Ebooks de historia, página 22 de 2320

This is the second of three planned volumes in the final report on the cleaning and excavations at the Late Bronze Age site of Vronda near Kavousi in eastern Crete. It describes the excavation, stratigraphy, and architecture of the buildings on the slopes of the Vronda ridge: Building Complexes E, I-O-N, and L-M, Building F, and the pottery kiln, as well as areas excavated on the periphery that did not belong to any of these buildings. It also presents lists, catalogs, and images of artifacts and ecofacts that were uncovered at the site.

Sais was Egypts capital in the 26th Dynasty, but it also had an earlier history, unknown before the EES/ Durham University/ SCA work at the site. This volume is the final excavation report for work carried out in the Northern Enclosure area of the site at Kom Rebwa, funded by the British Academy through the Egypt Exploration Society and the Arts and Humanities Research Council. Excavations between 2000 and 2004 uncovered levels dating between the 20th Dynasty and the Third Intermediate Period. The best preserved levels consisted of part of a house, whose roof had collapsed and an earlier kiln, used for firing faience beads as well as pottery. Lower, buried layers also included Old Kingdom material, hinting at the earlier history of the area. The report contains invaluable information about everyday rural life in the Delta, with anlayses of the different layers, the pottery and the small finds, as well as plant remains and animal bones.

This volume approaches the memory of abuses of power in past and present societies from a transdisciplinary perspective. On the one hand methodological approaches and schemes of analysis are developed from the point of view of philosophy and theory of history, history didactics, literary studies, anthropology, Church and religious history. On the other hand, the contributions deal with case studies that pay special attention to the Holocaust, to mass violence and war, the history of slavery, missionary history and sexual abuse. The focus is on narratives of memory, politics of history, the relation between historiography, public memory, restitution and reparation, but also on empowerment and participation in civil society and by victims of violence in the creation of public memory, spaces of commemoration and memorials regarding instances of abuse of power.

The first comprehensive treatment of the topic of migration in the Jewish community in Prague. The book provides a trans-regional context and a new perspective on family networks and the mobility of merchants, scholars and rabbis between Prague and other Jewish communities in Europe.Since the Middle Ages, the history of European Jews has been characterised by migrations that were triggered by expulsions from certain countries, but were also motivated by trade and cultural, religious and family contacts between the communities. This publication is the first comprehensive treatment of the topic of migration and mobility in the Jewish community in Prague, which was one of the most important in the 16th century. Based on extensive archival research, it offers a new perspective on the causes, course and consequences of the migration of Pragues Jews. At the same time, the authors also trace the supra-regional mobility of Jewish merchants and traders, family networks and the mobility of rabbis, doctors and other scholars whose fates were linked to Prague.

The "Making of Saints" is a phenomenon of central significance to Christianity since a vision-inspired Ambrosius discovered the remains of the martyrs Gervasius and Protasius in 386 AD in Milan. In North Africa it seems to have taken on an extremely interesting form that makes Brent D. Shaw speaking of the blood of the martyrs as "the vital force, the kinetic energy powering Christian life in Africa".This volume contributes to the productively expanding research field of North African Christianity by providing narrative analyses on the one hand and presenting case studies from an archaeological perspective on the other, which allow a comparative perspective of the phenomenon in order to systematically combine them: narrative alone did not "make" a martyr, architectural staging too was needed the story made the martyr and the staging made the saint. The multidisciplinary approach brings together the most recent results concerning excavations and epigraphy, but also an innovative conceptual understanding of text, space, and last but not least religion, in order to examine the social function that the veneration of martyrs had in a longue duree perspective.

Edward Said, in his seminal book Orientalism, perceived clear links between the ancient Greek and Roman stereotypes of the East and the prejudiced European nineteenth-century picture of the Muslim world, which was considered exotic, backward, uncivilised, degenerate, and dangerous, in contrast with the Western societies that were seen as developed, rational, flexible, and, above all, superior. However, the reality is much more complex shaped by both the imperialist perceptions of defeated enemies embraced by all Middle Eastern empires going back at least to the Assyrians, and the intermixed admiration and jealousy of the old Eastern traditions of learning. Part of the Greek and Roman stereotypes of the East are rooted in the interaction with eastern imperial ideals, being taken over and further developed to strengthen common Hellenic and Roman identities. Due to the subsequent free borrowing of these stereotypes and their application to different societies, the Orient has always been a moving (n)everwhere with each culture constructing their own Oriental mirages.

Broadening the global perspective is high on the agenda for the current study of urban history. It is widely accepted in contemporary Japanese urban history that the prototype of the modern city was formed in the decades between the 1900s and the 1930s, when, against the background of accelerating urbanisation, the ideas of modernity in terms of regularity, functionality and rationality contributed to the establishment of mass culture and ultimately to social mobilisation for total war. These views coincide with those of European urban history.In order to understand this coincidence, the volume is divided into three parts: 1. Surveys of mutual historiographical perceptions, 2. Case studies of urban architecture, the garden city concept, concepts of urban disaster prevention, infrastructure building and organised urban leisure, 3. Observations from the perspective of European urban history. The combination will not only elucidate the process of making the 20th century Japanese city, but also help the reader to rethink the modern European city in a global context.

Two twentieth-century genocides set the context of this discussion of history and remembrance: Armenian Christians commemorate their victims from the 1915 Armenian Genocide in their memorial Tsitsernakaberd. And Yad Vashem is an international memorial site for the Jewish Shoah. In the process of coming to terms with the past and preserving the past, a transition to a comprehensive culture of remembrance followed. Memory as a cultural achievement provides ideal orientation for a modern approach and visualization of the traumatic past.Both memorials represent multilingualism of postmodern architecture in their simple but modern construction. But already in the planning process symbols of traditional religions were vehemently overlooked. Nevertheless, the important questions were taken up: Where is the boundary between the profane and the sacred? How many sacred elements are allowed in the dialogue with the absentee? Despite all the assurances that religion should not play a role in the content of the memorial, Jutta Kirsch shows that behind the political staging and language of the postmodern architecture, a lot of religion is contained in narratives, symbols and biblically inspired texts and contents.

During the period between the end of the Hannibalic War and Octavians decisive victory in the battle of Actium in 31 BC, the Italian peninsula gradually evolved as the heartland of the Roman Empire as it was expanding across the Mediterranean. The international team of contributors to this e-book elucidates different aspects of the social, cultural and political tensions that erupted as part of this process, and which more than once threatened the very existence of the Roman Republic as an imperial power. Central themes include the relationship between Rome and the Italians as unequal partners; the visual and architectural representation of these dynamics; the place of Italy within Roman concepts of imperial rule; and the gradual, contested transformation of the allied polities into regional communities of Roman citizens.

In early America, the notion that settlers ought to receive undeveloped land for free was enormously popular among the rural poor and social reformers. Well into the Jacksonian era, however, Congress considered the demand fiscally and economically irresponsible. Increasingly, this led proponents to cast the idea as a military matter: Land grantees would supplant troops in the efforts to take the continent over from Indian nations and rival colonial powers. Julius Wilms e-book examines the free land debates of the 1790s to 1850s and reconstructs the settlement experiences under the donation laws for Florida (1842) and the Oregon Territory (1850). Both laws promised to bring the interests of poorer whites and their government into a more harmonious relation to the exclusion of African Americans and for the explicit purpose of displacing Native peoples. Drawing on new records, Wilm details the trajectory of settlements and shows how the settler-imperialist experiments fell apart and undermined the rationale of the donation laws. After home seekers fled Florida due to malaria and militias in Oregon triggered uncontrollable violence, settlers came to be seen as unreliable agents of government aims."This is the single most detailed exploration of free land in antebellum America. Wilm does a marvelous job exploring the limits of settler colonialism as a framework for settlement in Florida, where it failed. For the case of Oregon, he shows that settler occupation was appealing to federal legislators because it would substitute the ax, the plow, and the hoe, for the gun, the sword, and the bayonet. That the government knowingly held out a promise of free land in order to encourage squatter sovereignty is a most compelling argument."Amy S. Greenberg, Pennsylvania State University"This is a skillful study of American proposals for the distribution of free public lands that predated the Homestead Act of 1862. Tracing discussions of land policy in Congress, distribution schemes in Arkansas, Florida, and Oregon, and the actual consequences of these schemes on the ground, Settlers as Conquerors offers both political and social history, showing how free land shaped Indian Removal, settler colonialism, and race in the antebellum American West."Christopher Clark, University of Connecticut

After having been for decades the province of a relatively small group of scholars, the Hellenistic polis has become central to the research agenda of Ancient historians more broadly. This development can be traced from the early nineties of the last century, and has picked up pace in a sustained fashion at the turn of the millennium. Recent research has started approaching the Greek polis of the centuries between Alexander and Cleopatra as a specific historical phenomenon, striving to define its most peculiar aspects from as many angles as possible, and to point to new avenues of interpretation that might contribute to recognizing its historical role. In this general framework, this volume attempts to explore new lines of thought, to question established ways of reading the evidence, and to take stock of recent developments. The contributors do not subscribe to any particular shared approach; on the contrary, their approaches and questions stem from many different scholarly traditions and methodologies. Rather than seeking to achieve a complete coverage, the volume provides a selection of current research agendas, in many cases offering glimpses of ongoing projects.

Was there any awareness of environmental problems among intellectuals and politicians of the ancient world? Did they even have notions of pollution, exploitation, and depletion of natural resources? And what forms did human action take for the protection of the environment?The authors from the fields of Ancient History, Classical Archeology, Ancient Laws, and History of Medicine focus on the environmental and ecological awareness in the ancient world, both in material evidence of daily life and in the intellectual thought. They analyse if there was a common awareness of environmental and ecological questions, or if there were only a few and isolated measures aimed at the interest of special social groups and at specific political goals. They discuss to which extent the ancient evidence can be used to identify the roots of modern environmental sensitivity.

This e-book explores late-sixth and early fifth-century Boiotia as a case study in the construction and articulation of collective identity in archaic and early classical Greece. By juxtaposing a variety of sources historiography, numismatics, iconography, epigraphy the author discusses traditions of Boiotian descent and territory as well as Boiotian use of a common symbol, promotion of shared dialect, and use of a common name. These sources suggest that by the late sixth century the Boiotians actively promoted collective links to Athena and Thessaly as well as to epic tradition and specific epic heroes. They did not begin using their collective name in a strictly political or military sense until the middle of the fifth century BC. With this ethnic portrait, the author offers an alternate explanation to the opinio communis that attributes late sixth-century Boiotian solidarity to an early political and military federation of poleis. The author rather argues that the Boiotians adopted a permanent federal system only in the mid-fifth century.

The modern image of the Roman aristocrat L. Licinius Lucullus (cos. 74 B.C.) is, to a large extent, the creation of the Greek biographer Plutarch, whose narrative is structured around a number of themes and leitmotifs: the protagonists association with Hellenic culture, his luxurious lifestyle, and various issues related to his role as a political and military leader. In all of these fields, the depiction of Lucullus is conditioned not only by Plutarchs interests and emphases, but also by the nature of the sources at his disposal. Owing to Plutarchs biographical technique and due to the bias of the contrasting traditions underlying his account, the protagonists actions are frequently decontextualised from their contemporary setting. Lucullus emerges from this e-book as an ambitious noble operating within the highly competitive system of Republican politics, and seeking to accumulate and to display power and prestige.

Death and the individual are part of a still new and promising field of research in the ancient world. 11 international scholars in the fields of Ancient History, Archaeology, Egyptology, Patristics and History of Religions here explore some of the issues that have now come to the fore. The common concern is the interaction between discourses and practices relating to death, dying, the dead and their post-mortem existence, in the diverse and heterogeneous cultures of the ancient Mediterranean from Hellenistic to Roman Times.The volume is divided into three parts: "From Homer to Lucian Poetics of the Afterlife", "Individual Elaborations in the Roman Empire" and "Making a Difference: Groups and their Claims".Der Tod und das Individuum sind ein immer noch neues und vielversprechendes Forschungsfeld in der Antike. Elf internationale Forscherinnen und Forscher aus den Bereichen der Agyptologie, Alten Geschichte, Archaologie, Kirchengeschichte und Religionswissenschaft geben in ihren Beitragen erhellende Einblicke. Sie gehen der Frage nach, wie in den verschiedenen und heterogenen Kulturen des Mittelmeerraumes von hellenistischer bis in romische Zeit Diskurse und Praktiken, die sich auf den Tod, das Sterben, den Toten und das Leben im Jenseits beziehen, sich gegenseitig, aber auch das Individuum und die Individualitat selbst beeinflussten.Der Band ist in drei Teile untergliedert: "Von Homer bis Lukian Poetik des Jenseits", "Individuelle Auspragungen im Romischen Reich" und "Einen Unterschied machen: Gruppen und ihre Anspruche".

Over the last twenty years research on guilds has freed itself from traditional clichés, such as the guilds supposed backwardness and seclusion, and has thus paved the way for a new and more differentiated assessment of these historical institutions. Yet the subject matter remains far from being exhaustively studied. This e-book addresses some of the most disputed questions on craftsmen corporations, such as: the role of women and senior journeymen within guild structures, the interaction of guilds with local authorities and other urban institutions as well as their interrelations with local job markets and supra-local entrepreneurship.By combining more general theoretical reflections with micro-historical case studies the trilingual contributions do not only shed light on the institutional side of guilds but also on the individual actors within these corporations. By studying the phenomenon over a period of several hundreds of years (14th 18th century) the volume furthermore offers a long-term perspective on the research matter while its geographical spread offers points of reference for future comparative studies.

NATO Europe is an underestimated factor in strategic arms control. NATO Europe was the nemesis of the SALT II process. Europe feared an early SALT ratification. The SALT process was artificially delayed in order to create a time window for an INF deployment. NATO sought negotiation currency prior to the start of the planned SALT III negotiations. The NATO dual track decision killed the SALT II treaty. Superpower detente was the victim. The Second Cold War originated in Europe and not on the periphery. This multi-archival research monograph analyzes the penetration of US decision-making under the Carter Administration, the limitation of the influence of NATO Europe to non-central systems and the re-nationalization of US decision-making under the Reagan Administration. The latter paved the way to the arms control breakthrough of the mid-1980s.

In 212 CE, the emperor Caracalla extended citizenship to nearly all free-born residents of the Roman Empire. In doing so, he transformed not only his own, but the very ideal of empire and statehood in Europe. This volume first inquires into the contexts of Caracallas act in his own day. Rome was an ancient empire: it had traditionally ruled over populations that were conceived and governed as distinct units, a practice that was both strategic and ideological. What were the practical and political effects of a universalizing ideology in this context? Was there a reorientation of private social and legal practice in response? And what politics of exclusion came to apply, now that citizenship no longer served to distinguish persons of higher and lower status? The volume subsequently traces the history of citizenship in universalizing ideologies and legal practice from late antiquity to the codification of law in Europe in the nineteenth century. Caracallas act was then repeatedly cited as the ideal toward which sovereign polities should strive, be they states or empires. Citizenship and law were thereby made preeminent among the universalisms of European statecraft.

What does it mean to belong to a community? How is membership conceptualised and in what way is the position of newcomers negotiated and the communitys cohesion secured? Although no clear definition of citizenship survives from classical Athens, many sources include the statement that belonging to the polis consisted of participation in public life, often specified as sharing in the ritual obligations of the Athenians. Contrary to the still prevalent understanding of the Athenian polis as a city-state run by politically privileged men, this e-book explores this notion of the polis as a cultic and participatory community. In that context it reconsiders the position of immigrants in Athens, who are commonly viewed as outsiders or even anti-citizens in modern research. It is argued that as immigrants were gradually included in Athenian polis religion as metics, they should, at least to a degree, be considered members of the polis. In order to arrive at a better understanding of the ways in which the demos conceptualised this separate membership for immigrants, this e-book investigates the participation of metics in several polis and deme rites.

This e-book offers an original approach to late Roman/early Byzantine diplomacy as a system. Assessing both official and clandestine perspectives, Ekaterina Nechaeva examines the working mechanisms of this diplomatic machine and reveals the block organization of embassies as a basic feature of international communication. Negotiations were split into several phases and accompanied by elaborate protocol and rich ceremony. Gift exchange and the distribution of insignia comprised a vital part of the diplomatic process. What were the semantics of these symbolic acts? The study accents the status significance of such donations. Ambassadors, who embodied high-level diplomacy, delivered gifts, led talks, and mediated international dialogue. Who were these envoys? How dangerous and adventurous were their missions? What were these expeditions like? How did they travel and how far? Nechaeva scrutinizes these and further questions by investigating the practices of ambassadorial business. Throughout the e-book the analysis of secret negotiations, the intelligence system and spy activities of envoys, plots and political murders reveals the shadowy side of diplomacy.