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This festschrift honors UCLA professor emerita Susan Downey and her meticulous scholarship on religious architecture and imagery in the Roman/Hellenistic world. The iconography of gods and goddesses, the analysis of sacred imagery in the context of ancient cult practices, and the design and decoration of sacred spaces are the main themes of the book. Authors examine such subjects as painting from Dura-Europos, Hellenistic sculpture at Saqqara in Egypt, Roman cameo glass, Pompeian fresco, and aspects of Venus in portrait sculpture. The essays on Dura-Europos are especially valuable in light of the present turmoil in the region. Professor Downeys influence shines through in these discussions, which echo her mentorship of several generations of art history and archaeology students and recognize her scholarly achievements. The broad temporal and geographic parameters of the volume are expansive, and the juxtaposition of images and analyses leads to surprising new conclusions.

Archaeology Outside the Box makes contemporary archaeology germane to the general public as well as to researchers in other disciplines. In thirty-one richly illustrated chapters, a wide variety of projects is presented by an international group of anthropologists, archaeologists, architects, and artists. These aim to broaden the applicability of archaeology by reflecting on archaeological remains in novel ways, or by addressing contemporary concerns with archaeological theory and research methods. Demonstrating the fascinating and pertinent nature of archaeology, the authors go far beyond its definition as a discipline that unearths objects of ancient material culture. Many chapters also provide arguments relevant to the soul-searching discussions currently taking place within archaeology worldwide and accelerated by the Black Lives Matter movement and the recent Covid-19 pandemic.

This publication includes a detailed discussion of the pottery, the finds and their parallels, and a reconstruction of both the excavation and stratigraphy of Tholos Gamma in the Bronze Age cemetery of Phourni at Archanes. This evidence is used to give the historical outline of the tomb from its foundation in Early Minoan IIA until its excavation in 1972. Several problems concerning Prepalatial mortuary practices are discussed, with particular reference to Tholos Gamma and the new evidence resulting from the study of this funerary assemblage. The artifacts from the tomb include pottery, metal objects, marble figurines, other small finds, and skeletal remains.

During the last few decades, there has been great interest in the problems of defining the extent and nature of kingship in the Mycenaean world. Questions concerning the degree of economic and religious power held by the king have been given special emphasis. This book surveys the conclusions drawn by individual scholars studying the Linear B tablets, contrasts their theories with our knowledge of the Mycenaean kingdoms as derived from the archaeological record, and finally compares this evidence with possible reflections in the oral tradition, specifically in the Iliad and Odyssey. This approach leads to the suggestion that the king in the Mycenaean period had only limited power over the society and its economy. Although the king appears to have controlled a large segment of the economy, it is argued here that other individuals and family groups within the kingdom also had a certain degree of economic independence.

The purpose of archaeology is to reconstruct and present the past as it was lived, warts and all. Too often that ideal has been restricted to the affairs and structures of the great and (often not so) good, ignoring what happened after the battles were won or lost. Everyday life carried on for the vast majority of people who cooked, built walls and fences, herded and tended animals, and made pottery, metal tools and foodstuffs. Each of these domestic tasks required tools and equipment, and each object tells a story of the users identity, both regional and personal. This volume presents a selection of worldwide studies of domestic objects and lives, from Scottish ceramics to Mayan urban zones. Each of these chapters demonstrate the commonalities humans share when there is no place like home, enhancing archaeological knowledge of the realities of life in the past.

El Archivo Simón Ruiz, crucial para entender la actividad económica y financiera a mediados del siglo XVI, alberga la correspondencia entre el que fuera corregidor de Medina del Campo y uno de los hombres de negocios mas importantes en la epoca de Felipe II, y la familia Gomes de Elvas. Los inicios comerciales de esta familia se gestaron en la ciudad fronteriza que da nombre a su linaje. Las fuentes documentales consultadas en esta localidad y las cartas remitidas a Medina del Campo permiten reconstruir el camino que condujo a los Gomes de Elvas a convertirse en una de las casas de negocios mas importantes de Portugal.Este libro va mas alla de una perspectiva meramente economica y ahonda en los estudios de familia y empresa, analizando el comportamiento de la familia Gomes de Elvas y sus estrategias empresariales, un camino que no solo los condujo al exito economico, sino tambien al ennoblecimiento de varios de sus miembros. Este hito es especialmente relevante, pues su exito se consumo con la obtencion de un prestigioso oficio, como es el de correo mayor, que se transformara en un cargo hereditario con el que asegurar el estatus economico y su influencia social a lo largo de diversas generaciones.

This is the incredible story of why and how Winston Churchill in his mid-50s decided to write an autobiography designed to reshape his image and to reduce an overwhelming personal debt burden. The book, My Early Life, emerged from a truly Churchillian writing process that was both complicated and highly focused. An extensive dictation process using both external research and his own previously written materials created a rough draft. Then additional researchers, reviewers and publishers on two continents helped mold the final product. My Early Life is Churchills Aeneid and many sections approach lyric poetry in the style of writing and in its visual and emotional impact. How all this came about is described and analyzed in this book. It further explores just how successful an endeavor this was and the global impact this book has had on literature and as a source for educational and literary publications.

A critical first-hand appraisal of the activities, achievements, and importance of the Jewish Brigade by IDF Major-General Shlomo Shamir (Rabinowicz), its Covert Internal Commander on behalf of the Haganah and the Jewish national institutions in Palestine. Some myths surrounding the Brigades activities are also dealt with in this appraisal. The Jewish Brigade, a unit of the British Army during WW2, played a crucial role on behalf of world Jewry in the fight against Nazi Germany. Comprised mainly of Jewish volunteers from Palestine, the Brigade was formed in 1944 after four years of struggle for deployment as a fighting force. The Brigade participated in the Italian campaign, distinguishing itself in the battles along the Senio River and proving that Jewish soldiers could fight as a unified force against a well-trained enemy and prevail. Beyond combat and under Shamirs guidance, the Brigade was the first to search for, meet, and care for survivors of the Holocaust. Despite British disapproval, its members worked at numerous Displaced Persons camps in Germany, particularly at Bergen-Belsen, and facilitated the illegal journeys of many survivors to Palestine. The story of the Brigade therefore, exemplified a dedicated pursuit of both military goals and Jewish national aspirations. With many Brigade members subsequently becoming leading figures in the fledgling Israel Defence Forces (IDF), the book shines a light on how the experience of these Jewish volunteers in the British Army was irreplaceable in shaping both the military and political landscape of the nascent State of Israel.

Contents:F. de Polignac: Repenser la "cité"? Rituels et société en Grèce archaïque — M. H. Hansen: The "Autonomous City-State". Ancient Fact or Modern Fiction? — M. H. Hansen: Kome. A Study in How th

The Pyrrhic War attracted a great deal of attention in antiquity as the first contest between the burgeoning Roman Empire and the powers of the Hellenistic world. While blame for the initiation of hostilities fell squarely upon the polity of the Tarentines, scholars have long been wary of accounts relating how this conflict began.Three episodes set at Taras prove important for the construction both of Roman history and of narratives in antiquity. Approached as a case study of inventio in historiography, this monograph examines the aims and techniques of authors from Polybius to Zonaras in their depictions of the wars onset. No two of our sources offer the same version of events and new details emerge over the course of time. Analysis of the perception of injury, on the part of the Romans and the Tarentines, considers the implications of the just war on the writing of history.

Christian missions in the Middle East were and still are a highly sensitive topic. For a number of academics, they have destroyed indigenous cultures and are nothing else than the religious wing of imperialism. A new development in historiography gives a different interpretation: Missions seem to have strongly contributed to the development of social work, healthcare, education, and science in certain regions of the world sometimes even implementing basic social infrastructure that has been neglected by local rulers for decades or centuries. In particular, the missions in the Middle East have exhibited a strong "social dimension". Thus, one could even speak of a specific "trademark", for conversions hardly took place in the "house of Islam", and also among Jews during the 19th and 20th century.This volumne brings together some of the essential papers of a conference dealing with questions of cultural, religious and social history in this field of research. It contributes to the historiography of Christian missions, welfare organisations as well as of Christian Churches in the Middle East. The book challenges the predominantly eurocentric depiction of the history of Christianity by juxtaposing a transnational reading of Christian activism in the Orient.

Law is a particularly fruitful means by which to investigate the relationship between religion and state. It is the mechanism by which the Roman state and its European successors have regulated religion, in the twin actions of constraining religious institutions to particular social spaces and of releasing control over such spaces to those orders. This volume analyses the relationship from the late Republic to the final codification of Roman law in Justinians Constantinople. ContentsJohn Scheid: Oral tradition and written tradition in the formation of sacred law in Rome Jorg Rupke: Religion in the lex Ursonensis James B. Rives: Magic, religion, and law: The Case of the Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficiis Elizabeth DePalma Digeser: Religion, Law and the Roman Polity: The era of the Great Persecution Andrew S. Jacobs: "Papinian Commands One Thing, Our Paul Another": Roman Christians and Jewish Law in the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et RomanarumDorothea Baudy: Prohibitions of religion in antiquity: Setting the course of Europes religious history Karl Leo Noethlichs: Revolution from the top? "Orthodoxy" and the persecution of heretics in imperial legislation from Constantine to Justinian Clifford Ando: Religion and ius publicum Bibliography Abstracts Index locorum Index of subjects, places and persons

Ten Outstanding Books in Mission Studies, World Christianity and Intercultural Theology for 2019 International Bulletin of Mission Research (IBMR) Noted theologian Samuel Escobar offers a magisterial survey and study of Christology in Latin America. Starting with the first Spanish influence and moving through popular religiosity and liberationist themes in Catholic and Protestant thought of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, In Search of Christ in Latin America culminates in an important description of the work of the Latin American Theological Fraternity (FTL). Escobar chronologically traces the journey of Latin American Christology and describes the milestones along the way toward a rich understanding of the spiritual reality and powerful message of Jesus.IVP Academic is pleased to release this important work, originally published in Spanish as En busca de Cristo en America Latina, for the first time in English. Offers theological, historical, and cultural analysis of Latin American understandings of Christ Discusses the sixteenth-century Spanish Christ, popular religiosity, and developed theological reflection Covers the full spectrum of theological traditions in Latin America Examines the figure of Jesus Christ in the context of Latin American culture of the twentieth century Places liberation theology within its social and revolutionary context

La Monarquía y los emblemas políticos despliegan una función estabilizadora y conservadora de las instituciones y de la realidad social. Los reyes, las banderas, escudos, himnos, fiestas oficiales, premios y distinciones, y demas signos fundantes de la cultura, refuerzan el imaginario colectivo, dando coherencia interna a la actividad de los organos de gobierno y ofreciendo a los ciudadanos una sensacion consoladora de proteccion, armonia y continuidad.Esta apreciacion es cada vez mas compartida por juristas y cientificos sociales, que no dudan en resaltar el valor ordenador de los rituales y dramatizaciones en la vida politica.El presente ensayo se ocupa de los cuatro simbolos mas importantes de la nacion española, el Rey, la Bandera, el Escudo y el Himno, pero tambien de las fiestas oficiales, de las condecoraciones, honores y premios concedidos por las Administraciones publicas, el llamado Derecho Premial, asi como del resto de las practicas protocolarias y ceremonias de Estado, prestando igual atencion a sus aspectos valorativos que a los puramente descriptivos o normativos.Su autor pretende demostrar como los poderes publicos de la España constitucional de 1978 han sido incapaces de generar y administrar eficientemente el capital simbolico por emplear la expresion acuñada por el gran sociologo Pierre Bourdieu del que forman parte los emblemas nacionales, las ceremonias protocolarias y las distinciones oficiales. Y como esta deficiente prevision arroja un balance muy insatisfactorio en terminos de cohesion social y territorial de nuestra nacion. Principalmente, porque quienes se han propuesto erosionar, sin rebozo alguno, la legitimidad de nuestro sistema politico han encontrado en la anorexia simbolica que padecemos un valiosisimo e inesperado aliado.

The worlds most artful and skillful stone architecture is found at Tiahuanaco at the southern end of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. The precision of the stone masonry rivals that of the Incas to the point that writers from Spanish chroniclers of the sixteenth century to twentieth-century authors have claimed that Tiahuanaco not only served as a model for Inca architecture and stone masonry, but that the Incas even imported stonemasons from the Titicaca Basin to construct their buildings. Experiments aimed at replicating the astounding feats of the Tiahuanaco stonecutters--perfectly planar surfaces, perfect exterior and interior right angles, and precision to within 1 mm--throw light on the stonemasons skill and knowledge, especially of geometry and mathematics. Detailed analyses of building stones yield insights into the architecture of Tiahuanaco, including its appearance, rules of composition, canons, and production, filling a significant gap in the understanding of Tiahuanacos material culture.

The Risorgimento, the period of nation-state formation, has always had particular significance not only in the historiography of Italy but also for the transnational and comparative history of the founding of nation-states. Gabriele Clemens presents a new, up-to-date and well-founded overview of the history of the Risorgimento. Her account covers an entire century of Italian history, beginning around 1770, before the French Revolution, and ending in 1870 with the conquest of Rome by the troops of the burgeoning nation state. This balanced and highly readable account combines the perspective of political cultural history with an economic and social historical approach. At the same time, it offers new interpretations, for example on the roles played by the nobility and the bourgeoisie. It questions the established claim that the masses were mobilized by means of art, music and literature and critically analyses the significance of Garibaldi, the man and the myth. The path to the nation state is described as the work of a state-supporting elite that acts consistently in transnational networks.

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In the public imagination, small and medium-sized family businesses have always been male-dominated organisations, with those headed by women regarded as barely noteworthy exceptions to the rule. These ideas and associations are far from telling the full story; the proportion of women among Germanys self-employed population remained above 20 per cent throughout the twentieth century. A surge of interest in female entrepreneurs among academic researchers and in the political and media spheres has resulted in increasing recognition of their achievements past and present. There nevertheless remains a persistent tendency to overlook the fact that women have always made a vital contribution to the success of family businesses, even where they did not directly handle these companies business affairs.This volume presents new insights into the diverse roles of women in family businesses, as daughters, wives, mothers, widows and entrepreneurs. Eleven case studies drawn from a range of sectors and eras illuminate the significance of womens influence in family businesses throughout the history of commerce. Bringing together approaches from the history of business, gender, society and culture, the chapters explore womens multi-faceted roles within numerous enterprises in a new and enlightening depth.

Uber die NS-Prozesse in Osteuropa in den 1960er Jahren und den Stellenwert des Holocaust darin.Etwa 15 Jahre nach Kriegsende kam es in vielen Staaten des Ostblocks zu einer zweiten Welle von Gerichtsverfahren gegen NS-Verbrecher, die anderen Logiken folgte als die Prozesse unmittelbar nach Kriegsende. Auf dem Hohepunkt des Kalten Krieges in den 1960er Jahren verpflichteten die Prozesse einerseits zu einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen Ost und West, andererseits waren sie bestimmt durch die Abwehrhaltung gegenuber dem jeweiligen Gegner im Systemkonflikt. Innerhalb des Ostblocks sollte durch ein abgestimmtes Vorgehen auf der internationalen Buhne Einigkeit demonstriert werden, gleichzeitig fuhrten nationale Interessen zu je eigenen Wegen in der Strafverfolgung. Die in diesem Band zusammengetragenen Aufsatze widmen sich der Geschichte der Strafprozesse zu nationalsozialistischen Verbrechen in Ungarn, der DDR, Polen, der Tschechoslowakei und der Sowjetunion nach der "Tauwetterphase" und fragen nach den Voraussetzungen und Eigenheiten dieser Verfahren. Welche Regeln galten fur die Prozesse? Welche Ziele verfolgten sie? Und nicht zuletzt: Welchen Stellenwert hatte der Holocaust bei der Aufklarung der Verbrechen?Der Band erscheint vollstandig in englischer Sprache.__________On the Nazi trials in Eastern Europe in the 1960s and the place of the Holocaust in them.About 15 years after the end of the war, a second wave of trials against Nazi criminals occurred in many Eastern Bloc states, which followed a different logic than the ones immediately after the war. At the height of the Cold War in the 1960s, the trials on the one hand obliged cooperation between East and West, on the other hand they were determined by the defensive attitude towards the respective opponent in the system conflict. Within the Eastern bloc, unity was to be demonstrated through a coordinated approach on the international stage, while at the same time national interests led to their own paths in criminal prosecution. The essays collected in this volume are devoted to the history of criminal trials on National Socialist crimes in Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union after the "thaw" and ask about the preconditions and peculiarities of these proceedings. What rules applied to the trials? What goals did they pursue? And last but not least: What significance did the Holocaust have in the clarification of the crimes?

Film festivals during the Cold War were fraught with the political and social tensions that dominated the world at the time. While film was becoming an increasingly powerful medium, the European festivals in particular established themselves as showcases for filmmakers and their perceptions of reality. At the same time, their prestigious, international character attracted the interest of states and private players. The history of these festivals thus sheds light not only on the films they made available to various publics, but on the cultural policies and political processes that informed their operations. Presenting new research by an international group of younger scholars, Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts critically investigates postwar history in the context of film festivals reconstructing not only their social background and international dispensation, but also their centrality for cultural transfers between the East, the West and the South during the Cold War.