Ebooks de historia, página 27 de 2349

Apollodorus of Damascus is the best-known architekton of the early second century AD, the era of Trajan and Hadrian. In the civil domain he is credited with planning and constructing prestigious projects in Rome itself, including Trajans Forum and Baths; in the military sphere he bridged the Danube and wrote a Siege-matters treatise for his patron-emperor. Addressed (it is argued here) to Trajan rather than Hadrian, and with a view to the campaigning conditions anticipated in Dacia, the treatise therefore proffered suggestions and designs suitable for a Roman army operating in that rugged terrain and attacking its hill-top settlements. However, as P. H. Blyth first realised, what has been transmitted under Apollodorus name includes many later elaborations, armchair-fantasy inventions which, if ever built, could never have been effective.This, the works first English translation and the first full commentary on it in any language, gives modern readers criteria for differentiating between these two disparate categories of material, thus allowing an assessment of each component in the terms appropriate to it.

This edited collection provides one of the most broadly reaching studies of nineteenth-century missionary periodicals through case studies of the ways in which this medium was used by various missionary societies to influence their readership, to conjure support for their missions, to construct images of the foreign other, and to help legitimise the missionary endeavour, especially amongst the so-called heathen of colonised lands. The collection demonstrates how politics affected the content of missionary periodicals, the role of censorship, and how missionary organisations promoted and disseminated their periodicals. The tightly focussed theme of the e-book allows a range of comparisons and analogies, which is further complimented by the concluding chapter that provides a theoretical analysis of missionary periodicals as a genre. The collection offers important insights into missionary propaganda and in doing so also contributes to the current discourse of missionaries as transnational cultural carriers, with the broad geographical, confessional and denominational range of the articles providing a firm reference for future scholarship in the field.

The e-book presents research mostly done by younger Russian scholars of ancient history to a readership that does not speak and read the Russian language. The articles cover a wide range of time and topics: Greek history from the archaic far into the Hellenistic period and Roman history from the republic to the empire politics, finance, ideology, constitution, society with prosopography, and population. By sketching the peculiarities of research in antiquity in pre-revolutionary and socialist Russia and the conditions under which post-socialist classicists and historians work, an introductory article helps readers to understand the achievement of todays Russian studies in antiquity. Altogether the volume demonstrates that the actual Russian scholarship in ancient history has joined the international research and in which way this has been achieved.

Law is a central element of social and political order with it, power is institutionalized, actions are structured and sanctioned. Fundamental concepts of order are expressed and legitimised by law. This is especially true of gender difference. Until equal rights won out as the norm, differentiating legal capacities of persons by their gender meant assigning distinct forms of legally defined agency to men and women and to fix gender hierarchy. Nevertheless, even while formal equality is established throughout Europe since the 20th century, gender difference in law remains a precarious question. The present volume documents the fifth conference of the international research network "Gender Difference in the History of European Legal Cultures".

Sven Leif Ragnar de Roode analyzes Dutch, English, and German perceptions of European integration against the backdrop of dominant elements of national self-images in a comparative perspective. The study is based on a source sample of more than 1200 newspaper editorials about the founding treaties of the European Communities in the 1950s and the Treaty on European Union from 1992/3. The source analysis is framed by an analysis of dominant, publicly acknowledged national self-images in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century. The representation of European integration in Dutch, English, and German newspapers shows that both, the perception of Europe and national self-images, were essentially contested. It demonstrates how nationalised the gaze unto Europe was. The perception of Europe was tinted and judged by national self-images. The discourse on European integration was inseparably intertwined with the discourse on the nation. Europe was essentially thought through the nation.

The papers of this volume move from the abstract scheme of an intercultural humanism of the future to concrete cultural expressions of humanism within the Muslim culture of different times up to the present. They concentrate on three issues. The first is related to contemporary attempts to develop a humanist and historical hermeneutics of the Quran and of Islamic history. The second discusses the humanist heritage and the humanitarian trends of Muslim religious and literary culture. The third highlights the discussion on Humanism and Islam as a topic within European identity politics, covering the role of this discussion for the history of Islamic Studies in Europe and America, and the contemporary polemics around Islam in the Netherlands. Taken together, the contributions of the volume attempt to provide the groundwork for an assessment of the roots and prospects of an intercultural humanism with respect to the Muslim world.

Rethinking humanity as a concept in our age of globalization and its relevance to the social and political reality of our times are the topic of this book. It calls for the reclaiming of humanism as an effective response to the conflict, turmoil, and violence we witness in the world today. Concepts of humanity and humanism have become suspect of naivete at best, and guilty of bad faith and repressive ideologies at worst. Yet, hope for improvement is incorrigibly human the concept of humanity still holds enormous attraction to intellectuals and humanistic scholars. At the same time, it is important to realize that the critique of humanism is very much based on and limited to Western social and historical experience. To re-conceptualize humanity and humanism from a truly global perspective will help reclaiming a more inclusive kind of humanism. In this sense, a cross-cultural perspective is important for reclaiming humanism in our age of globalization.The present volume is the result of such an effort. The diversity of the authors views speaks eloquently of the complexity of the concept of humanity or what constitutes the distinctly human, and therefore the necessity to have an in-depth dialogue on the fate of humanity.

Im 19. Jahrhundert war die Antike eine wichtige Bezugsgroe in vielen europaischen Landern. Dabei gab es Unterschiede in der Sicht und Aneignung der griechischen, romischen und auch "archaischen" Antike. Im Sinne einer Histoire croisee zeigt der Band, wie jede Nation ihre eigene Antike schuf.

Cooperatives in Eastern Europe acquired a double, economic and national emancipatory function: For the minorities, they became the cornerstone in a set of national economic institutions, while the majorities used them as a tool of nationalizing the economy in their "own" states; thus, cooperatives became deeply entangled in the ethnic conflicts, which characterized the region between 1850 and 1940. Experts from the United States, Germany and East Central Europe show, that economic nationalism was the driving force behind the development of cooperatives in Eastern Europe and that the self-help movement reflected the strive for national self-determination almost from the outset. Evidence from Eastern Europe, including Greece and Russia, makes the volume a comprehensive work on the interrelation of economy and nationalism and offers new, refreshing perspectives on a topic on the border of cultural studies and economic and social history. The volume is addressed to experts in the fields of research on nationalism and economic and social history.

This volume offers a groundbreaking reassessment of the destructions that allegedly occurred at sites across the eastern Mediterranean at the end of the Late Bronze Age, and challenges the numerous grand theories that have been put forward to account for them. The author demonstrates that earthquakes, warfare, and destruction all played a much smaller role in this period than the literature of the past several decades has claimed, and makes the case that the end of the Late Bronze Age was a far less dramatic and more protracted process than is generally believed.

The initial section here covers the monuments of the important Hellenistic kingdom of Commagene, and includes Edessa (Urfa), the capital of a Crusader state, where there are also significant Islamic buildings. The final section, on the Hatay, focuses on the city of Antioch, with Seleucid, Roman and Byzantine remains, and the castles of the Crusader period in its vicinity. The neo-Hittite site of Karatepe and the Georgian and Syrian monasteries in the Hatay region are also dealt with. A comprehensive bibliography and index to all four volumes comes at the end.

In this third volume the regions covered are to the south and east of the Taurus range, beginning with the Upper and Lower Euphrates, which includes the Byzantine and Turkish buildings of Harput, Malatya and the Keban region, where there are also a number of churches and monastic sites. The following section, on the Tigris region, runs from the Taurus to the Tur Abdin, a historic centre of Syrian monasticism. In Diyarbakr and Mardin there are many important Christian and Islamic monuments. This was the centre of the medieval Artukid kingdom.

Civilizations of great diversity have succeeded each other or co-existed in Eastern Turkey, and most of them have left monuments of high quality. Hittite, Urartian, Hellenistic, Roman, Syrian, Byzantine, Armenian, Arab, Seljuk and Ottoman, their remains are all represented in the region. These include some of the most important sites in Near Eastern archaeology, in regions in and near the heartland of the Hittite and Urartian cultures. The Hellenistic cities reflect the introduction of a new civilization, and the Roman and Byzantine empires included all or part of the region, with the prosperous feudal states of Georgia and Armenia on their borders. Besides the Byzantine, three great East Christian monastic traditions, Syrian, Georgian and Armenian, flourished here from the late fourth century onwards, and their monuments have left a permanent mark on the landscape. The Seljuk invasion, followed by the more recent period of Ottoman rule, led to the imposition of a new culture on the region, and its reflection in the monuments. Some of the finest Seljuk buildings are in Eastern Turkey, and the buildings of the Turkish states east of the Seljuk empire form much of the early history of Turkish architecture. The independent Greek empire of Trebizond and two of the four Crusader states lay in Eastern Turkey. The lands of the empires and the smaller medieval states were heavily fortified, and their castles and other fortifications are now spread over the region. The cultural diversity of its inheritance has made Eastern Turkey one of the most fascinating regions for archaeological and art-historical research. These four volumes provide the first comprehensive guide to all of the important historical sites of the region, the result of eight years of travel and research. The monuments are dealt with by geographical location, including a full description of each site, and details on how it can be reached. In the case of the more important monuments, a full bibliography of earlier work is provided. The ample provision of photographs and plans enhances the value of the authors detailed descriptions.

One of classical Greeces most worldly and lucid writers, Xenophon across his many works gave a restless criticism of power: democratic, oligarchic and autocratic. From military campaigns (in which he took part), through the great powers of his day (Sparta, Persia, Athens) to modes of control within the household, he observed intimately and often with partisan passion. In this work a leading French Hellenist, Vincent Azoulay, analyses across Xenophons diverse texts the techniques by which the Greek writer recommends that leaders should manipulate. Through gifts and personal allure, though mystique, dazzling appearance, exemplary behaviour, strategic absences - and occasional terror, Xenophon analyses ways in which a powerful few might triumphantly replace the erratic democracies and self-indulgent oligarchies of his day. First published in French (in 2004) to international acclaim, this book is here translated for the first time, revised and updated.

An international cast of distinguished scholars here offers seventeen new contributions on the detail and development of Athenian law; the life, work, and political background of the Attic orators; and the intersection of Attic Comedy with Athenian law, politics, and society. In their detailed and careful use of evidence and deep awareness of social and historical contexts, the essays aspire to standards set by their distinguished honorand, Professor D.M. MacDowell.

The pre-Columbian city we call Tikal was abandoned by its Maya residents during the tenth century A.D. and succumbed to the Guatemalan rain forest. It was not until 1848 that it was brought to the attention of the outside world. For the next century Tikal, remote and isolated, received a surprisingly large number of visitors. Public officials, explorers, academics, military personnel, settlers, petroleum engineers, chicle gatherers, and archaeologists came and went, sometimes leaving behind material traces of their visits. A short-lived hamlet was established among the ancient ruins in the late 1870s. In 1956 the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology initiated its fourteen-year-long Tikal Project. This report chronicles documented visits to Tikal during the century following its modern discovery, and presents the post-Conquest material culture recovered by the Tikal Project in the course of its investigation of the pre-Columbian city. Further research on the nineteenth-century settlement was carried out in 1998 in its southern part by the Lacandon Archaeological Project (LAP) under the direction of Joel W. Palka of the University of Illinois at Chicago. The material culture recovered by the LAP supplements the Tikal Project collection and is referenced here. Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala is intended as a contribution to nineteenth and early twentieth century Lowland Mesoamerican research. It is rounded out with several appendices that will be of interest to historians and historical archaeologists. The printed volume includes many black and white photographs and drawings. A gallery of color photographs, several from Palkas 1998 excavations, is included on the accompanying CD-ROM.

The initial section here covers the monuments of the important Hellenistic kingdom of Commagene, and includes Edessa (Urfa), the capital of a Crusader state, where there are also significant Islamic buildings. The final section, on the Hatay, focuses on the city of Antioch, with Seleucid, Roman and Byzantine remains, and the castles of the Crusader period in its vicinity. The neo-Hittite site of Karatepe and the Georgian and Syrian monasteries in the Hatay region are also dealt with. A comprehensive bibliography and index to all four volumes comes at the end.

In this third volume the regions covered are to the south and east of the Taurus range, beginning with the Upper and Lower Euphrates, which includes the Byzantine and Turkish buildings of Harput, Malatya and the Keban region, where there are also a number of churches and monastic sites. The following section, on the Tigris region, runs from the Taurus to the Tur Abdin, a historic centre of Syrian monasticism. In Diyarbakr and Mardin there are many important Christian and Islamic monuments. This was the centre of the medieval Artukid kingdom.

Civilizations of great diversity have succeeded each other or co-existed in Eastern Turkey, and most of them have left monuments of high quality. Hittite, Urartian, Hellenistic, Roman, Syrian, Byzantine, Armenian, Arab, Seljuk and Ottoman, their remains are all represented in the region. These include some of the most important sites in Near Eastern archaeology, in regions in and near the heartland of the Hittite and Urartian cultures. The Hellenistic cities reflect the introduction of a new civilization, and the Roman and Byzantine empires included all or part of the region, with the prosperous feudal states of Georgia and Armenia on their borders. Besides the Byzantine, three great East Christian monastic traditions, Syrian, Georgian and Armenian, flourished here from the late fourth century onwards, and their monuments have left a permanent mark on the landscape. The Seljuk invasion, followed by the more recent period of Ottoman rule, led to the imposition of a new culture on the region, and its reflection in the monuments. Some of the finest Seljuk buildings are in Eastern Turkey, and the buildings of the Turkish states east of the Seljuk empire form much of the early history of Turkish architecture. The independent Greek empire of Trebizond and two of the four Crusader states lay in Eastern Turkey. The lands of the empires and the smaller medieval states were heavily fortified, and their castles and other fortifications are now spread over the region. The cultural diversity of its inheritance has made Eastern Turkey one of the most fascinating regions for archaeological and art-historical research. These four volumes provide the first comprehensive guide to all of the important historical sites of the region, the result of eight years of travel and research. The monuments are dealt with by geographical location, including a full description of each site, and details on how it can be reached. In the case of the more important monuments, a full bibliography of earlier work is provided. The ample provision of photographs and plans enhances the value of the authors detailed descriptions.

En el tránsito hacia un individualismo menos sujeto a las decisiones paternas, pero igual de controlado por los poderes familiares, comunitarios y estatales, la juventud castellana y aragonesa del Antiguo Regimen (inmersa en una civilizacion mas moderna) constituye una linea de investigacion que coloca a aquella amplia mayoria social que supero la infancia y todavia no vivia una etapa de madurez legal plena en el centro del debate historiografico. El contraste generacional suscitado por las tensiones y conflictos domesticos en virtud de las desigualdades de edad promoveria un cambio cultural imparable. Imagen modelica para la construccion de identidades, el futuro juvenil (ilustrado) pasaba por cuidados y afectos, tutelas y oposiciones (femeninas), nuevos criterios educativos y estereotipos pedagogicos.