Ebooks de historia, página 42 de 2154

In the Ptolemaic station of Bir Samut (3rd cent. B.C.) on the desert-road between Edfu and Berenice, the same African nomads were called Trogodytai in Greek and Blhm.w in Egyptian. In this word we recognise the Blemmyes of Greek and Latin literature and of documents from late antiquity. And yet, three centuries later, these nomads were simply called Barbaroi in the Roman garrisons of the Eastern Desert. From this discovery came the idea to publish, in the same volume, the demotic ostraca from Bir Samut that mention Blemmyes, together with a group of Greek orders to distribute grain to Barbarians from the time of Gallienus, found at the Roman praesidium of Xeron Pelagos. The only archaeological remains that can be attributed with certainty to these nomads are vessels and shards of Eastern Desert Ware, a hand built, polished ceramic decorated with incisions. The examples found at Bir Samut are published in the volume. The three chapters consecrated to the unpublished documents are preceded by a presentation of the history of the nomad-population of the Eastern Desert of Egypt in the long perspective from the Pharaonic period onwards, and reflexions on the names given by the Greeks and the Romans in turn to these people who occupied the Eastern Desert of Egypt and Nubia.

In recent years cuneiform studies have witnessed a growing interest in issues variously related to the broadly defined field of palaeography. This led to the development of new methodologies and technologies as well as to the establishment of several projects devoted to the palaeographic analysis of cuneiform corpora from Mesopotamia, Syria, Anatolia and New Kingdom Egypt, spanning from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC. This volume collects papers from scholars who had been working on topics such as writing space, wedge order, quantitative analysis, text reconstruction, sign identification and palaeographic dating, providing an updated overview on the present state of the art.

This is the first volume of a series of commented reprints, featuring re-discovered music-archaeological works from the 1860s to the 1920s, which are difficult available, but highly relevant for the history of science and contemporary research in the study field. Each volume features the reprinted work and comments by distinguished scholars, highlighting and discussing the scholarly achievements in the light of today.

Archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age is a synthesis of recent Chinese archaeological work on the second millennium BCE--the period associated with Chinas first dynasties and East Asias first "states." With a focus on early Chinas great metropolitan centers in the Central Plains and their hinterlands, this work attempts to contextualize them within their wider zones of interaction from the Yangtze to the edge of the Mongolian steppe, and from the Yellow Sea to the Tibetan plateau and the Gansu corridor. Analyzing the complexity of early Chinese culture history, and the variety and development of its urban formations, Roderick Campbell explores East Asias divergent developmental paths and re-examines its deep past to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of Chinas Early Bronze Age.

For more than four thousand years, empires have been geographically the largest polities on Earth, shaping in many respects the human past and present in different epochs and on different continents. Covering the time span from the second millennium B.C.E. to the sixteenth century C.E., and geographic areas from China to South America, the case studies included in this volume demonstrate the necessity to combine perspectives from the longue duree and global comparativism with the theory of agency and an understanding of specific contexts for human actions. Contributions from leading scholars examine salient aspects of the Hittite, Assyrian, Ancient Egyptian, Achaemenid and Sasanian Iranian, Zhou to Han Dynasty Chinese, Inka, and Mughal empires.

Moche civilization flourished on the north coast of Peru between approximately AD 100 and 800. Although the Moche had no writing system, they left a vivid artistic record of their beliefs and activities in beautifully modeled and painted ceramic vessels, remarkable objects of gold, silver, and copper, sumptuous textiles, and carved and inlaid bone, wood, and stone. Tens of thousands of these objects can be seen today in museums and private collections throughout the world. Unfortunately, nearly all of them have been looted from Moche tombs by grave robbers, and thus there is no record of the grave, or the archaeological site, or even the valley from which they came. This lack of information severely limits what could have been learned about the Moche if the graves had been excavated archaeologically and their contents systematically recorded. This study focuses on five extraordinary Moche tombs that were archaeologically excavated at the site of Dos Cabezas. The tombs are remarkable not only for the wealth of objects they contained but also because we know how the tombs were constructed, how they relate to one another both spatially and temporally, and what individuals they contained. The tombs provide an unusual opportunity to understand aspects of Moche funerary practice that are lost when tombs are looted, and to appreciate the extraordinary artistic and technological sophistication of this ancient Peruvian civilization.

Thin section petrography, geochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction are key scientific methods used to investigate the raw materials, origins and production technology of archaeological pottery, ceramic building materials, ancient refractories and plaster. Using over 400 colour figures of a diverse range of artefact types and archaeological periods from 50 countries worldwide, this book outlines the mineralogical, chemical and microstructural composition of ancient ceramics and provides comprehensive guidelines for their scientific study within archaeology. The core of the book is dedicated to the versatile approach of ceramic petrography. This is complimented by a detailed account of the principles of bulk instrumental geochemistry, as well as the SEM microanalysis and XRD characterisation of ceramics. The book is intended as a reference manual for research as well as a course text for specialist training on scientific ceramic analysis.

Ritual Landscape and Performance contains the peer-reviewed Egyptological contributions from the homonymous conference held at the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations of Yale University on September 23-24, 2016. The various articles discuss the use of ritual landscape from the Old to the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, by focusing on landscape archaeology of specific sites such as Saqqara, el-Bersheh, Abydos, Thebes, as well as Aniba in Nubia. Further contributions elucidate the interaction of desert and the Nile Valley through rock art, the depictions of watery environments in the delta and their association to rituals, as well as the habitation of landscapes using the example of southern Middle Egypt.

Ancient Egyptian temple walls expressed royal and political ideologies, reflected the ancient Egyptian secular and spiritual world order, supplied a medium for the reenactments of assorted myths, and implied a metaphor for the universe. The Temple of Hibis is one of the most important temples from Late Period Egypt. Despite the conventional overall architecture plan of the temple, it exhibits numerous particularities. While the more prominent parts of the temple, such as the sanctuary, have been studied by numerous scholars, in other areas the decoration schemes remain largely unexplained. This book focuses on the decorative schemes of several chapels in the earlier part of the temple, chapels that were either established and/or were decorated during the first Persian Period (525-404 BCE). These chapels were located around the main sanctuary A, but have rarely been the subject of scholarly discussions. It concentrates on a few chapels of the Temple of Hibis: chapels F and G to the south of sanctuary A on the first level of the temple and all the decorated chapels, E1, E2, H1, and H2, on the second level of the temple. Each chapter begins with a brief description of the scenes and their basic layout and a complete translation of the accompanying texts. A more in-depth analysis regarding both text and image follows in the commentary. It includes the analysis of the different aspects of the gods, their origins, and the development of their cults that are significant to the scenes and to each other. Also discussed are their coherence, any aspects that are especially emphasized, and any other information that could be gleaned from the whole scene. The analysis tries to detail the specific composition that makes up the mosaic of the picture, wall, or room. Attention is paid to both the scenic arrangement and the hieroglyphic inscriptions, as the interpretation of one would be meaningless without the other. Attention is given to investigating the general function of the different rooms by means of their decoration and by identifying the patterns or important themes generated by the layout of the scenes. The results are summarized in the last chapter. A number of line drawings have been inserted into the text beside a described scene as an aid to the reader.

This collected volume gathers articles stemming from the papers presented at the international and interdisciplinary conference Language, semantics and cognition. Saying and conceptualizing the world from Ancient Egypt to modern times, organized at Yale university (online) on April 16-18, 2021. It offers a glimpse at the current state of research in different fields intersecting with the study of the Egyptian language (lexical semantics, semantic typology, visual semiotics, metaphor studies, cognitive linguistics, classifiers studies) and addresses some main research questions for the future. It lays the foundations of a methodological road map for more effective interdisciplinary research. The studies included in this volume explore the link between the cognitive level (What are the conceptual categories in which the real is divided? How are they organized?) and the linguistic and written/visual level (How are these concepts expressed in the language/script?) through various themes. They allow for a comparison of the results obtained from different perspectives and approaches and for highlighting the differences and/or similarities that can be found cross-culturally and cross-linguistically, in pre-modern and modern languages. A major aim of the volume is to stress the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of pre-modern languages and stress the importance of making data from these languages and their scripts accessible to scholars from other fields, in order to integrate them in a broader scientific dialogue.

Simultaneously pervasive and evasive, rebellious and oppressive, transgressive and socially specific, humour is a vast and interdisciplinary field of research. Seeking to rethink this quintessentially human expression, this volume is bringing together established and emerging directions of medieval humour research. Each contribution explores different artistic expressions, receptions and functions of humour and identifies a series of problems in researching humour historically. Medieval Humour: Expressions, Receptions and Functions dissects humour in art and thought, literature and drama, society and culture, contributing to a deeper understanding of our cultural past.

Als im Marz/April 1945 Hitlers Grodeutsches Reich immer kleiner wurde, trieben die NS-Schergen Tausende ungarische Juden auf tagelangen Todesmarschen quer durch Osterreich in das Konzentrationslager Mauthausen und viele Nebenlager. Drei Autoren aus dem Groraum Steyr haben das bisher kaum erforschte Schicksal dieser Menschen thematisiert. Aus vielen Einzelinformationen entstand ein fast einheitliches Bild der Todesmarsche durch Oberosterreich. So zogen durch das Ennstal ein groer Transport und mindestens vier kleinere Kolonnen. Fur den Raum SteyrSierning gelang es, das Ratsel um das Massengrab zu losen.Die Autoren interviewten zahlreiche Zeitzeugen. Einige davon, damals noch Kinder, hatten noch nie offentlich uber ihre Beobachtungen gesprochen. Im Mittelpunkt des Buchs stehen auch jene Burger, die Zivilcourage bewiesen. Es waren meist Frauen, die trotz strikten Verbots und personlichen Risikos die Qualen der Gepeinigten zu lindern versuchten. Weiters im Fokus stehen Tater aus den Reihen der Zivilbevolkerung.Welche Auswirkungen haben Ereignisse des Nationalsozialismus auf nachfolgende Generationen? Was ist notwendig, um eine Gedenkkultur neuen Formats und ein neues Handeln zu ermoglichen? Auch diesen Fragen stellen sich die Autoren.

In 1953, Freud biographer Ernest Jones revealed that the famous hysteric Anna O. was really Bertha Pappenheim (1859-1936), the prolific author, German-Jewish feminist, pioneering social worker, and activist. Elizabeth Loentz directs attention away from the young woman who arguably invented the talking cure and back to Pappenheim and her post-Anna O. achievements. Her writings, especially, reveal her to be one of the most versatile, productive, influential, and controversial Jewish thinkers and leaders of her time. Pappenheims oeuvre includes stories, plays, poems, prayers, travel literature, letters, essays, speeches, and aphorisms. She translated Mary Wollstonecrafts Vindication of the Rights of Women as well as the Memoirs of Gluckel of Hamelnand other Old Yiddish texts into German. She was discussed as both writer and newsmaker in German-Jewish newspapers of every religious and political affiliation and in German feminist publications. As founder and leader of the League of Jewish Women in Germany and the international League of Jewish Women, she was at the forefront of the campaign to combat human trafficking and forced prostitution. A pioneer of modern Jewish social work, she founded a home for at-risk girls and unwed mothers and advocated on behalf of Jewish women, children, refugees, and immigrants. Her accomplishments are all the more remarkable because she attained them after struggling to recover from the debilitating mental illness chronicled in Freud and Breuers Studies on Hysteria(1895). Loentz examines how Pappenheim engaged, in words and deeds, with the key political, social, and cultural issues concerning German Jewry in the early decades of the twentieth century: the status of the Yiddish language, Zionism, the conversion epidemic, responses to the plight of Eastern European Jews, and Jewish spirituality. Pappenheims unique approach to each of these issues balanced allegiances to feminism, the Jewish religion, and German culture. Loentz also explores how biographers and artists have rediscovered Pappenheim, rewritten her life story, and renegotiated her identity.

¿Por qué los españoles calificaron como idolatría a las religiones y creencias de los indios americanos? ¿Qué consecuencias sociales, culturales y humanas tuvo esto? Para la Corona española, la conquista de los territorios americanos se justificaba en la medida en que se autoconcebian como los portadores y defensores de la religion verdadera. Para algunos sectores de aquella sociedad, que iba "a caballo entre el medievo y el Mundo Moderno", la conquista de America era la gran promesa de fama y fortuna; pero para otros, era la posibilidad de alcanzar su propia salvacion (y hasta su santidad). Para estos ultimos, su "mision divina" era evangelizar a millones de indios que, segun ellos, se encontraban en garras del demonio, y asi rescatarlos de la condena eterna. La empresa evangelizadora era tambien la renovacion de una "guerra santa" que habia comenzado con la expulsion de los "infieles" musulmanes del territorio iberico, y que ahora enfrentaba a los indios idolatras de America. Esto abrio un amplio abanico de complejos procesos culturales, juridicos y eclesiales entre las religiones locales y la impuesta, mismos que son estudiados en este libro. Simbolicamente, el "Nuevo Mundo" fue el escenario de una confrontacion mistica entre el cristianismo de los españoles y la "idolatria" de los indios. Fue una renovacion simbolica de la lucha del "bien contra el mal" que a veces termino en hogueras cuyo humo impidio ver a sus promotores los limites entre bueno y malo.

Lobjecte daquest recull és editar una selecció, suficientment extensa o representativa, de lletres reials i de documents de caràcter diplomàtic en llengua catalana continguts en la sèrie de registres

Ampliando o Método Paulinyi sobre Poesia e Versificação, este tratado ensina 180 figuras de linguagens, tropos e esquemas que enriquecem a expressividade literária. Dezenas destas figuras são explica

Jewish Presence on SemmeringThe Semmering the popular summer and winter holiday destination has a long association with Jewish guests. This history dates back to the Jewish trade routes in the Middle Ages when merchants passed through the area, and it continues to the present day. With the expansion of the railway, elegant hotels were constructed, kosher infrastructure was offered, Jewish doctors opened facilities for treatments and cures, and sports and leisure culture developed. The Semmering became a destination for health tourism, as well as the center of vibrant social life: Celebrities like Sigmund Freud, Arthur Schnitzler, Berta Zuckerkandl, and others turned into regular guests. Some even purchased property, built lavish villas, and dressed in local costumes as a sign of their affiliation. However, the rise of National Socialism marked the end of carefree vacations, leading to the expulsion and expropriation of many. After the Second World War, the Semmering attracted a new range of visitors: survivors of the Holocaust from neighboring countries and their children, who longed to forget their painful past as quickly as possible. For the first time, this book takes a detailed look at Jewish life in the Semmering region.

Feuding had an effect on the history of most of Europe. Scotland provides a fascinating focus for the study of the bloodfeud because feuding survived until remarkably late there, and thus is much better documented than in other European societies. This examination of the Scottish evidence shows its relevance to the wider European community to which the Scots belonged, reveals much about the nature of the bloodfeud in general, and explores the changes in society which at last brought about its suppression. The bloodfeud has been the subject of anthropological rather than historical investigation, partly because it largely disappeared at an early stage in the development of literacy in Europe and has never been a fashionable research topic for historians. In this study of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century feud in Scotland, Keith Brown focuses on its context in society, politics and the ideology that served to uproot the tradition. The book will be of value to historians of many different cultures and periods.

During the century and a half of their power the Black Douglases earned fame as Scotlands champions in the front line of war against England. On their shields they bore the bloody heart of Robert Bruce, the symbol of their claim to be the physical protectors of the hero-kings legacy. But others saw the power of these lords and earls of Douglas in a different light. To their critics the Douglases were a force for disorder in the kingdom, lawless, arrogant and violent, whose power rested on coercion and whose defiance of kings and guardians ultimately provoked James II into slaying the Douglas earl with his own hand. Michael Brown analyses the rise and fall of this family as the dominant magnates of the south, from the deeds of the Good Sir James Douglas in the service of Bruce to the violent destruction of the Douglas earls in the 1450s. Alongside this study of the accumulation and loss of power by one of the great noble houses, The Black Douglases includes a series of thematic examinations of the nature of aristocratic power. In particular these emphasise the link between warfare and political power in southern Scotland during the fourteenth century. For the Black Douglases, war was not just a patriotic duty but the means to power and fame in Scotland and across Europe.