eBooks de Historia Universal, página 14 de 627

The e-book presents research mostly done by younger Russian scholars of ancient history to a readership that does not speak and read the Russian language. The articles cover a wide range of time and topics: Greek history from the archaic far into the Hellenistic period and Roman history from the republic to the empire politics, finance, ideology, constitution, society with prosopography, and population. By sketching the peculiarities of research in antiquity in pre-revolutionary and socialist Russia and the conditions under which post-socialist classicists and historians work, an introductory article helps readers to understand the achievement of todays Russian studies in antiquity. Altogether the volume demonstrates that the actual Russian scholarship in ancient history has joined the international research and in which way this has been achieved.

Law is a central element of social and political order with it, power is institutionalized, actions are structured and sanctioned. Fundamental concepts of order are expressed and legitimised by law. This is especially true of gender difference. Until equal rights won out as the norm, differentiating legal capacities of persons by their gender meant assigning distinct forms of legally defined agency to men and women and to fix gender hierarchy. Nevertheless, even while formal equality is established throughout Europe since the 20th century, gender difference in law remains a precarious question. The present volume documents the fifth conference of the international research network "Gender Difference in the History of European Legal Cultures".

Sven Leif Ragnar de Roode analyzes Dutch, English, and German perceptions of European integration against the backdrop of dominant elements of national self-images in a comparative perspective. The study is based on a source sample of more than 1200 newspaper editorials about the founding treaties of the European Communities in the 1950s and the Treaty on European Union from 1992/3. The source analysis is framed by an analysis of dominant, publicly acknowledged national self-images in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century. The representation of European integration in Dutch, English, and German newspapers shows that both, the perception of Europe and national self-images, were essentially contested. It demonstrates how nationalised the gaze unto Europe was. The perception of Europe was tinted and judged by national self-images. The discourse on European integration was inseparably intertwined with the discourse on the nation. Europe was essentially thought through the nation.

Cooperatives in Eastern Europe acquired a double, economic and national emancipatory function: For the minorities, they became the cornerstone in a set of national economic institutions, while the majorities used them as a tool of nationalizing the economy in their "own" states; thus, cooperatives became deeply entangled in the ethnic conflicts, which characterized the region between 1850 and 1940. Experts from the United States, Germany and East Central Europe show, that economic nationalism was the driving force behind the development of cooperatives in Eastern Europe and that the self-help movement reflected the strive for national self-determination almost from the outset. Evidence from Eastern Europe, including Greece and Russia, makes the volume a comprehensive work on the interrelation of economy and nationalism and offers new, refreshing perspectives on a topic on the border of cultural studies and economic and social history. The volume is addressed to experts in the fields of research on nationalism and economic and social history.

En el tránsito hacia un individualismo menos sujeto a las decisiones paternas, pero igual de controlado por los poderes familiares, comunitarios y estatales, la juventud castellana y aragonesa del Antiguo Regimen (inmersa en una civilizacion mas moderna) constituye una linea de investigacion que coloca a aquella amplia mayoria social que supero la infancia y todavia no vivia una etapa de madurez legal plena en el centro del debate historiografico. El contraste generacional suscitado por las tensiones y conflictos domesticos en virtud de las desigualdades de edad promoveria un cambio cultural imparable. Imagen modelica para la construccion de identidades, el futuro juvenil (ilustrado) pasaba por cuidados y afectos, tutelas y oposiciones (femeninas), nuevos criterios educativos y estereotipos pedagogicos.

This collection of articles explores a possible alternative beginning of Global Art History and World Art Studies, two methodologies that set a worldwide focus in the study of art around the 2000s. Teaching back to earlier efforts to conceive of the international community in a less Eurocentric way, the volume proposes a tentative link between socialist internationalism as a political and cultural diplomatic principle in the Soviet Block and some new approaches to art and cultural historiography introduced there. In the "Second World", universal art history or Weltkunstgeschichte were endorsed as frameworks for the teaching and writing of art history. Authors in this book interrogate whether "world art history" as practiced by socialist scholars had aspirations and achievements comparable to todays Global Art History and World Art Studies. Or was this knowledge production in an internationalist paradigm a mere foil for communist rhetoric, behind which severed cultural relations to the Western world could also be recommenced?

This volume concerns premodern understandings of vegetal nature that encompass multiple semantics and perspectives. Scholars from the disparate fields of art history, literature, and religious studies present tantalizing studies of trees and plants in sacred and secular thought. Some discuss the concept of the Book of Nature and its implications. Others explore narratives of symbiosis between humans and vegetal material, tree-dwelling hermits, spirits metamorphosing into wood, flowers or trees that sprout from bodies or the dissolution of the self into the natural world. Complementary to these approaches are studies that suggest a collapsing of time and space in spiritually charged yet ambiguous natural motifs or topographies where forests or groves are spaces of transformative experience.

Lucia J. Linares offers the first sustained examination of the ways in which questions about German-Jewish citizenship and religious, national identity namely the "Jewish Question" shaped the politics of Imperial Germany in its final years, influencing the processes of parliamentarisation and democratisation. The "Jewish Question" still tends to be interpreted with hindsight, that is, in the context of the Holocaust and from a social or cultural historical perspective. While considering the short- and long-term effects the "Jewish Question" had on the rise of German antisemitism, this new study stresses its contingency and ambivalence. Jewish questions, this e-book argues, revealed the paradoxes of German state-building and the difficulties of breaking down older forms of corporate identity for the sake of national-cultural homogeneity. Linares presents a new interpretation of the role that the "problem" of German Jewry played in the political debates and decisions that paved the way for the Weimar Republic.

The general field of study of this volume is the history and culture of the Mamluk Sultanate (12501517). It contains the proceedings of the First German-Japanese Workshop held at the Toyo Bunko in Tokyo, Japan. The authors write about a variety of topics from rural irrigation systems to high diplomacy vis a vis the Safavid empire and the Ottoman threat. The volume includes case studies of important personalities and families living in the centres of Mamluk power such as Cairo and Damascus as well as analyses of contemporary writers and their stance toward the ruling military class. Next to innovation in the field, this volume is an agenda of an increasing globalisation of scholarship that is fertilizing future research.

This volume is devoted to the spheres in which conflict and rivalries unfolded during the Renaissance and how these social, cultural and geographical settings conditioned the polemics themselves. This is the second of three volumes on Renaissance Conflict and Rivalries, which together present the results of research pursued in an International Leverhulme Network. The underlying assumption of the essays in this volume is that conflict and rivalries took place in the public sphere that cannot be understood as single, all-inclusive and universally accessible, but needs rather to be seen as a conglomerate of segments of the public sphere, depending on the persons and the settings involved. The articles collected here address various questions concerning the construction of different segments of the public sphere in Renaissance conflict and rivalries, as well as the communication processes that went on in these spaces to initiate, control and resolve polemical exchanges.

This e-book focuses on the functioning of Roman leadership in the period of the Tetrarchs to Theodosius (284395). Our volume starts from the idea that the imperial and ecclesiastical administrations became interdependent in this period and thus presents an integrated approach of imperial and religious leadership. As the spread of ideology plays a key role in creating societal consensus and thus in wielding power successfully, the volume analyses both types of leadership from an ideological angle. It examines the communicative strategies employed by Roman emperors and bishops through analyzing the ideological messages that were disseminated by a variety of media: coins, architectural monuments, literary and legal texts. The central question of this volume is how, in a period in which an important shift took place in the power balance between church and state, emperors and bishops made use of ideology to bind people to them and thus to interact with their crowds, whether they be the inhabitants of the city of Rome or Constantinople, the subjects of the Empire at large or the members of the various religious communities.

"One of the great virtues of American/Medieval Goes North is ist wide range of contributors with fascinatingly diverse relationships to the main terms of analysis. There are academic scholars, poets, filmmakers, tribal elders, teachers at various levels; there are Indigenous people, people from settler colonial cultures, expats, immigrants. Their analytic and imaginative encounters with the North catch at the intensely symbolic and political charge of that locus. At a time when Medieval Studies cannot afford to ignore the periods popular uptake cannot continue with business as usual in the face of white supremacists brazen appropriations of the Middle Ages this volume points to new possibilities for grappling with the uneasy relationships between the American and the medieval." Prof Carolyn Dinshaw, New York University

Every time that something happened in Austria after 1918, the country was under observation: as German-Austria, the First Republic, the Corporative State, the Alpine and Danubian Gaue of the Greater German Reich, the Second Republic right up to the present day. People looked, heard and generally did not keep silent, and this has not changed. As though Austria were still the same testing ground for the end of the world that Karl Kraus described it as. A gripping and varied overview of Austrian history over the last 100 years.

The Christian ascetic way of life clustered mainly around the Mediterranean and roughly covered the period between 350 and 800. It is determined by norm and exercise. But what are norm and exercise with regard to Christian asceticism? Whatever renunciations may be required in order to practice a given ascetic regimen, no goal can be achieved without a specific technique (or a set of exercises) and without following a principle of order (or a norm). This implies an intense dialectic which sometimes seems to resolve into a perfect identity: regula et vita, "rule and life", or, in a more neutral language, "norm and exercise". This set of papers addresses this crucial point and thereby challenges the usual chronological as well as geographical divisions in the history of early Christianity. As a result, the categories of norm and exercise are presented as a new solution to put the available sources in order.

The transnational approach has led to the emergence of new historical research areas and topics. With the concept of "transfer history", there has been a growing interest in historical studies of religious communities because they were early "global players". Originating typically in France, many Catholic sisterhoods settled in numerous other European and non-European countries. Likewise, Protestant deaconess motherhouses became a popular German export in the nineteenth century. The contributions to this anthology examine the transnational history of the deaconess movement, focusing on the example of Protestant deaconesses who worked as nurses. Focal point is a nursing organisation that was founded in the 1830s in Germany, but was subsequently exported to many European and even non-European countries. If the deaconess motherhouses wanted to stand a chance of survival in these countries, they had to adapt to the specific cultural and societal contexts. Due to these adaptation processes, the deaconess motherhouses are particularly suitable for an international comparative and transfer history.

Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean, came under Roman domination during the late Republican Civil War. Due to its position outside of the political and strategic centres of the Empire, Roman Cyprus was something of a terra incognita among ancient historians. This e-book investigates communication between this "quiescent" province and the Roman emperor through the exploration of fascinating epigraphic evidence concerning the imperial cult and imperial representation on the island (dedications, statues, oaths, priests, calendars etc.). The central themes of the e-book are the religious status of the emperor embedded in the Cypriot religious milieu, political relationships between Cyprus and the Empire and their influences on the imperial cult performed on the island, and the part played by imperial representation in the life cycle of the Cypriots. The appendix catalogues the relevant inscriptions, with translations and other related information.

Herakles and Hercules: two names for a figure of pervasive appeal in Antiquity. He was a hero of myth and a god with cult associations. He was ancestor of Macedonian kings, patron of Carthaginian generals and of Roman emperors, and a role model for Stoic philosophers. As a performer of the famous labours, wanderer, liberator, madman and murderer of kin, Herakles-Hercules has retained his fascination down to the present. The eleven new studies in this volume explore why this figure appealed so widely in Antiquity. They examine his role in ancient myth and philosophy, drama and art, as well as in politics and propaganda, warfare and religion.

With Aristomenes of Messene, Daniel Ogden identifies yet another fertile and undervalued topic in Ancient History. He has previously studied illegitimacy in the ancient Greek world (Greek Bastardy, OUP, 1996), Greek ideas about the relationship between deformity and power (Crooked Kings of Ancient Greece, Duckworth, 1997), the nature and causes of dynastic murder in the Hellenistic world (Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death, Classical Press of Wales, 1999) and the techniques of calling up the dead in the ancient world (Greek and Roman Necromancy, Princeton UP, 2001). Among his other books is a volume edited for the Classical Press of Wales, The Hellenistic World: New perspectives (2002).The legends of Aristomenes, hero of the Messenian resistance to Sparta, were designed to excite, gratify and amuse. Yet they remain almost unknown even to specialist ancient historians. This book, the first monograph to be devoted to Aristomenes, redirects attention to his adventures, which at times resemble those of King Arthur, Robin Hood and even Sinbad the Sailor. The book goes beyond the question of the historicity of Aristomenes, and examines the meaning and symbolism of the stories in their own right. The study will be welcomed by those with an interest in the history of Sparta, in Pausanias (our principal source for the tales), and in Greek traditional narrative. Famously, Sparta tried to suppress the identity and self-confidence of its Messenian helots. Yet here are stories which give access to the imagination of this long-muted but ultimately liberated people..

The son of Pompey the Great cast a long shadow. Acclaimed by the Roman populace in his lifetime, his traditional virtues and military successes put to shame his civil-war rival Octavian. After his death, he was passionately and safely abused by Octavian and Augustan writers as a marginal nuisance, a pirate. The image of a second rank figure has been propagated by scholars into recent times. But a very different story can now be constructed, from the testimony of historians and poets in antiquity and from the eloquent and long-neglected coinage of Sextus Pompeius himself. Here ten studies from an international cast reveal a figure whose actions and image shaped the ethos not just of the civil-war period but of the early Principate.

The plays of Seneca the Younger, minister and philosopher under Nero, are today increasingly studied, appreciated and performed. Here, in twelve new papers from a distinguished international cast, scholars explore established questions, such as whether the plays were written for the stage, and newer topics such as the playwrights subtleties of characterisation, his relation to contemporary Roman spectacle and art - and the problems arising in translating him to modern text or stage.