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The 360s B.C. were a momentous decade in the North Aegean, when Athens set out to recover cities she had controlled at the height of her empire in the fifth century Amphipolis and the Thracian Chersonese. Setting out in detail the chronology and narrative of the wars over Amphipolis and Chersonese, the author argues that Athens efforts proved unfruitful because several other major powers Olynthus, Macedon, Thrace, Thebes, and Persia had similar expansionist aims. Equally important, she demonstrates for the first time that Amphipolis consistently and avidly pursued policies to evade Athenian domination. This comprehensive treatment shows that the northern Aegean was a major theatre of operations in this period and provides much-needed background to the reign of Philip II.

This e-book is about two giants of 20th century historiography, Michael Rostovzteff (18701952) and Elias Bickerman (18971981) whose lives and careers intersected on many occasions but who have rarely been discussed together. "Writing History in Time of War"contains, in the main, the results of a lecture given by Pierre Briant and a series of responses to that lecture as the Fourth Annual Michael I. Rostovtzeff Lecture and Colloquium hosted by the Department of Classics at Yale University. Both Rostovzteff andBickerman were deeply affected by war and exile, and both sought relevance for the modern world in their work and read their own experiences back into their interpretations of the ancient world. This volume adds much new and exciting information about these two scholars, and brings into focus how their own life experiences informed their historical interpretation of the Hellenistic world. Even those who are well familiar with them will find much of value in this volume.

The Armenian Question in the Caucasus, Russian Archive Documents and Publications (1724-1914) is issued in this three-volume collection as a special topic of study for the first time in world historiography. The topic is presented as a complex based on rare documents and publications which were long stored as secret and top secret in the Russian State Historical Archive (St Petersburg) and the Russian State Military History Archive (Moscow). The third volume deals chronologically with the period 1906-1914 and comprises two sections. The first section provides an analysis of the documents and materials. The second section contains copies of the originals in the archives and publications. Eleven of the documents and materials presented in this volume are made publically available here for the first time. To guarantee academic objectivity, the contextual integrity of the archive documents has been preserved. All materials are arranged chronologically and by topic. The collection provides the reader with the opportunity to undertake a critical review of current theses on the Armenian question. It also assists the application of contemporary academic methods to a comprehensive study of the essence of this question.

Published in 1909 and long out of print, The Thousand and One Churches remains a seminal study of the postclassical monuments of Anatolia. Now a new generation of readers can learn of the extensive remains of the sprawling early Christian site known as Binbirkilise ("Thousand and One Churches," near Konya), excavated by Ramsay and Bell in 1907. The book provides extensive analysis of other early Christian and Byzantine sites across Anatolia that Bell visited at that time. Because many of the monuments have long since disappeared, this documentation is now invaluable, and Bells extensive photographs provide a unique view of travel and archaeology more than a century ago. For this new edition more than 250 high-quality digitized images from the Gertrude Bell Archive at Newcastle University (UK) replace the original illustrations, and the editors Foreword lays out the historical and cultural context for the undertaking. Ousterhout and Jackson recount the lives and careers of the two authors and the tale of their collaboration on the excavation and subsequent book. Publication of this volume was supported by a grant from the Joukowsky Family Foundation.

La mayoría de los países de América Latina, el Caribe y otras regiones del mundo como África, Asia y Oceanía, cuando poseen una con‐ figuración montañosa por lo general se encuentran bajo la influencia

The years 9182 B.C. witnessed the reforms, factional competition, and civil strife that sowed the seeds of the Republics eventual destruction. This e-book investigates that crucial decade in the social and political development of Rome by re-examining the career of L. Cornelius Cinna, one of the most enigmatic, tragic, yet fascinating, figures in all of Roman history; his regime "dominated" Rome from 87 to 82 B.C.This study attempts to explain how, why, and how successfully Cinna and his faction, as champions of Romes discontented and obstacle of Romes conservatives, dealt with those pressing problems that then plagued Rome. Cinna emerges as a competent military strategist and an astute politician who, through conviction and ambition, rose to head an unusual coalition. His "dominatio" was no military despotism; his faction did not exercise absolute or tyrannical authority over the State. Rather, Cinnas regime ensured political and economic stability and preserved and promoted the Roman State at a time when it surely might have collapsed.

This is an introductory pedagogical grammar designed for readers with no previous knowledge of Sumerian. It can be used with or without a teacher. A general description of Sumerian is followed by a series of 30 graduated lessons each including a sign-list and vocabulary, cuneiform texts, transliteration, transcription and translation.

Panorama de la actividad escénica, teatral y musical que tuvo lugar en Salamanca durante el siglo XVI y primera década del XVII con motivo de la festividad eucarística. Se analiza ese quehacer lúdico festivo surgido en torno a la catedral, asi como la incorporacion del Consistorio y la parroquia de San Martin en las celebraciones en calles y plazas de la ciudad.

What is the role of religious aspects in legitimizing or delegitimizing violence? The articles of this volume provide an important contribution to this crucial social and scholarly debate. Analysing a broad spectrum of case studies from antiquity, they focus on religious justifications or evaluations of recommended, performed, or forbidden acts of violence regardless of the question of their historicity. Not only late antiquity and Christianity are considered, but also pre-Christian Greek and Roman civilizations, Judaism, literary myth, and atheism. The case studies cover the period from the fifth century BCE to the fifth century CE and a broad geographical scope extending from Gaul to Israel and Egypt. This volume offers new insights into a highly topical issue.

The analysis of a Greek political phenomenon within the confines of the so-called colonial city-states of Sicily and Southern Italy is the theme of the present e-book. On the basis of detailed case-studies covering the revolutions in cities like Croton, Cumae, Acragas and Syracuse, the following subjects are dealt with: social stratification and political institutions, the massive presence of foreigners and non-Greeks within the borders of the polis, the role of mercenaries in the local armies and in city life. An apart chapter is dedicated to the technique of the coup detat, showing how it was determined by the peculiarities of the Greek city-state.

The testimony of Livy book 31, when supplemented by fragments of Polybius, reveals Roman intentions at a critical point in Greco-Roman history. Intertextual exegesis affirms the coherence of Livys narrative, while also illuminating his technique. Reconstruction of the chronological sequence of events shows that the differences between Polybian and Roman sources are not as great as generally maintained. Acceptance of the integrity of Livys text has profound implications for the question of Roman imperialism. With consummate calculation, the Romans prepared to declare war and mount an overseas invasion. The Straits of Otranto and a base were secured, a propaganda mission despatched, thus lessening the urgency for invasion itself.

The purpose of archaeology is to reconstruct and present the past as it was lived, warts and all. Too often that ideal has been restricted to the affairs and structures of the great and (often not so) good, ignoring what happened after the battles were won or lost. Everyday life carried on for the vast majority of people who cooked, built walls and fences, herded and tended animals, and made pottery, metal tools and foodstuffs. Each of these domestic tasks required tools and equipment, and each object tells a story of the users identity, both regional and personal. This volume presents a selection of worldwide studies of domestic objects and lives, from Scottish ceramics to Mayan urban zones. Each of these chapters demonstrate the commonalities humans share when there is no place like home, enhancing archaeological knowledge of the realities of life in the past.

A critical first-hand appraisal of the activities, achievements, and importance of the Jewish Brigade by IDF Major-General Shlomo Shamir (Rabinowicz), its Covert Internal Commander on behalf of the Haganah and the Jewish national institutions in Palestine. Some myths surrounding the Brigades activities are also dealt with in this appraisal. The Jewish Brigade, a unit of the British Army during WW2, played a crucial role on behalf of world Jewry in the fight against Nazi Germany. Comprised mainly of Jewish volunteers from Palestine, the Brigade was formed in 1944 after four years of struggle for deployment as a fighting force. The Brigade participated in the Italian campaign, distinguishing itself in the battles along the Senio River and proving that Jewish soldiers could fight as a unified force against a well-trained enemy and prevail. Beyond combat and under Shamirs guidance, the Brigade was the first to search for, meet, and care for survivors of the Holocaust. Despite British disapproval, its members worked at numerous Displaced Persons camps in Germany, particularly at Bergen-Belsen, and facilitated the illegal journeys of many survivors to Palestine. The story of the Brigade therefore, exemplified a dedicated pursuit of both military goals and Jewish national aspirations. With many Brigade members subsequently becoming leading figures in the fledgling Israel Defence Forces (IDF), the book shines a light on how the experience of these Jewish volunteers in the British Army was irreplaceable in shaping both the military and political landscape of the nascent State of Israel.

A Groundbreaking Portrait of African American ChristianityThe history of African American Christianity is one of the determined faith of a people driven to pursue spiritual and social uplift for themselves and others to Gods glory. Yet stories of faithful Black Christians have often been forgotten or minimized. The dynamic witness of the Black church in the United States is an essential part of Christian history that must be heard and dependably retold.In this groundbreaking two-volume work, Walter R. Strickland II does just that through a theological-intellectual history highlighting the ways theology has formed and motivated Black Christianity across the centuries. In this volume 2, an anthology of readings drawn from primary sources, Strickland and a team of editors uncover the breadth of these historical documents from throughout the centuries of Black history so that we can listen to Black Christianity in its own words.From a 1776 sermon by pastor Lemuel Haynes to podcasts and interviews with people like Christina Edmondson and Lecrae, these selections illustrate the diversity, creativity, and resilience of the Black church throughout American history. The anthology features familiar names such as Phillis Wheatley, Gardner C. Taylor, and Martin Luther King Jr., as well as authors and leaders who are largely unknown, revealing insights from the church, academy, and beyond.Swing Low offers a defining rubric under which to observe, understand, and learn from the diverse and living entity that is African American Christianity. Volume 1, a companion narrative history, tells the story of these themes from the 1600s to the present, exploring the crucial ecclesiastical, social, and theological developments.

Contents:F. de Polignac: Repenser la "cité"? Rituels et société en Grèce archaïque — M. H. Hansen: The "Autonomous City-State". Ancient Fact or Modern Fiction? — M. H. Hansen: Kome. A Study in How th

The Pyrrhic War attracted a great deal of attention in antiquity as the first contest between the burgeoning Roman Empire and the powers of the Hellenistic world. While blame for the initiation of hostilities fell squarely upon the polity of the Tarentines, scholars have long been wary of accounts relating how this conflict began.Three episodes set at Taras prove important for the construction both of Roman history and of narratives in antiquity. Approached as a case study of inventio in historiography, this monograph examines the aims and techniques of authors from Polybius to Zonaras in their depictions of the wars onset. No two of our sources offer the same version of events and new details emerge over the course of time. Analysis of the perception of injury, on the part of the Romans and the Tarentines, considers the implications of the just war on the writing of history.

Christian missions in the Middle East were and still are a highly sensitive topic. For a number of academics, they have destroyed indigenous cultures and are nothing else than the religious wing of imperialism. A new development in historiography gives a different interpretation: Missions seem to have strongly contributed to the development of social work, healthcare, education, and science in certain regions of the world sometimes even implementing basic social infrastructure that has been neglected by local rulers for decades or centuries. In particular, the missions in the Middle East have exhibited a strong "social dimension". Thus, one could even speak of a specific "trademark", for conversions hardly took place in the "house of Islam", and also among Jews during the 19th and 20th century.This volumne brings together some of the essential papers of a conference dealing with questions of cultural, religious and social history in this field of research. It contributes to the historiography of Christian missions, welfare organisations as well as of Christian Churches in the Middle East. The book challenges the predominantly eurocentric depiction of the history of Christianity by juxtaposing a transnational reading of Christian activism in the Orient.

Law is a particularly fruitful means by which to investigate the relationship between religion and state. It is the mechanism by which the Roman state and its European successors have regulated religion, in the twin actions of constraining religious institutions to particular social spaces and of releasing control over such spaces to those orders. This volume analyses the relationship from the late Republic to the final codification of Roman law in Justinians Constantinople. ContentsJohn Scheid: Oral tradition and written tradition in the formation of sacred law in Rome Jorg Rupke: Religion in the lex Ursonensis James B. Rives: Magic, religion, and law: The Case of the Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficiis Elizabeth DePalma Digeser: Religion, Law and the Roman Polity: The era of the Great Persecution Andrew S. Jacobs: "Papinian Commands One Thing, Our Paul Another": Roman Christians and Jewish Law in the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et RomanarumDorothea Baudy: Prohibitions of religion in antiquity: Setting the course of Europes religious history Karl Leo Noethlichs: Revolution from the top? "Orthodoxy" and the persecution of heretics in imperial legislation from Constantine to Justinian Clifford Ando: Religion and ius publicum Bibliography Abstracts Index locorum Index of subjects, places and persons

In the public imagination, small and medium-sized family businesses have always been male-dominated organisations, with those headed by women regarded as barely noteworthy exceptions to the rule. These ideas and associations are far from telling the full story; the proportion of women among Germanys self-employed population remained above 20 per cent throughout the twentieth century. A surge of interest in female entrepreneurs among academic researchers and in the political and media spheres has resulted in increasing recognition of their achievements past and present. There nevertheless remains a persistent tendency to overlook the fact that women have always made a vital contribution to the success of family businesses, even where they did not directly handle these companies business affairs.This volume presents new insights into the diverse roles of women in family businesses, as daughters, wives, mothers, widows and entrepreneurs. Eleven case studies drawn from a range of sectors and eras illuminate the significance of womens influence in family businesses throughout the history of commerce. Bringing together approaches from the history of business, gender, society and culture, the chapters explore womens multi-faceted roles within numerous enterprises in a new and enlightening depth.

Uber die NS-Prozesse in Osteuropa in den 1960er Jahren und den Stellenwert des Holocaust darin.Etwa 15 Jahre nach Kriegsende kam es in vielen Staaten des Ostblocks zu einer zweiten Welle von Gerichtsverfahren gegen NS-Verbrecher, die anderen Logiken folgte als die Prozesse unmittelbar nach Kriegsende. Auf dem Hohepunkt des Kalten Krieges in den 1960er Jahren verpflichteten die Prozesse einerseits zu einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen Ost und West, andererseits waren sie bestimmt durch die Abwehrhaltung gegenuber dem jeweiligen Gegner im Systemkonflikt. Innerhalb des Ostblocks sollte durch ein abgestimmtes Vorgehen auf der internationalen Buhne Einigkeit demonstriert werden, gleichzeitig fuhrten nationale Interessen zu je eigenen Wegen in der Strafverfolgung. Die in diesem Band zusammengetragenen Aufsatze widmen sich der Geschichte der Strafprozesse zu nationalsozialistischen Verbrechen in Ungarn, der DDR, Polen, der Tschechoslowakei und der Sowjetunion nach der "Tauwetterphase" und fragen nach den Voraussetzungen und Eigenheiten dieser Verfahren. Welche Regeln galten fur die Prozesse? Welche Ziele verfolgten sie? Und nicht zuletzt: Welchen Stellenwert hatte der Holocaust bei der Aufklarung der Verbrechen?Der Band erscheint vollstandig in englischer Sprache.__________On the Nazi trials in Eastern Europe in the 1960s and the place of the Holocaust in them.About 15 years after the end of the war, a second wave of trials against Nazi criminals occurred in many Eastern Bloc states, which followed a different logic than the ones immediately after the war. At the height of the Cold War in the 1960s, the trials on the one hand obliged cooperation between East and West, on the other hand they were determined by the defensive attitude towards the respective opponent in the system conflict. Within the Eastern bloc, unity was to be demonstrated through a coordinated approach on the international stage, while at the same time national interests led to their own paths in criminal prosecution. The essays collected in this volume are devoted to the history of criminal trials on National Socialist crimes in Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union after the "thaw" and ask about the preconditions and peculiarities of these proceedings. What rules applied to the trials? What goals did they pursue? And last but not least: What significance did the Holocaust have in the clarification of the crimes?