eBooks de Historia Universal, página 13 de 627

The esteem in which satyr drama was held in antiquity still arouses curiosity and controversy. Twelve new papers, generated in North America by a distinguished cast of scholars, explore questions central to the genre. How did satyr drama relate to comedy and tragedy; how closely was it tied to its tragic trilogy? How did the Athenians react to pro-satyric drama, such as the Alcestis? How far did satyr plays reflect contemporary political life? Fresh conclusions are adduced from the fragments, particularly those of Aeschylus, and there is special study of Euripides Cyclops, not least for its possible reflection of the fifth-century sophists.

Eleven new essays, from an international cast, trace the development of political culture in the Roman Republic. Themes include the flourishing of civic society, as with the introduction of the Roman Games, and the emergence of a theory of politeness. How was a Roman aristocrat formed? How did the term Optimates develop from the middle Republic onwards? And how, especially, did the rhetoric of Cicero reflect and adapt to the pressures of civil war in the Republics climactic and dying years?

Asia Minor under Rome was one of the wealthiest and most developed parts of the Empire, but there have been few modern studies of its economics. The twelve papers in this book, by an international team of scholars, work from literary texts, inscriptions, coinage and archaeology. They study the direct impact of Roman rule; the organisation of large agricultural estates; changing patterns of olive production; threats to rural prosperity from pests and the animal world; inter-regional trade in the Black Sea; the significance of civic market buildings; the economic role of temples and sanctuaries; the contribution of private benefactors to civic finances; monetization in the third century AD, and the effect of transitory populations on local economic activity.

Eunuchism was a subject which both intrigued and embarrassed the ancient world. The special virtue attributed to the castrated male at court, of undistracted loyalty to his ruler, aided the promotion of numerous eunuchs to positions of great power. A literary discourse developed, reviling and sometimes defending the eminence of these half-men. Here, thirteen new studies from an international cast explore how eunuchs were perceived, and also reconstruct the realities of eunuchs lives in Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Eastern culture.

The period AD 300-600 saw huge changes. The Graeco-Roman city-state was first transformed then eclipsed. Much of the Roman Empire broke up and was reconfigured. New barbarian kingdoms emerged in the Roman West. Above all, religious culture moved from polytheistic to monotheistic. Here, twenty papers by international scholars explore how group identities were established against this shifting background. Separate sections treat the Latin-speaking West, the Greek East, and the age of Justinian. Themes include religious conversion, Roman law in the barbarian West, problems of Jewish identity, and what in Late Antiquity it meant to be Roman.

An international cast of distinguished scholars here offers seventeen new contributions on the detail and development of Athenian law; the life, work, and political background of the Attic orators; and the intersection of Attic Comedy with Athenian law, politics, and society. In their detailed and careful use of evidence and deep awareness of social and historical contexts, the essays aspire to standards set by their distinguished honorand, Professor D.M. MacDowell.

El objetivo de este volumen, que recoge artículos de destacados especialistas recopilados gracias a la cobertura de un proyecto de investigación llamado "El almacén de la Historia" (HAR 2011-27540), es abordar la revision de las tendencias historiograficas que subyacen en las interpretaciones que han explicado el fenomeno tradicionalmente denominado "caida del Imperio romano". El propio termino "caida", que viene a reflejar una situacion tragica y catastrofica, se ha mantenido en el titulo de la monografia precisamente porque el elenco de trabajos recogidos trata de revisar las tradiciones historiograficas en torno a esa vision catastrofista y su contrapartida en las investigaciones mas recientes. La monografia ofrece una reflexion metodologica necesaria dado el especial interes que todavia despierta el problema y teniendo en cuenta que, aunque las publicaciones dedicadas a este periodo historico son cada vez mas frecuentes, no suelen existir revisiones globales que analicen los parametros historiograficos presentes en su elaboracion. El analisis de los marcos interpretativos que se han ofrecido anteriormente para explicar el fenomeno ayudara a enriquecer la percepcion de este convulso periodo historico.

The instauration of a bond of good faith between the parties played a crucial role in ancient diplomatic agreements. On the one hand, ancient authors often highlight the multi-faceted character of good faith and the ambiguities that marked many of the ritual practices used to create it. Yet it is precisely this complexity of good faith that paves the road for modern historians to enquire on aspects such as its legal implementation, its effectiveness in creating lasting bonds or its moral implications. Forms of ancient diplomacy were often meaningful, and so were breaches of the diplomatic etiquette. The code of diplomatic communication was an extremely important channel for shaping policy (and good faith) and is therefore a fruitful heuristic tool for analysing interstate encounters in antiquity. The contributions collected in this volume offer a multifaceted, if preliminary, illustration of ancient diplomatic good faith, focusing primarily on Greek, Persian-Achaemenid, and Roman cultures, but also on the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Parthian Empire.

Chris Mowat brings together understandings of divinatory traditions and of gender in the Late Roman Republic to consider how each influenced the performative nature of the other. The identity of the divinatory actor(s) is an important element that plays a part in confirming the correctness of interpretations, and as such gender is an important aspect in understanding divination within Roman religious traditions. Beginning with Ciceros "On Divination", Mowats reading shows how gender is axiomatic to but never explicit in the opposing viewpoints presented. Four extended case studies follow, each focusing on a specific divinatory tradition: the Sibylline Books, as written prophetic guides for the State; the portentous nature of the birth of an intersex child under the Republic, and the ritual response it garnered; the sacrificial specialism of individual diviners, specifically through the story of a woman named Martha; and, finally, the construction of prophetic dreaming in the Roman Republic. Together, these studies demonstrate how the performativity of gender informed, but was also informed by, the performativity of divination in the Roman world, in a reciprocal and inseparable relationship.

The idea of a "United States of Europe" was revived during the European Parliament elections in May 2019. However, the idea dates back to the early 19th century while being particularly popular in the first half of the 20th century. It focused on how European integration is related to democracy and human rights. The main player was civil society, including, in the inter-war period, the interconnected human rights leagues and Masons. The resistance in World War II carried the idea forward. It reached its peak popularity between 1946 and 1951, when Winston Churchill pleaded in favour of a "United States of Europe". This caused many people to write to him and those letters provide insights into the concept of a European unity from an individual point of view.This e-book is based on the analysis of extensive archive material of Masons, human rights leagues and those letters to Churchill. It enhances critical research on the idea of Europe and its civil society base. It also takes a fresh look at Masons, human rights leagues and at the interconnections between the notions of Europe and civilization.

At the end of the 2nd century AD the urban network of the Roman Empire was subject to weakness and crisis. We know this on one hand through decrees from the Flavian era, comments of Pliny the Younger on the financial problems of some cities and on the other hand through notices in the Historia Augusta reporting the existence of oppida labentia "cities in decline".In this volume, we discuss some of these issues with the following questions: was the municipal system, at least in the Roman West and, particularly in Roman Spain, a useful and sustainable model of managing local autonomy? Was it a durable system? Were new cities more fragile than others in terms of financial sustainability? What were the causes and the indicators signalling the lack of strength of many urban centres from the 2nd century AD onwards?

This volume focuses on phenomena, structures and constellations of power and rule in the 12th century from a comparative perspective. Comparing England and the Empire is a promising research project, because the Staufen and the Plantagenets ruled over more than one kingdom and claimed hegemony. Therefore, the divergence between legality and the demands of ruling over diverse lordships can be explored. The examples of extended royal rule in different constellations, treated by international authors, show how the practice of power and the structures of rule based on legitimate claims diverge.

"Europeanization" is a widely used yet contested concept, particularly popular among scholars of European integration studies. With regard to processes of political change within the European Community and/or the European Union, Europeanization on the one hand describes the formal transfer of national sovereignty to the EC/EU level, the development of (European) institutions and the formulation of European policy. On the other, Europeanization denotes the impact of European policy on the domestic level, particularly in EC and EU member states. In this volume, historians, political scientists and linguists investigate the possibilities and limitations of Europeanization processes in both past and present, frequently addressing the assumed relationship between Europeanization and socialization. The chapters focus on Europeanization processes in the field of EC/EU foreign policy, within European institutions such as the European Parliament and in epistemic communities, as well as on the impacts of Europeanization on national political structures and actors. "Europaisierung" ist ein weit verbreiteter, aber ebenso umstrittener Begriff, der sich insbesondere in der Forschung zur europaischen Integration groer Beliebtheit erfreut. Aus der Perspektive unterschiedlicher Disziplinen werden in diesem Band die Moglichkeiten und Grenzen des komplexen Europaisierungsprozesses untersucht und der Zusammenhang zwischen Europaisierung und Sozialisierung wird thematisiert. Die Beitrage befassen sich unter anderem mit Europaisierungsprozessen im Bereich der EG/EU-Auenpolitik, in europaischen Institutionen wie dem Europaischen Parlament, in epistemischen Gemeinschaften sowie den Auswirkungen von Europaisierung auf nationale politische Strukturen und Akteure.

The study of ancient emotion has become a substantial and thriving sub-discipline in the fields of Classics and Ancient History, enabling Classicists to make a significant contribution to the wider upsurge in interest in the emotions that has taken place across a range of scholarly disciplines in recent years. In the belief that now is the time to take stock of what has been achieved so far and to attempt to give a sense of research opportunities to come, this e-book assembles an international team of experts, including a number of those who have already made essential contributions to the study of ancient emotion, to offer an authoritative and representative selection of contemporary methods and approaches. With a chronological range from Homer to Seneca, this e-book deals with disgust, hope, horror, pity, grief, sympathy, and anger in a variety of contexts, including the poetics of emotional expression, philosophical theories of emotion, the role of emotion in historiography, intertextuality and the emotions, and the role of art and material culture in the representation of ancient affectivity.

The economic crises since 2008, the tensions concerning the Euro, the Greek question and the refugee problem have fuelled a strong "Eurosceptic" movement. At the 2014 European elections, the rise of Eurosceptic forces could be observed in virtually all Member States of the EU. This publication regroups the contributions to a Conference organized 2014 in Strasburg by the CNRS-University of Strasbourg research unit "UMR Dynamiques europeennes", in the framework of the IDEX excellence project "The European Integration and the New Anti-Europeanism".In this second of two volumes, three groups of EU Member States are analysed: Mediterranean (Cyprus, Spain, Portugal, Greece), Scandinavian States (Sweden, Finland) and Austria; finally, Eastern European and Baltic States (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Estonia, Latvia). Does the discourse of Eurosceptic parties in Eastern Europe differ from national-populists in the Nordic States or Austria? Is anti-Europeanism of the Greek or Cypriot extreme right similar to that of "parties of disruption" in Italy (Five Star Movement) or Spain (Podemos)? Can we equate anti-Europeanism of Czech Communists and alter-Europeanists in the Baltic States?

When, around 64 BC, the Romans drove out the last king of Pontos, they turned parts of his domains into a Roman province. The interior was, however, not ready for annexation, and a city-state culture was introduced, including the foundation of seven new cities in an area previously characterised by fortresses and temple states. This e-book surveys the development of these cities from their origins in the war-torn territories of the Pontic kingdom to the third century AD; by then they were fully incorporated in the Roman Empire. Furthermore, it places particular emphasis on one of them, Neapolis (later Neoklaudiopolis), an important but little studied city. Not only is this the first book-length study of Neapolis, it also reassesses the many Greek and Latin inscriptions from this city and Pontos in general. Among the documents re-evaluated here is a famous imperial oath taken to the Emperor Augustus, aptly illustrating the difficult transition from a Persian-Anatolian domain to a Roman province by the means of client kings and the imperial cult.

This e-book offers a new study of the political and military history of the Greek Aegean between the Peloponnesian War and the Peace of Antalcidas. Following the career of Conon, the Athenian admiral who became commander of the Persian fleet after his citys defeat by Sparta, this volume offers a new perspective on a very important period of Greek history by examining the impact of the rivalry between Persian satraps in the affairs of the Hellenic cities, the development of new military practices and the linkage between war, politics and society.Moving from an analysis of Conons career in the course of the Peloponnesian War, Luca Asmonti considers the transformation of the duties of military commanders and their growing political and diplomatic responsibilities. He argues that Conon was hired by the satrap Pharnabazus to carry out a thorough reform of the Persian fleet inspired by the new grand strategy which had developed in the course of the conflict between Athens and Sparta. Following Conons activity after his return to Athens and his failure to give Athens a leading role after Spartas defeat at Cnidus, Asmonti discusses how the Persian satraps used the politics of "liberty" and "autonomy" to stabilize the turbulent regions of Asia Minor and keep the world of the Greek city-states divided.

This e-book investigates the development of religious associations in the Aegean world in Hellenistic and Roman times on the basis of epigraphic and archaeological evidence from major sites. It offers a socio-cultural examination of religious associations linked to a variety of deities at different places. Founding or joining a religious association was a matter of individual choice. But that choice took place in an environment dominated by more traditional forms of religious worship, many of them closely integrated into the polis. Julietta Steinhauer asks what let individuals to participate in religious associations of this kind. What made these associations popular among people from different social groups and ethnic backgrounds? Who might found a religious association, how did they do it, and why? Which deities were the most popular among the worshippers initiating such associations, and what were the reasons for their choices? Two case-studies investigating the evidence from Athens and Delos form the foundation of this e-book. One chapter is dedicated to the background of people involved in religious associations. The actual assembly places are considered from an archaeological perspective. Finally, a comparative chapter deals with the socio-political place of religious associations in the post-classical poleis of the Aegean world.

Apollodorus of Damascus is the best-known architekton of the early second century AD, the era of Trajan and Hadrian. In the civil domain he is credited with planning and constructing prestigious projects in Rome itself, including Trajans Forum and Baths; in the military sphere he bridged the Danube and wrote a Siege-matters treatise for his patron-emperor. Addressed (it is argued here) to Trajan rather than Hadrian, and with a view to the campaigning conditions anticipated in Dacia, the treatise therefore proffered suggestions and designs suitable for a Roman army operating in that rugged terrain and attacking its hill-top settlements. However, as P. H. Blyth first realised, what has been transmitted under Apollodorus name includes many later elaborations, armchair-fantasy inventions which, if ever built, could never have been effective.This, the works first English translation and the first full commentary on it in any language, gives modern readers criteria for differentiating between these two disparate categories of material, thus allowing an assessment of each component in the terms appropriate to it.

This edited collection provides one of the most broadly reaching studies of nineteenth-century missionary periodicals through case studies of the ways in which this medium was used by various missionary societies to influence their readership, to conjure support for their missions, to construct images of the foreign other, and to help legitimise the missionary endeavour, especially amongst the so-called heathen of colonised lands. The collection demonstrates how politics affected the content of missionary periodicals, the role of censorship, and how missionary organisations promoted and disseminated their periodicals. The tightly focussed theme of the e-book allows a range of comparisons and analogies, which is further complimented by the concluding chapter that provides a theoretical analysis of missionary periodicals as a genre. The collection offers important insights into missionary propaganda and in doing so also contributes to the current discourse of missionaries as transnational cultural carriers, with the broad geographical, confessional and denominational range of the articles providing a firm reference for future scholarship in the field.