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Plato (428/427348/347 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and mathematician of the Classic Age who founded the Academy of Athens. Noted as a student of Socrates, Plato has distinguished himself as one of the founders of Western philosophy by recording the teachings of his master and his own philosophies in 35 dialogues and 13 letters (some are disputed as spurious). However, this collection features only 25 authentic works from the reproduced source.Benjamin Jowett is credited for translating these works into English.

What is justice? Is the life upheld by Socrates sufficiently definite for practical guidance? The views of Callicles have been overborne; but have they been thoroughly examined? Socrates claims to be the only politician. But how can that deserve the name of policy which results in doing nothing? These and cognate questions may well have haunted Plato when he planned the Republic, the greatest of his works. The great principle of the political supremacy of mind, though thus held back through half the dialogue, really dominates the whole. It may be read between the lines all through, even in the institution of gymnastic and the appraisement of the cardinal virtues. It is a genuine development of Socratic thought. And it is this more than any other single feature which gives the Republic a prophetic significance as an attempt towards anticipating the work of future generations.

Timaeus by Plato is one of Platos dialogues, mostly in the form of a long monologue given by the title character Timaeus of Locri, written c. 360 BC. The work puts forward speculation on the nature of the physical world and human beings and is followed by the dialogue Critias.Participants in the dialogue include Socrates, Timaeus, Hermocrates, and Critias. Some scholars believe that it is not the Critias of the Thirty Tyrants who appears in this dialogue, but his grandfather, who is also named Critias.It has been suggested from some traditions (Diogenes Laertius (VIII 85) from Hermippus of Smyrna (3rd century BC) and Timon of Phlius (c. 320 c. 235 BC)) that Timaeus was influenced by a book about Pythagoras, written by Philolaus, although this assertion is generally considered false.The dialogue takes place the day after Socrates described his ideal state. In Platos works, such a discussion occurs in the Republic. Socrates feels that his description of the ideal state wasnt sufficient for the purposes of entertainment and that "I would be glad to hear some account of it engaging in transactions with other states" (19b).

The Statesman by Plato also known by its Latin title, Politicus, is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato. The text depicts a conversation among Socrates, the mathematician Theodorus, another person named Socrates (referred to as "Socrates the Younger"), and an unnamed philosopher from Elea referred to as "the Stranger" (?, xenos). It is ostensibly an attempt to arrive at a definition of "statesman," as opposed to "sophist" or "philosopher" and is presented as following the action of the Sophist.The Sophist had begun with the question of whether the sophist, statesman, and philosopher were one or three, leading the Eleatic Stranger to argue that they were three but that this could only be ascertained through full accounts of each (Sophist 217b). But though Plato has his characters give accounts of the sophist and statesman in their respective dialogues, it is most likely that he never wrote a dialogue about the philosopher.

Parmenides is widely considered to be one of the more, if not the most, challenging and enigmatic of Platos dialogues. The work purports to be an account of a meeting between the two great philosophers of the Eleatic school, Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, and a young Socrates. The occasion of the meeting was the reading by Zeno of his treatise defending Parmenidean monism against those partisans of plurality who asserted that Parmenides supposition that there is a one gives rise to intolerable absurdities and contradictions.

The Life of Amerigo Vespucci is a compelling anthology that charts bold explorations and encounters with the New World through the writings of some of its earliest European explorers. In this collection, a vivid tapestry of discovery is woven through the letters and narratives of figures such as Christopher Columbus, Bartolome de las Casas, and the titular Amerigo Vespucci. This scholarly anthology is a treasure trove, revealing diverse literary styles from the earnest proclamations of wonder by Columbus to the more reflective and morally questioning tones of de las Casas. Through its selections, readers are exposed to the multifaceted nature of 15th and 16th-century exploration literature, offering a distinctive glimpse into the evolving European consciousness shaped by these newfound lands. This collection features insightful accounts that, collectively, rise above their individual components to inform an overarching narrative of curiosity, conquest, and ethical consideration. The contributing authors of this anthology represent a fascinating cross-section of explorers who were instrumental in defining the Wests understanding of the Americas. These narratives are inextricably linked to the larger historical and cultural movements of the Age of Exploration, with each author providing a unique lens through which to view this transformative era. While Columbuss and Vespuccis accounts carry the audacity of navigators charting the unknown, de las Casas offers a counterbalance, grappling with the moral implications of these encounters and colonizations. Together, their accounts bridge a rich dialogue between the perspectives of exploratory fervor and humanist inquiry, deepening the readers understanding of this tumultuous period. Recommended for scholars and enthusiasts alike, The Life of Amerigo Vespucci invites readers to embark on a nuanced expedition through early exploration narratives. This anthology stands out not only for its historical significance but also for its ability to unite disparate voices in a single cohesive dialogue that enriches our perception of the New World and its legacy. Engaging with this collection offers an unparalleled opportunity to appreciate the depth of early cross-cultural encounters and the varied motivations that fueled them, allowing for a comprehensive examination of an era that indelibly shaped history.

Pese a ser una obra menor, el Ion tiene un papel determinante en el corpus platonicum. En efecto, en él se esboza por vez primera la famosa crítica a la poesía como saber y se especifican las condiciones del arte (techne) y la ciencia (episteme) como formas de saber. Ion es un rapsoda que viene de haber ganado un famoso certamen artistico y que se ufana de poseer un verdadero saber sobre Homero. A partir de su tradicional metodo de preguntas y respuestas, Socrates intenta poner en cuestion el supuesto saber del rapsoda, brindandonos de paso una de las paginas mas bellas y mas influyentes que jamas se hayan escrito acerca de la inspiracion poetica.

The Republic - Plato - Benjamin Jowett is a Socratic dialogue, authored by Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice (?), the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man. It is Platos best-known work, and has proven to be one of the worlds most influential works of philosophy and political theory, both intellectually and historically.In the dialogue, Socrates talks with various Athenians and foreigners about the meaning of justice and whether the just man is happier than the unjust man. They consider the natures of existing regimes and then propose a series of different, hypothetical cities in comparison, culminating in Kallipolis (?), a utopian city-state ruled by a philosopher-king. They also discuss the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the role of the philosopher and of poetry in society. The dialogues setting seems to be during the Peloponnesian War.While visiting the Piraeus with Glaucon, Polemarchus tells Socrates to join him for a romp. Socrates then asks Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus their definitions of justice. Cephalus defines justice as giving what is owed. Polemarchus says justice is "the art which gives good to friends and evil to enemies." Thrasymachus proclaims "justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger." Socrates overturns their definitions and says that it is to ones advantage to be just and disadvantage to be unjust. The first book ends in aporia concerning its essence.

Phaedrus by Plato written by Plato, is a dialogue between Platos protagonist, Socrates, and Phaedrus, an interlocutor in several dialogues. The Phaedrus was presumably composed around 370 BCE, about the same time as Platos Republic and Symposium. Although ostensibly about the topic of love, the discussion in the dialogue revolves around the art of rhetoric and how it should be practiced, and dwells on subjects as diverse as metempsychosis (the Greek tradition of reincarnation) and erotic love.One of the dialogues central passages is the famous Chariot Allegory, which presents the human soul as composed of a charioteer, a good horse tending upward to the divine, and a bad horse tending downward to material embodiment.The dialogue consists of a series of three speeches on the topic of love that serves as the subject to construct a discussion on the proper use of rhetoric. They encompass discussions of the soul, madness, divine inspiration, and the practice and mastery of an art.As they walk out into the countryside, Socrates tries to convince Phaedrus to repeat the speech of Lysias which he has just heard. Phaedrus makes several excuses, but Socrates suspects strongly that Phaedrus has a copy of the speech with him.Saying that while Lysias is present, he would never allow himself to be used as a training partner for Phaedrus to practice his own speech-making on, he asks Phaedrus to expose what he is holding under his cloak. Phaedrus gives in and agrees to perform Lysias speech.

Euthyphro by Plato Euthyphro (/?ju??fro?/; Ancient Greek: ??, romanized: Euthyphr?n; c. 399395 BC), by Plato, is a Socratic dialogue whose events occur in the weeks before the trial of Socrates (399 BC), between Socrates and Euthyphro. The dialogue covers subjects such as the meaning of piety and justice. As is common with Platos earliest dialogues, it ends in aporia.In this dialogue, Socrates meets Euthyphro at the porch of the King Archon. Socrates tells him that he is preparing to go to court against the charges of Meletus on the grounds of impiety. Euthyphro tells Socrates that he is going to court himself to prosecute his father for binding a worker in chains and leaving him to die. This has granted him the ire of his own family who believe his father was in the right.The worker had killed a fellow worker and this they believe, exempts them from liability for leaving him bound in the ditch to starve to death. Since Euthyphro seems assured of himself, Socrates asks him to define piety. His help will clarify Socrates case in the courtroom. If Socrates is asked to define piety, he can simply rely on Euthyphros definition.This however leads to the main dilemma of the dialogue when the two cannot come to a satisfactory conclusion. Is something pious because God approves of it or does God approve of it because it is pious? This aporic ending has led to one of the strongest theological and meta-ethical debates in history.

Philebus by Plato (/f??li?b?s/; occasionally given as Philebos; Greek: ?) is a Socratic dialogue written in the 4th century BC by Plato. Besides Socrates (the main speaker) the other interlocutors are Philebus and Protarchus.Philebus, who advocates the life of physical pleasure (hedonism), hardly participates, and his position is instead defended by Protarchus, who learnt argumentation from Sophists. Socrates proposes there are higher pleasures (such as those of the mind) as well as lower ones, and asks if the best life isnt one that optimally mixes both.Manuscripts of the work give it the subtitle "peri h?don?s, ?thikos" ("ethics/moral concerning pleasure") implying that its topic is "concerning pleasure" and it is a work on ethics that is, the question of what way of life is best. However "there are large parts in the dialogue that deal with dialectics and ontology but have nothing to do with pleasure and ethics, or if so, only indirectly".

Laws by Plato The Laws (Greek: Ν?μοι, Nómoi; Latin: De Legibus) is Platos last and longest dialogue. The conversation depicted in the works twelve books begins with the question of who is given the c

Euthydemus by Plato Euthydemus (Greek: ??, Euthydemes), written c. 384 BC, is a dialogue by Plato which satirizes what Plato presents as the logical fallacies of the Sophists.[1] In it, Socrates describes to his friend Crito a visit he and various youths paid to two brothers, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus, both of whom were prominent Sophists and pankrationists from Chios and Thurii.The Euthydemus contrasts Socratic argumentation and education with the methods of Sophism, to the detriment of the latter. Throughout the dialogue, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus continually attempt to ensnare Socrates with what are presented as deceptive and meaningless arguments, primarily to demonstrate their professed philosophical superiority.As in many of the Socratic dialogues, the two Sophists against whom Socrates argues were indeed real people. Euthydemus was somewhat famous at the time the dialogue was written, and is mentioned several times by both Plato and Aristotle. Likewise, Dionysodorus is mentioned by Xenophon.

Las Leyes es, con mucho, el diálogo platónico más extenso que conocemos. Y no solo eso, sino que además es el que supone los más exhaustivos estudios: historia, teoría, política, educación, códigos penales, sistemas constitucionales, teologia, fisica, medicina, etc. Es el intento mas antiguo que ha llegado hasta nosotros de organizar el sistema juridico de acuerdo con principios racionales. En este segundo volumen de la obra se recogen los libros VII-XII, en los que se establecen las normas que regularan la educacion de la juventud, el culto religioso y la economia, se propone un codigo penal y un civil y comercial, se define la administracion del Estado y se describe su sistema monetario.Publicado originalmente en el BCG con el numero 266, este volumen presenta la traduccion las Leyes VII-XII realizada por Francisco Lisi (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid).

Philèbe est un dialogue écrit par Platon, qui explore la nature de la vie bonne et la relation entre la raison et le plaisir. Dans le dialogue, Socrate discute avec deux interlocuteurs, Philèbe et Pr

Platos "Theaetetus" is a profound dialogue that delves into the nature of knowledge, probing the question, "What is knowledge?" Through an engaging conversation between Socrates and the young mathematician Theaetetus, Plato presents a captivating exploration of epistemology, offering three notable definitions of knowledge: perception, true belief, and justified true belief. The narrative is marked by its Socratic method, characterized by dialectical reasoning and critical interrogation, which invites readers into the philosophical inquiry that remains relevant in contemporary discussions of knowledge and belief. Plato, a pivotal figure in Western philosophy, deeply influenced by Socratic dialogues and the intellectual currents of Ancient Greece, penned "Theaetetus" during a period of rich philosophical discourse in Athens. His background as a student of Socrates and his engagement with mathematics and metaphysics shaped his exploration of knowledge, revealing the tensions between perception and reality. Platos philosophical ambitions aimed not only to define knowledge but also to encourage readers to critically examine their own epistemic foundations. "Theaetetus" is an essential read for anyone intrigued by the philosophical pursuits of understanding knowledge in its multifaceted dimensions. Scholars, students, and casual readers alike will find value in Platos rigorous examination of epistemology, which resonates across millennia, bridging ancient philosophy with modern thought. This dialogue is not merely a historical artifact; it is a vital text that continues to challenge and inspire philosophical inquiry.