complex consisting of the temple ceremonial square, a new forum, and a circus with an amphitheater below. The hillside became its intramural residential district, and old Cissis was overbuilt with a lower forum, temple, market, and an entertainment area with a great theater, baths, gardens, and the coastal shelf consisted of a warehouse row, a manufacturing center, fishing villages and an artificial port, and waterworks for the Tulcis and harbor that demonstrated Roman advanced engineering just like the upper city showed off Roman architectural prowess and artistic tastes but also entertainment, i.e., its love of racing and games, bloodlust, and violence, and enjoyment of drama, music, and the brisque. The province would have an extensive road system, a proliferation of provincial towns, wealthy villas, and large-scale farms. The Tarraconensis was reduced in size during the re-organizations of the Empire, and the Roman Ulterior or Baetica became more urbanized as its population became more dense. The powerful northeastern capital followed the history of Rome and decline of the Empire with its interminable wars, barbarian invasions, weakened civic religion, and economic problems leading to the Visigohtic successor state in Late-Antiquity. Roman Tarraco was transformed into Tarracona but its monumental ruins and fabled history remained to be an inspiration to the medieval Restoration movement after the Islamic interlude. These are the subjects of subsequent volumes in this series.

Appian of Alexandria lived in the early-to-mid second century AD, a time when the pax Romana flourished. His Roman History traced, through a series of ethnographic histories, the growth of Roman power throughout Italy and the Mediterranean World. But Appian also told the story of the civil wars which beset Rome from the time of Tiberius Gracchus to the death of Sextus Pompeius Magnus. The standing of his work in modern times is paradoxical. Consigned to the third rank by nineteenth-century historiographers, and poorly served by translators, Appians Roman History profoundly shapes our knowledge of Republican Rome, its empire and its internal politics. We need to know him better. This collection of 15 new papers from a distinguished international team studies both what Appian had to say and how he said it. The papers engage in a dialogue about the value of Appians text as a source of history, the relationship between that history and his own times, and the impact on his narrative of the authors own opinions - most notably that Rome enjoyed divinely-ordained good fortune. Some authors demonstrate that Appians text (and even his mistakes) can yield significant new information, others re-open the question of Appians use of source material in the light of recent studies showing him to be far more than a transmitter of other peoples work.