Closely entwined with the educational revolution of early modernity, the Reformation transformed the pedagogical landscape and culture of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Embracing a broad understanding of the Reformation this volume examines the confessional dynamics which shaped the educational transformations of early modernity, including Calvinists, Lutherans, Anabaptists and Roman Catholics in its scope. Going beyond conventional emphases on the role of the printing press and theological education of clergy in university settings, it also explores the education of laity in academies, schools and the home in all manner of topics including theology, history, natural philosophy and ethics. More well-known figures like John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon are examined alongside less-well known but important figures like Caspar Coolhaes and Lukas Osiander. Likewise, more prominent centres of reform including Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands are considered together with often overlooked locations like the Czech Republic and Denmark.

This volume is one of scarce studies of religious literature of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth conducted by scholars from both Poland and Lithuania. What makes this endeavour important is mainly the will to overcome the frontiers and strains of the modern world that encourage exploring separateness instead of the realities of deep mutual interdependency. ukasz Cybulski and Kristina Rutkovska analyse secular and religious writings of secular authors as well as those belonging to the clergy and religious orders. Their main interest lies in exploring the different genres of early modern Polish and Lithuanian sermons and novels, and in tracing this heritage to its social and literary context through the works material presence in manuscript form and in print. Other papers in this volume give insights into the origins of vernacular translations of the Holy Scriptures and the controversies surrounding them, as well as into the written testimonies of religious devotion and conversions. The aim has been not only to confront different kinds of texts and experiences, but to situate this heritage in its social and confessional context.

Exactly 450 years after the solemn closure of the Council of Trent on 4 December 1563, scholars from diverse regional, disciplinary and confessional backgrounds convened in Leuven to reflect upon the impact of this Council, not only in Europe but also beyond. Their conclusions are to be found in these three impressive volumes. Bridging different generations of scholarship, the authors reassess in a first volume Tridentine views on the Bible, theology and liturgy, as well as their reception by Protestants, deconstructing many myths surviving in scholarship and society alike. They also deal with the mechanisms Rome developed to hold a grip on the Councils implementation. The second volume analyzes the changes in local ecclesiastical life, initiated by bishops, orders and congregations, and the political strife and confessionalisation accompanying this reform process. The third and final volume examines the afterlife of Trent in arts and music, as well as in the global impact of Trent through missions.

Exactly 450 years after the solemn closure of the Council of Trent on 4 December 1563, scholars from diverse regional, disciplinary and confessional backgrounds convened in Leuven to reflect upon the impact of this Council, not only in Europe but also beyond. Their conclusions are to be found in these three impressive volumes. Bridging different generations of scholarship, the authors reassess in a first volume Tridentine views on the Bible, theology and liturgy, as well as their reception by Protestants, deconstructing many myths surviving in scholarship and society alike. They also deal with the mechanisms Rome developed to hold a grip on the Councils implementation. The second volume analyzes the changes in local ecclesiastical life, initiated by bishops, orders and congregations, and the political strife and confessionalisation accompanying this reform process. The third and final volume examines the afterlife of Trent in arts and music, as well as in the global impact of Trent through missions.

Exactly 450 years after the solemn closure of the Council of Trent on 4 December 1563, scholars from diverse regional, disciplinary and confessional backgrounds convened in Leuven to reflect upon the impact of this Council, not only in Europe but also beyond. Their conclusions are to be found in these three impressive volumes. Bridging different generations of scholarship, the authors reassess in a first volume Tridentine views on the Bible, theology and liturgy, as well as their reception by Protestants, deconstructing many myths surviving in scholarship and society alike. They also deal with the mechanisms Rome developed to hold a grip on the Councils implementation. The second volume analyzes the changes in local ecclesiastical life, initiated by bishops, orders and congregations, and the political strife and confessionalisation accompanying this reform process. The third and final volume examines the afterlife of Trent in arts and music, as well as in the global impact of Trent through missions.

A critical first-hand appraisal of the activities, achievements, and importance of the Jewish Brigade by IDF Major-General Shlomo Shamir (Rabinowicz), its Covert Internal Commander on behalf of the Haganah and the Jewish national institutions in Palestine. Some myths surrounding the Brigades activities are also dealt with in this appraisal. The Jewish Brigade, a unit of the British Army during WW2, played a crucial role on behalf of world Jewry in the fight against Nazi Germany. Comprised mainly of Jewish volunteers from Palestine, the Brigade was formed in 1944 after four years of struggle for deployment as a fighting force. The Brigade participated in the Italian campaign, distinguishing itself in the battles along the Senio River and proving that Jewish soldiers could fight as a unified force against a well-trained enemy and prevail. Beyond combat and under Shamirs guidance, the Brigade was the first to search for, meet, and care for survivors of the Holocaust. Despite British disapproval, its members worked at numerous Displaced Persons camps in Germany, particularly at Bergen-Belsen, and facilitated the illegal journeys of many survivors to Palestine. The story of the Brigade therefore, exemplified a dedicated pursuit of both military goals and Jewish national aspirations. With many Brigade members subsequently becoming leading figures in the fledgling Israel Defence Forces (IDF), the book shines a light on how the experience of these Jewish volunteers in the British Army was irreplaceable in shaping both the military and political landscape of the nascent State of Israel.

A remarkable painting by the Antwerp painter Maerten de Vos, Moses Showing the Tablets of the Law to the Israelites, shows wealthy merchants, artists and poets, a ground-breaking botanist, a pioneer in womens education, and the greatest publisher of the age gathered around a portrayal of Moses and Aaron with the stone tablets of the law engraved with the Ten Commandments in Dutch.In searching for an answer to the question of what brought together this diverse group of influential people in sixteenth-century Antwerp, Richard Willmott turns to their letters, diaries, friendship albums and poetry to write a group biography. As he finds out more about each life and explores the links that brought them together, he shows how a network of friendship and exchange of scholarly ideas that crossed the Channel and Europes borders lay behind the rich civilisation of sixteenth-century Antwerp, until it was destroyed by the struggle for political and religious power in the Eighty Years War when the Dutch fought the Spanish for independence.

Este libro sobre censura y diálogo, o sobre el diálogo a la luz de la censura, explora de forma conjunta fenómenos relevantes de la historia cultural europea, desde la herejía al saber reservado. Nace de la confluencia de intereses de equipos dedicados de manera sostenida e independiente al estudio del genero dialogico en la Peninsula Iberica, y al analisis del pensamiento censorio y de las formas de vigilancia de la textualidad. La interseccion de estos dos campos de interes define un territorio apenas transitado por los historiadores de la literatura hispanica: del encuentro de los especialistas que participan en este volumen resulta una nueva perspectiva sobre las condiciones de escritura, lectura e interpretacion del corpus dialogico quinientista.

El conjunto de ensayos recolectados en el presente libro se inscribe en la ranura historiográfica que procura mirar a la globalidad de los estudios inquisitoriales, en una nueva trayectoria que se esta proponiendo desde las ultimas decadas: tradicionalmente la Inquisicion de los siglos xv-xix ha sido investigada en tres areas, en España, en Portugal y en la peninsula italiana. Ha sido nuestra intencion proporcionar a los estudiosos del tema una aportacion de cara a interpretar el fenomeno inquisitorial en sus distintas territorialidades, considerando la necesidad de acompañar, en el tiempo y en las sociedades, la evolucion de lo que Jaime Contreras y Jean-Pierre Dedieu llamaron la geografia de la Inquisicion española, ha sido el presentar enfoques dirigidos a comprender la estructuracion y las especificidades de cada tribunal de distrito, algo a lo que los directores de la Historia de la Inquisicion en España y America-Joaquin Perez Villanueva y Bartolome Escandell Bonet- habian renunciado y que apenas la labor frenetica de Jose Toribio Medina pudo lograr para los distritos americanos y ciertas geografias de su jurisdiccion.

Ulrich, or Huldrych, Zwingli of Zurich is the great unknown of the Reformation in Europe, and yet his influence and ideas have penetrated into every part of the world where the Reformed tradition has been planted. He was neither a passionate man of religion like Luther, nor a superb dialectician like Calvin. But in his lucid radicalism and belief in thorough reform in Church doctrine as well as in government, Zwingli stands with his two more famous brethren as a Father of the Reformation. First published in English in 1964, Jean Rilliets biography places Zwingli in the context of Swiss church history, as well as that of the sixteenth-century upheaval of which he was a part. Covering every aspect of Zwinglis career, with detailed discussion of his more influential writings, the picture that emerges is one of a fighting prophet, unremittent in his search for God in this most turbulent of times.

Ulrich, or Huldrych, Zwingli of Zurich is the great unknown of the Reformation in Europe, and yet his influence and ideas have penetrated into every part of the world where the Reformed tradition has been planted. He was neither a passionate man of religion like Luther, nor a superb dialectician like Calvin. But in his lucid radicalism and belief in thorough reform in Church doctrine as well as in government, Zwingli stands with his two more famous brethren as a Father of the Reformation. First published in English in 1964, Jean Rilliets biography places Zwingli in the context of Swiss church history, as well as that of the sixteenth-century upheaval of which he was a part. Covering every aspect of Zwinglis career, with detailed discussion of his more influential writings, the picture that emerges is one of a fighting prophet, unremittent in his search for God in this most turbulent of times.

Warfare has been central to European history for millennia; Twenty Battles that Shaped Medieval Europe examines the strategy, military and equipment and battle-tactics of European armies in the Middle Ages. Its fundamental aim is to stimulate the readers interest in the importance of pitched battles in war, and to explain the geo-political gravity of twenty of them from the Battle of Frigidus in AD394 to the Battle of Varna in 1444, taking in such key battles as Hastings in 1066 and Bouvines in 1214.

In his important evaluation of the theological leader of the English Reformation, G.W. Bromiley charts Cranmers doctrinal views, scriptural interpretation and liturgical composition. His nuanced position on various controversial issues of the day, not least baptism, is articulated with clarity and care, and his ecumenical sensitivity is foregrounded. While arguably more adept as a scholar than as a creative theologian in his own right, Cranmers writing nevertheless formed the cornerstone of future Anglican theology. Through his Articles of Religion (42, later reduced to 39) and the Book of Common Prayer, he set the parameters within which the Church of England was to operate. Perhaps most significantly, as Bromiley shows, his extensive citation of patristic sources established a precedent for his successors that continues today. Written by one of the great ecclesiastical historians of the twentieth century, Thomas Cranmer, Theologian is the essential starting point for understanding Cranmers influence and legacy in the Anglican church.

In his important evaluation of the theological leader of the English Reformation, G.W. Bromiley charts Cranmers doctrinal views, scriptural interpretation and liturgical composition. His nuanced position on various controversial issues of the day, not least baptism, is articulated with clarity and care, and his ecumenical sensitivity is foregrounded. While arguably more adept as a scholar than as a creative theologian in his own right, Cranmers writing nevertheless formed the cornerstone of future Anglican theology. Through his Articles of Religion (42, later reduced to 39) and the Book of Common Prayer, he set the parameters within which the Church of England was to operate. Perhaps most significantly, as Bromiley shows, his extensive citation of patristic sources established a precedent for his successors that continues today. Written by one of the great ecclesiastical historians of the twentieth century, Thomas Cranmer, Theologian is the essential starting point for understanding Cranmers influence and legacy in the Anglican church.

Este libro constituye una invitación a pensar la historia de la infancia desde una mirada crítica e interdisciplinaria. Propone un acercamiento nuevo a viejos problemas de la historiografía tradicional, tales como el proceso de secularizacion iniciada durante el periodo del reformismo borbonico y la forma en que esta adapto una serie de expresiones religiosas en torno a la niñez para apropiarse de la figura utopica del niño martir y ponerla al servicio de la retorica estatal, a traves del culto a los heroes patrioticos y el utilitarismo propio de la epoca. Niños de nadie aborda asi el estudio de las nociones de utilidad y exclusion en torno a la niñez menesterosa (ya invisibilizada, ya recuperada por intervencion estatal), tanto en el discurso ilustrado como en las practicas filantropicas amparadas en el mismo. La expresion "niños de nadie" es empleada aqui en un sentido laxo. No se refiere solamente a los niños huerfanos o expositos, que fueron el objeto central de una serie de proyectos emprendidos por la administracion borbonica (tanto en la metropoli como en las colonias), sino tambien a aquellos que, aun sin haber sido abandonados por sus padres, se hallaban excluidos del ambito privilegiado de las familias que gozaban de cierto rango social y economico. Niños pobres y marginales, cuyo nombre y vinculos parentales, cuando los habian, estaban lejos de servir de parapeto frente a la larga mano del poder real y los proyectos reformistas de la administracion borbonica. "Niños de nadie", en tanto que el Estado podia disponer de ellos sin mayor reparo.

En esta obra se propicia un acercamiento al universo escriturario de la Edad Moderna de la mano de los escribanos públicos y de sus producciones documentales. En relación a los actores ejecutantes de la fides publica, se analizara su condicion social desde diversos prismas y fuentes, historicas y literarias, asi como el proceso de aprendizaje de su oficio y formacion previa adquirida. En relacion a los instrumentos publicos facturados en sus tiendas de escribania, se focalizara el analisis en aspectos tales como el proceso de expedicion documental, los caracteres extrinsecos e intrinsecos del documento notarial y el analisis de algunos modelos documentales especificos. Entre ellos, la carta de perdon de cuernos, los fletamentos o los documentos de prohijamiento, tutela y aprendiz, testimonios exclusivos todos para desentrañar los parametros sociales y el funcionamiento civil de la Modernidad.

En la Edad Moderna, alzar banderas contra su rey fue una empresa que pocos hombres se aventuraron a acometer. No en vano, en una sociedad que consideraba a sus reyes como representantes terrenales de la divinidad, resultaba extraño que los subditos se atrevieran a subvertir el orden politico desafiando abiertamente el poder de los monarcas, cuyo dominio se admitia generalmente de modo natural. De ahi la importancia de la rebelion aragonesa contra Felipe II, episodio que el presente volumen analiza ofreciendo una interpretacion critica con la historiografia tradicional.

¿Qué angustia mortal tiene Leonardo da Vinci? ¿Por qué no clavaron un asno a la cruz? ¿Debe mentir un monarca para poder gobernar? ¿Por qué ha tenido Miguel Ángel una disputa con el Papa? ¿Gira el Sol verdaderamente alrededor de la Tierra? ¿Sabemos cuando vendra el anticristo? ¿Por que lleva El Bosco un embudo invertido sobre la cabeza? Cuando Henk Boom se mete en la piel del cronista Hendrick Vandenzavel hallamos una respuesta a todas esas preguntas. Vandenzavel hace un viaje por la Europa de 1506. El viejo continente se encuentra en un momento de transicion entre la cultura de caballerias y el Renacimiento. Monarcas, pintores, filosofos y papas viven a la sombra del Juicio Final y del Nuevo Hombre.Aun no puede hablarse de formacion de naciones, a excepcion de España y Francia. Alemania consta de siete estados federados, cada uno con su propio principe elector independiente; por encima de ellos esta el rey. Italia es la suma de varias republicas, ducados y ciudades-estado que luchan entre si. Florencia es un centro de poder territorial y de arte divino, aunque en 1506 los Medicis han pasado a un segundo plano. Roma es la capital de un estado eclesiastico en crecimiento. Venecia se arma contra los turcos, contra los franceses, contra el Papa y contra Maximiliano I. Los reyes franceses se encargan de Bretaña, Milan y Borgoña. Lo que queda del reino borgoñon son "las tierras de allende": Zelanda, Holanda, Brabante, Flandes, Artois, Namur y Henao. Aragon tiene problemas con sus posesiones en Napoles. Y en España hay una dura lucha por la corona de Castilla que finalmente se dirime con la llegada de Carlos I (Carlos V en los Paises Bajos), hijo de Felipe el Hermoso y Juana de Castilla.Durante su viaje, Vandenzavel mantiene entrevistas con coetaneos como Maquiavelo, Miguel Angel, Leonardo da Vinci, Durero, Erasmo, Juana la Loca y El Bosco. Sigue la pista del anticristo, escucha las teorias de Copernico y se deja seducir por el amor al que canto Dante Alighieri.

En la segunda mitad del siglo xvi, la mayoría de los estados cristianos de Europa occidental estaban permanentemente a la defensiva contra una superpotencia musulmana, el Imperio de los sultanes otomanos. Habia enfrentamientos violentos, desde ataques e incursiones de corsarios hasta guerras, pero tambien otras formas de interaccion pacifica a traves de las porosas fronteras de los poderosos bloques en liza. A traves de la historia de tres generaciones de una familia albano-veneciana, los Bruni, Noel Malcolm describe magistralmente el mundo entre Venecia, Roma y el Imperio otomano, con temas como el espionaje, la diplomacia, el comercio de grano, el intercambio y rescate de esclavos, y la rebelion antiotomana. Nos muestra las estrategias opuestas de las potencias cristianas, entre ellas las del Imperio de Carlos V y Felipe II, y los extraordinariamente ambiciosos planes de los sultanes y sus visires. Casi ningun autor desde que Fernand Braudel publico hace sesenta años su famoso libro sobre el Mediterraneo en el siglo xvi ha trabajado tan extensamente este periodo vital de la historia mediterranea y europea como Noel Malcolm. "Estamos ante un libro extraordinario por su erudicion, por su escala y porque, ademas, es extraordinariamente ameno. [...] Noel Malcolm no olvida nunca el cuadro general y constantemente ofrece perspicaces visiones, no solo sobre episodios muy conocidos, como la batalla de Lepanto, sino tambien sobre la gran historia de las relaciones occidentales con el Imperio otomano. [...] Una obra magistral que abrira los ojos del lector al interes y la importancia de una region de Europa historicamente desatendida, en el marco de una relacion entre civilizaciones que es tan compleja hoy como lo fue en el siglo xvi."

En el principio fue la Enciclopedia. El mundo era caos y confusión. Reinaba en todas partes la oscuridad. Diderot y dAlembert dijeron entonces "Haya luz", y las Luces surgieron, separándose de las tinieblas. "Hagamos la Enciclopedia" dijeron despues. La Enciclopedia entonces nacio.Diseñada como una autentica maquinaria de guerra, la Enciclopedia tuvo la esperanza de ilustrar a mujeres y hombres, liberandolos de sus ilusiones vanas, de sus supersticiones, de sus ideas preconcebidas, y permitirles tener acceso al conocimiento racional, siendo este lo unico que les proporcionaria una comprension lucida del mundo.Y en tanto que maquinaria de guerra contra el Antiguo Regimen, empleo un conjunto de estrategias epistemologicas, las cuales fueron, en realidad, estrategias de combate politico. No resulta exagerado afirmar que, aun para nosotros, la Enciclopedia es toda ella una estrategia politica, la mas extraordinaria de la Modernidad, por su caracter critico y su caracter colectivo.Con esta seleccion de 128 articulos, Ignacio Diaz de la Serna ofrece un repertorio emblematico de los juicios que la Enciclopedia contiene sobre America del Norte, a la vez que revela la importancia que la figura del salvaje americano tuvo en el imaginario social europeo durante el Siglo de las Luces.