Ebooks de historia, página 22 de 2153

In early America, the notion that settlers ought to receive undeveloped land for free was enormously popular among the rural poor and social reformers. Well into the Jacksonian era, however, Congress considered the demand fiscally and economically irresponsible. Increasingly, this led proponents to cast the idea as a military matter: Land grantees would supplant troops in the efforts to take the continent over from Indian nations and rival colonial powers. Julius Wilms e-book examines the free land debates of the 1790s to 1850s and reconstructs the settlement experiences under the donation laws for Florida (1842) and the Oregon Territory (1850). Both laws promised to bring the interests of poorer whites and their government into a more harmonious relation to the exclusion of African Americans and for the explicit purpose of displacing Native peoples. Drawing on new records, Wilm details the trajectory of settlements and shows how the settler-imperialist experiments fell apart and undermined the rationale of the donation laws. After home seekers fled Florida due to malaria and militias in Oregon triggered uncontrollable violence, settlers came to be seen as unreliable agents of government aims."This is the single most detailed exploration of free land in antebellum America. Wilm does a marvelous job exploring the limits of settler colonialism as a framework for settlement in Florida, where it failed. For the case of Oregon, he shows that settler occupation was appealing to federal legislators because it would substitute the ax, the plow, and the hoe, for the gun, the sword, and the bayonet. That the government knowingly held out a promise of free land in order to encourage squatter sovereignty is a most compelling argument."Amy S. Greenberg, Pennsylvania State University"This is a skillful study of American proposals for the distribution of free public lands that predated the Homestead Act of 1862. Tracing discussions of land policy in Congress, distribution schemes in Arkansas, Florida, and Oregon, and the actual consequences of these schemes on the ground, Settlers as Conquerors offers both political and social history, showing how free land shaped Indian Removal, settler colonialism, and race in the antebellum American West."Christopher Clark, University of Connecticut

After having been for decades the province of a relatively small group of scholars, the Hellenistic polis has become central to the research agenda of Ancient historians more broadly. This development can be traced from the early nineties of the last century, and has picked up pace in a sustained fashion at the turn of the millennium. Recent research has started approaching the Greek polis of the centuries between Alexander and Cleopatra as a specific historical phenomenon, striving to define its most peculiar aspects from as many angles as possible, and to point to new avenues of interpretation that might contribute to recognizing its historical role. In this general framework, this volume attempts to explore new lines of thought, to question established ways of reading the evidence, and to take stock of recent developments. The contributors do not subscribe to any particular shared approach; on the contrary, their approaches and questions stem from many different scholarly traditions and methodologies. Rather than seeking to achieve a complete coverage, the volume provides a selection of current research agendas, in many cases offering glimpses of ongoing projects.

Was there any awareness of environmental problems among intellectuals and politicians of the ancient world? Did they even have notions of pollution, exploitation, and depletion of natural resources? And what forms did human action take for the protection of the environment?The authors from the fields of Ancient History, Classical Archeology, Ancient Laws, and History of Medicine focus on the environmental and ecological awareness in the ancient world, both in material evidence of daily life and in the intellectual thought. They analyse if there was a common awareness of environmental and ecological questions, or if there were only a few and isolated measures aimed at the interest of special social groups and at specific political goals. They discuss to which extent the ancient evidence can be used to identify the roots of modern environmental sensitivity.

This e-book explores late-sixth and early fifth-century Boiotia as a case study in the construction and articulation of collective identity in archaic and early classical Greece. By juxtaposing a variety of sources historiography, numismatics, iconography, epigraphy the author discusses traditions of Boiotian descent and territory as well as Boiotian use of a common symbol, promotion of shared dialect, and use of a common name. These sources suggest that by the late sixth century the Boiotians actively promoted collective links to Athena and Thessaly as well as to epic tradition and specific epic heroes. They did not begin using their collective name in a strictly political or military sense until the middle of the fifth century BC. With this ethnic portrait, the author offers an alternate explanation to the opinio communis that attributes late sixth-century Boiotian solidarity to an early political and military federation of poleis. The author rather argues that the Boiotians adopted a permanent federal system only in the mid-fifth century.

The modern image of the Roman aristocrat L. Licinius Lucullus (cos. 74 B.C.) is, to a large extent, the creation of the Greek biographer Plutarch, whose narrative is structured around a number of themes and leitmotifs: the protagonists association with Hellenic culture, his luxurious lifestyle, and various issues related to his role as a political and military leader. In all of these fields, the depiction of Lucullus is conditioned not only by Plutarchs interests and emphases, but also by the nature of the sources at his disposal. Owing to Plutarchs biographical technique and due to the bias of the contrasting traditions underlying his account, the protagonists actions are frequently decontextualised from their contemporary setting. Lucullus emerges from this e-book as an ambitious noble operating within the highly competitive system of Republican politics, and seeking to accumulate and to display power and prestige.

Death and the individual are part of a still new and promising field of research in the ancient world. 11 international scholars in the fields of Ancient History, Archaeology, Egyptology, Patristics and History of Religions here explore some of the issues that have now come to the fore. The common concern is the interaction between discourses and practices relating to death, dying, the dead and their post-mortem existence, in the diverse and heterogeneous cultures of the ancient Mediterranean from Hellenistic to Roman Times.The volume is divided into three parts: "From Homer to Lucian Poetics of the Afterlife", "Individual Elaborations in the Roman Empire" and "Making a Difference: Groups and their Claims".Der Tod und das Individuum sind ein immer noch neues und vielversprechendes Forschungsfeld in der Antike. Elf internationale Forscherinnen und Forscher aus den Bereichen der Agyptologie, Alten Geschichte, Archaologie, Kirchengeschichte und Religionswissenschaft geben in ihren Beitragen erhellende Einblicke. Sie gehen der Frage nach, wie in den verschiedenen und heterogenen Kulturen des Mittelmeerraumes von hellenistischer bis in romische Zeit Diskurse und Praktiken, die sich auf den Tod, das Sterben, den Toten und das Leben im Jenseits beziehen, sich gegenseitig, aber auch das Individuum und die Individualitat selbst beeinflussten.Der Band ist in drei Teile untergliedert: "Von Homer bis Lukian Poetik des Jenseits", "Individuelle Auspragungen im Romischen Reich" und "Einen Unterschied machen: Gruppen und ihre Anspruche".

Over the last twenty years research on guilds has freed itself from traditional clichés, such as the guilds supposed backwardness and seclusion, and has thus paved the way for a new and more differentiated assessment of these historical institutions. Yet the subject matter remains far from being exhaustively studied. This e-book addresses some of the most disputed questions on craftsmen corporations, such as: the role of women and senior journeymen within guild structures, the interaction of guilds with local authorities and other urban institutions as well as their interrelations with local job markets and supra-local entrepreneurship.By combining more general theoretical reflections with micro-historical case studies the trilingual contributions do not only shed light on the institutional side of guilds but also on the individual actors within these corporations. By studying the phenomenon over a period of several hundreds of years (14th 18th century) the volume furthermore offers a long-term perspective on the research matter while its geographical spread offers points of reference for future comparative studies.

NATO Europe is an underestimated factor in strategic arms control. NATO Europe was the nemesis of the SALT II process. Europe feared an early SALT ratification. The SALT process was artificially delayed in order to create a time window for an INF deployment. NATO sought negotiation currency prior to the start of the planned SALT III negotiations. The NATO dual track decision killed the SALT II treaty. Superpower detente was the victim. The Second Cold War originated in Europe and not on the periphery. This multi-archival research monograph analyzes the penetration of US decision-making under the Carter Administration, the limitation of the influence of NATO Europe to non-central systems and the re-nationalization of US decision-making under the Reagan Administration. The latter paved the way to the arms control breakthrough of the mid-1980s.

In 212 CE, the emperor Caracalla extended citizenship to nearly all free-born residents of the Roman Empire. In doing so, he transformed not only his own, but the very ideal of empire and statehood in Europe. This volume first inquires into the contexts of Caracallas act in his own day. Rome was an ancient empire: it had traditionally ruled over populations that were conceived and governed as distinct units, a practice that was both strategic and ideological. What were the practical and political effects of a universalizing ideology in this context? Was there a reorientation of private social and legal practice in response? And what politics of exclusion came to apply, now that citizenship no longer served to distinguish persons of higher and lower status? The volume subsequently traces the history of citizenship in universalizing ideologies and legal practice from late antiquity to the codification of law in Europe in the nineteenth century. Caracallas act was then repeatedly cited as the ideal toward which sovereign polities should strive, be they states or empires. Citizenship and law were thereby made preeminent among the universalisms of European statecraft.

What does it mean to belong to a community? How is membership conceptualised and in what way is the position of newcomers negotiated and the communitys cohesion secured? Although no clear definition of citizenship survives from classical Athens, many sources include the statement that belonging to the polis consisted of participation in public life, often specified as sharing in the ritual obligations of the Athenians. Contrary to the still prevalent understanding of the Athenian polis as a city-state run by politically privileged men, this e-book explores this notion of the polis as a cultic and participatory community. In that context it reconsiders the position of immigrants in Athens, who are commonly viewed as outsiders or even anti-citizens in modern research. It is argued that as immigrants were gradually included in Athenian polis religion as metics, they should, at least to a degree, be considered members of the polis. In order to arrive at a better understanding of the ways in which the demos conceptualised this separate membership for immigrants, this e-book investigates the participation of metics in several polis and deme rites.

This e-book offers an original approach to late Roman/early Byzantine diplomacy as a system. Assessing both official and clandestine perspectives, Ekaterina Nechaeva examines the working mechanisms of this diplomatic machine and reveals the block organization of embassies as a basic feature of international communication. Negotiations were split into several phases and accompanied by elaborate protocol and rich ceremony. Gift exchange and the distribution of insignia comprised a vital part of the diplomatic process. What were the semantics of these symbolic acts? The study accents the status significance of such donations. Ambassadors, who embodied high-level diplomacy, delivered gifts, led talks, and mediated international dialogue. Who were these envoys? How dangerous and adventurous were their missions? What were these expeditions like? How did they travel and how far? Nechaeva scrutinizes these and further questions by investigating the practices of ambassadorial business. Throughout the e-book the analysis of secret negotiations, the intelligence system and spy activities of envoys, plots and political murders reveals the shadowy side of diplomacy.

The so-called Chronica urbis Romae has long been valued for the exact year-month-day figures that it gives for the reign of every Roman emperor from Julius Caesar to Licinius, especially those for the emperors of the third century, whose dates of accession and death are for the most part unknown. This e-book, for the first time, submits every year-month-day figure found in this text to a detailed historiographical analysis that puts our understanding of the historical accounts of the chronologies of the Roman emperors particularly those of the third century on a completely new footing. In so doing it provides new insights into the nature of this text and the methods of Roman historians. This volume concludes with detailed studies of the chronological information on Roman emperors provided by Cassius Dio and the witnesses to the now-lost fourth-century Kaisergeschichte; a new critical edition and translation of the text based upon a fresh examination of all the manuscripts and made in the light of recent studies; and an analysis of the verbal parallels between this text and other surviving Greek and Latin histories, particularly those of the fourth century.

Bona Dea, also known as Fauna, was a very important goddess of female initiations in Rome, and several features of hers were shared by similar goddesses in ancient Italy. This e-book sheds light on two hitherto unexplored features: the Dionysiac character and the Lydian style of her festivals. The wife of a consul took on the attitude and the attire of Omphale as the president of Dionysiac ceremonies. Faunus was supposed to precede Bacchus and give fecundity to the bride (i.e. Ariadne), whereas Hercules was thought of as an effeminate musician who created harmony. This was the correct ritual behaviour of prenuptial ceremonies, as it was depicted on many Dionysiac sarcophagi. The iconography of these monuments depicts important features of Faunus and Fauna. Believers are depicted on sarcophagi in the attitude of Bacchus or, in case of women, of either Ariadne or Omphale. A final comparison with initiations among native tribes of Oceania clarifies many rituals of the ancients.

In ancient Greece, religion and politics were inextricably linked. This symbiosis manifests itself particularly clearly in Greek sanctuaries as locations of both cult practices and political activities. A colloquium held at Munster aimed at analysing the formative function of trans-regional sanctuaries in mainland Greece and on the Greek islands in the genesis and legitimisation of political order in Greek tribal alliances and federal states from the Archaic down to the Hellenistic period.Religion und Politik waren im antiken Griechenland auf das Engste miteinander verwoben. Besonders deutlich manifestiert sich diese Symbiose in griechischen Heiligtumern als Orten kultischer Handlungen und zugleich politischen Agierens. Das Munsteraner Kolloquium analysiert die formative Funktion uberregionaler Heiligtumer in Griechenland und der griechischen Inselwelt bei der Genese und Legitimation von politischer Ordnung in griechischen Stammesbunden und Bundesstaaten von der archaischen bis in die hellenistische Zeit.

This e-book explores how Roman ideas about human behaviour and historiography affected the ways in which the Romans wrote about their past. The first of the e-books three chapters considers Roman views concerning human behaviour and the impact that these had on the traditions of Romes past. The second looks at the presentation of the gens Fabia in the literary evidence and at the ways individual Fabii were said to have behaved. The final chapter examines the evidence for the Gallic sack of Rome and considers the influence that Greek historical traditions had on Romes own traditions. Numerous members of the gens Fabia were said to have acted in a similar manner and even to have done the same things, while the tradition of the Gallic sack bears a striking resemblance to the tradition of the Persian sack of Athens. Scholarship usually maintains that individual historians such as Fabius Pictor were responsible for devising these sorts of parallels, and that they did so for their own literary and political purposes. The principal argument put forward here is that they are the inevitable product of Roman historical thought, and so need not be attributed to any one historian.

The bilingual series Flower World - Music Archaeology of the Americas raises the study of ancient music and music-related activities of the pre-Columbian Americas to the next level. For the first time in the history of science, a series offering anthologies featuring scientific investigations in this fascinating multidisciplinary field is available. The series encompasses peer-reviewed studies by renowned scholars on both past and living music traditions from South, Central and North America, and thus constitute a platform for the most up-to-date information on the music archaeology of the continent. It features case studies and the results of research projects in the field, in which a great variety of music-archaeological approaches, such as conventional archaeology - for the interpretation of the find contexts, experimental archaeology - for reconstructive instrument making and playing, ethnohistory and ethnolinguistics - for the interpretation of textual sources, music iconology - for the interpretation if visual sources, organology and acoustics, and ethnomusicology - for the research on contemporary legacies - for the study of the instrument finds, are commonly applied. The title of the series, Flower World, refers to a mythological, even sacred place filled with the sweet scent of flowers, bird calls, pleasant sounds, and dance. It is a place full of happiness and joy, even if it belongs to the realm of the Dead, which sustains the enduring renewal of life on earth.

The bilingual series Flower World - Music Archaeology of the Americas raises the study of ancient music and music-related activities of the pre-Columbian Americas to the next level. For the first time in the history of science, a series offering anthologies featuring scientific investigations in this fascinating multidisciplinary field is available. The series encompasses peer-reviewed studies by renowned scholars on both past and living music traditions from South, Central and North America, and thus constitute a platform for the most up-to-date information on the music archaeology of the continent. It features case studies and the results of research projects in the field, in which a great variety of music-archaeological approaches, such as conventional archaeology - for the interpretation of the find contexts, experimental archaeology - for reconstructive instrument making and playing, ethnohistory and ethnolinguistics - for the interpretation of textual sources, music iconology - for the interpretation if visual sources, organology and acoustics, and ethnomusicology - for the research on contemporary legacies - for the study of the instrument finds, are commonly applied. The title of the series, Flower World, refers to a mythological, even sacred place filled with the sweet scent of flowers, bird calls, pleasant sounds, and dance. It is a place full of happiness and joy, even if it belongs to the realm of the Dead, which sustains the enduring renewal of life on earth.

The bilingual series Flower World - Music Archaeology of the Americas raises the study of ancient music and music-related activities of the pre-Columbian Americas to the next level. For the first time in the history of science, a series offering anthologies featuring scientific investigations in this fascinating multidisciplinary field is available. The series encompasses peer-reviewed studies by renowned scholars on both past and living music traditions from South, Central and North America, and thus constitute a platform for the most up-to-date information on the music archaeology of the continent. It features case studies and the results of research projects in the field, in which a great variety of music-archaeological approaches, such as conventional archaeology - for the interpretation of the find contexts, experimental archaeology - for reconstructive instrument making and playing, ethnohistory and ethnolinguistics - for the interpretation of textual sources, music iconology - for the interpretation if visual sources, organology and acoustics, and ethnomusicology - for the research on contemporary legacies - for the study of the instrument finds, are commonly applied. The title of the series, Flower World, refers to a mythological, even sacred place filled with the sweet scent of flowers, bird calls, pleasant sounds, and dance. It is a place full of happiness and joy, even if it belongs to the realm of the Dead, which sustains the enduring renewal of life on earth.

The bilingual series Flower World - Music Archaeology of the Americas raises the study of ancient music and music-related activities of the pre-Columbian Americas to the next level. For the first time in the history of science, a series offering anthologies featuring scientific investigations in this fascinating multidisciplinary field is available. The series encompasses peer-reviewed studies by renowned scholars on both past and living music traditions from South, Central and North America, and thus constitute a platform for the most up-to-date information on the music archaeology of the continent. It features case studies and the results of research projects in the field, in which a great variety of music-archaeological approaches, such as conventional archaeology - for the interpretation of the find contexts, experimental archaeology - for reconstructive instrument making and playing, ethnohistory and ethnolinguistics - for the interpretation of textual sources, music iconology - for the interpretation if visual sources, organology and acoustics, and ethnomusicology - for the research on contemporary legacies - for the study of the instrument finds, are commonly applied. The title of the series, Flower World, refers to a mythological, even sacred place filled with the sweet scent of flowers, bird calls, pleasant sounds, and dance. It is a place full of happiness and joy, even if it belongs to the realm of the Dead, which sustains the enduring renewal of life on earth.

The bilingual series Flower World - Music Archaeology of the Americas raises the study of ancient music and music-related activities of the pre-Columbian Americas to the next level. For the first time in the history of science, a series offering anthologies featuring scientific investigations in this fascinating multidisciplinary field is available. The series encompasses peer-reviewed studies by renowned scholars on both past and living music traditions from South, Central and North America, and thus constitute a platform for the most up-to-date information on the music archaeology of the continent. It features case studies and the results of research projects in the field, in which a great variety of music-archaeological approaches, such as conventional archaeology - for the interpretation of the find contexts, experimental archaeology - for reconstructive instrument making and playing, ethnohistory and ethnolinguistics - for the interpretation of textual sources, music iconology - for the interpretation if visual sources, organology and acoustics, and ethnomusicology - for the research on contemporary legacies - for the study of the instrument finds, are commonly applied. The title of the series, Flower World, refers to a mythological, even sacred place filled with the sweet scent of flowers, bird calls, pleasant sounds, and dance. It is a place full of happiness and joy, even if it belongs to the realm of the Dead, which sustains the enduring renewal of life on earth.