John Stuart Mill

Este tratado de filosofía moral, que ocupa un lugar clave dentro de la obra de John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), contiene tanto enunciados de hecho como valoraciones implícitas respecto al mundo, la humanidad y la felicidad. El merito de Mill -señala Esperanza Guisan- radica en que supo combinar inteligentemente los datos que le ofrecia la experiencia para formular, proponer e imaginar un mundo que resultase mas deseable y una convivencia que pareciese mas satisfactoria y mas gozosa. El utilitarismo muestra, por un lado, que el logro de la felicidad humana implica la puesta en marcha de una serie de resortes morales, y por otro, que el ideal de la maxima felicidad del mayor numero constituye el criterio mismo de la moralidad. Completa el volumen Un sistema de la logica, que esboza de manera clara los supuestos metaeticos de Mill.Prologo y traduccion de Esperanza GuisanEste tratado de filosofía moral, que ocupa un lugar clave dentro de la obra de John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), contiene tanto enunciados de hecho como valoraciones implícitas respecto al mundo, la humanidad y la felicidad. El merito de Mill -señala Esperanza Guisan- radica en que supo combinar inteligentemente los datos que le ofrecia la experiencia para formular, proponer e imaginar un mundo que resultase mas deseable y una convivencia que pareciese mas satisfactoria y mas gozosa. El utilitarismo muestra, por un lado, que el logro de la felicidad humana implica la puesta en marcha de una serie de resortes morales, y por otro, que el ideal de la maxima felicidad del mayor numero constituye el criterio mismo de la moralidad. Completa el volumen Un sistema de la logica, que esboza de manera clara los supuestos metaeticos de Mill.Prologo y traduccion de Esperanza Guisan

La filosofía de Stuart Mill (1806-1873) representa una de las defensas más fuertes del liberalismo fundado en una ética teleológica. Siguiendo la teoría del utilitarismo, para Mill la libertad no es un principio ultimo y absoluto, por lo que no se basa ni en el contrato social ni en los derechos naturales, sino que ha de ser considerada segun sus consecuencias sobre la felicidad de los individuos y de la sociedad. El proposito de Sobre la Libertad es la formulacion del principio que ha de regular las relaciones entre la sociedad y el individuo con el fin de evitar el despotismo sobre los individuos y las minorias. La limitacion de la libertad individual solo esta justificada cuando haya que proteger al genero humano y haya que evitar que se perjudique a los demas y nunca porque se piense que sirve para el propio bien del individuo pues este, en lo que a el se refiere, es soberano segun la tradicion ilustrada europea.

"Sobre la libertad" es una vibrante defensa de la libertad de pensamiento y expresión, una apasionada apología de la tolerancia y el respeto debido a las creencias o minorías disidentes, una audaz reivindicacion de la espontaneidad y singularidad humana frente a la opresion ejercida por las autoridades, la costumbre o la opinion. Precedido por un esclarecedor prologo de Isaiah Berlin, el presente ensayo de John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) pertenece a la breve galeria de obras de combate politico que, aun decadas o siglos despues de ser escritas, siguen determinando los comportamientos de los hombres."Sobre la libertad" es una vibrante defensa de la libertad de pensamiento y expresión, una apasionada apología de la tolerancia y el respeto debido a las creencias o minorías disidentes, una audaz reivindicacion de la espontaneidad y singularidad humana frente a la opresion ejercida por las autoridades, la costumbre o la opinion. Precedido por un esclarecedor prologo de Isaiah Berlin, el presente ensayo de John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) pertenece a la breve galeria de obras de combate politico que, aun decadas o siglos despues de ser escritas, siguen determinando los comportamientos de los hombres.

Un ensayo feminista pionero firmado por uno de los grandes filósofos del siglo XIX. Traducción y prólogo de Emilia Pardo Bazán Publicado en 1869, La esclavitud femenina abordó con valentía el problema de la desigualdad entre los sexos, definiendolo como uno de los principales obstaculos para el progreso de la humanidad. En opinion de John Stuart Mill, que publico este tratado cuando las mujeres de su pais no podian votar ni disponer de bienes, alcanzar una igualdad perfecta en materia legal y social era indispensable para una sociedad mas justa, y no cabe duda de que su libro contribuyo a crearla al desmontar con implacable logica el endeble argumentario de quienes favorecian la opresion historica de la mujer. Nuestra edicion incluye el prologo de Emilia Pardo Bazan a la primera traduccion española, asi como una introduccion actual de Amelia Valcarcel, que pone en perspectiva la historia del texto y sus ideas.Sobre el autor:John Stuart Mill es el piloto intelectual de nuestro siglo, el nombre que contribuyo, mas que otro alguno de esta generacion, a marcar rumbo al pensamiento de sus contemporaneos.Odysse Barot Cuando en 1867, Suart Mill presento a la Camara de los Comunes el proyecto de ley pidiendo para la mujer el derecho de sufragio, la minoria que voto con el fue lucida e imponente, y general la sorpresa de sus adversarios viendo que no podian tildarlo de extravagancia.Emilia Pardo Bazan

La obra de John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) El sometimiento de lasmujeres es un clásico de la teoría feminista y del pensamientosocial y político.Publicada en 1869, tuvo gran infl uencia en el desarrollo y laconsolidacion del movimiento feminista del siglo XIX. Su exito seexplica por haber logrado identifi car la ideologia de la naturalezafemenina, en concreto el discurso de la ideologia diferente ycomplementaria de los sexos, como el enemigo principal de losderechos de las mujeres. En este sentido, El sometimiento de lasmujeres desarrolla un completo y sistematico conjunto deargumentos destinados a desarticular dicha ideologia.En esta edicion, prologada por Emilia Pardo Bazan, se ofrece unamagnifi ca introduccion a cargo de Ana de Miguel, miembro delseminario permanente Feminismo e Ilustracion, dirigido por CeliaAmoros, con quien ha coordinado durante años el curso de laHistoria de la Teoria Feminista y acaban de editar juntas la obracolectiva, Teoria feminista. De la Ilustracion a la globalizacion.

Publicat el 1859, aquest és un dels textos fundacionals del liberalisme modern i un clàssic del pensament polític. D'una manera brillant i entenedora, el flòsof i economista anglès John Stuart Mill r

The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. To give a clear view of the moral standard set up by the theory, much more requires to be said; in particular, what things it includes in the ideas of pain and pleasure; and to what extent this is left an open question. But these supplementary explanations do not affect the theory of life on which this theory of morality is groundednamely, that pleasure, and freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends; and that all desirable things (which are as numerous in the utilitarian as in any other scheme) are desirable either for the pleasure inherent in themselves, or as means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain.Now, such a theory of life excites in many minds, and among them in some of the most estimable in feeling and purpose, inveterate dislike. To suppose that life has (as they express it) no higher end than pleasureno better and nobler object of desire and pursuitthey designate as utterly mean and grovelling; as a doctrine worthy only of swine, to whom the followers of Epicurus were, at a very early period, contemptuously likened; and modern holders of the doctrine are occasionally made the subject of equally polite comparisons by its German, French, and English assailants.

In "The Contest in America," John Stuart Mill offers a profound analysis of the American Civil War, framing it as a pivotal struggle not just for the nation but for the moral future of liberty and democracy. Mills literary style is characterized by rigorous argumentation and eloquent prose, reflecting his philosophical grounding in utilitarianism and liberal thought. He navigates complex themes of freedom, equality, and governance, positing that the war represents a critical juncture for understanding the interplay between individual rights and societal obligations, set against the backdrop of 19th-century political discourse. John Stuart Mill, a prominent philosopher and political economist of the Victorian era, drew upon his extensive knowledge of political theory and human rights when writing this work. His own advocacy for social reform and his belief in the necessity of progress in the face of societal injustices informed his analysis of the American experience. Having been influenced by both the Enlightenment ideals and the tumultuous political climate of his time, Mill was uniquely positioned to critique the events transpiring across the Atlantic. This text is essential reading for anyone interested in the philosophical underpinnings of modern democracy and social justice. MillAos insights are not only historically significant but resonate with contemporary discussions surrounding freedom and governance. "The Contest in America" invites readers to reflect on the moral dimensions of conflict and the enduring struggle for a more equitable society.

On Liberty John Stuart Mill - Published in 1859, John Stuart Mills On Liberty presented one of the most eloquent defenses of individual freedom in nineteenth-century social and political philosophy and is today perhaps the most widely-read liberal argument in support of the value of liberty. Mills passionate advocacy of spontaneity, individuality, and diversity, along with his contempt for compulsory uniformity and the despotism of popular opinion, has attracted both admiration and condemnation.

A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive John Stuart Mill - It is so much the established practice of writers on logic to commence their treatises by a few general observations (in most cases, it is true, rather meagre) on Terms and their varieties, that it will, perhaps, scarcely be required from me in merely following the common usage, to be as particular in assigning my reasons, as it is usually expected that those should be who deviate from it. The practice, indeed, is recommended by considerations far too obvious to require a formal justification. Logic is a portion of the Art of Thinking: Language is evidently, and by the admission of all philosophers, one of the principal instruments or helps of thought; and any imperfection in the instrument, or in the mode of employing it, is confessedly liable, still more than in almost any other art, to confuse and impede the process, and destroy all ground of confidence in the result. For a mind not previously versed in the meaning and right use of the various kinds of words, to attempt the study of methods of philosophizing, would be as if some one should attempt to become an astronomical observer, having never learned to adjust the focal distance of his optical instruments so as to see distinctly. Since Reasoning, or Inference, the principal subject of logic, is an operation which usually takes place by means of words, and in complicated cases can take place in no other way; those who have not a thorough insight into the signification and purposes of words, will be under chances, amounting almost to certainty, of reasoning or inferring incorrectly. And logicians have generally felt that unless, in the very first stage, they removed this source of error; unless they taught thei pupil to put away the glasses which distort the object, and to use those which are adapted to his purpose in such a manner as to assist, not perplex, his vision; he would not be in a condition to practise the remaining part of their discipline with any prospect of advantage. Therefore it is that an inquiry into language, so far as is needful to guard against the errors to which it gives rise, has at all times been deemed a necessary preliminary to the study of logic. But there is another reason, of a still more fundamental nature, why the import of words should be the earliest subject of the logicians consideration: because without it he cannot examine into the import of Propositions. Now this is a subject which stands on the very threshold of the science of logic. The object of logic, as defined in the Introductory Chapter, is to ascertain how we come by that portion of our knowledge (much the greatest portion) which is not intuitive: and by what criterion we can, in matters not self-evident, distinguish between things proved and things not proved, between what is worthy and what is unworthy of belief. Of the various questions which present themselves to our inquiring faculties, some receive an answer from direct consciousness, others, if resolved at all, can only be resolved by means of evidence. Logic is concerned with these last. But before inquiring into the mode of resolving questions, it is necessary to inquire what are those which offer themselves; what questions are conceivable; what inquiries are there, to which mankind have either obtained, or been able to imagine it possible that they should obtain, an answer. This point is best ascertained by a survey and analysis of Propositions.

Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill - Utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals. Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit different characterizations, the basic idea behind all of them is to in some sense maximize utility, which is often defined in terms of well-being or related concepts. For instance, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described utility as "that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness...[or] to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered."Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism and altruism, utilitarianism considers the interests of all humans equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of points, such as whether actions should be chosen based on their likely results (act utilitarianism), or whether agents should conform to rules that maximize utility (rule utilitarianism). There is also disagreement as to whether total (total utilitarianism), average (average utilitarianism) or minimum utility should be maximized.Though the seeds of the theory can be found in the hedonists Aristippus and Epicurus, who viewed happiness as the only good, and in the work of the medieval Indian philosopher ntideva, the tradition of modern utilitarianism began with Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), and continued with such philosophers as John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R. M. Hare, and Peter Singer. The concept has been applied towards social welfare economics, the dropping of the atomic bombs in World War 2, the crisis of global poverty, the ethics of raising animals for food, and the importance of avoiding existential risks to humanity.

En este ensayo, escrito en 1859, nos habla Millde la libertad, pero no en un sentido ético, sino,tal y como él dice, «de la libertad social o civil»,es decir, nos desgrana la naturaleza y los límites

A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive by John Stuart Mill - is an 1843 book by English philosopher John Stuart Mill.In this work, he formulated the five principles of inductive reasoning that are known as Mills Methods. This work is important in the philosophy of science, and more generally, insofar as it outlines the empirical principles Mill would use to justify his moral and political philosophies.An article in "Philosophy of Recent Times" has described this book as an "attempt to expound a psychological system of logic within empiricist principles.This work was important to the history of science, being a strong influence on scientists such as Dirac. A System of Logic also had an impression on Gottlob Frege, who rebuked many of Mills ideas about the philosophy of mathematics in his work The Foundations of Arithmetic.

La esclavitud femenina es uno de los primeros tratados de la historia del pensamiento que aborda la igualdad entre los sexos desde múltiples perspectivas, escrito por uno de los pensadores que contribuyo a establecer las bases ideologicas de las actuales democracias occidentales. Escrito en plena epoca del conservadurismo victoriano ingles, la obra muestra que la lucha por la igualdad de la mujer viene desde muy atras.

The Subjection of Women John Stuart Mill - John Stuart Mill wrote the revolutionary essay The Subjection of Women with notes that it was strongly influenced by his wife, Harriet Taylor Mill. Modern scholars have questioned the legacy that husband constructed for wife in which he has been accused of making exorbitant claims about her intelligence and influence. Despite that revisionist approach, however, The Subjection of Women strongly resembles in both content and character an essay titled The Enfranchisement of Women published by Harriet in 1851. In that essay, she argued in favor of a utilitarian approach to equality which asserted the presence of hostility toward women kept them subjugated at all levels of society. The Subjection of Women was published by in 1869.The Subjection of Women is notable for situating John Stuart Mill at the forefront of the developing notion of a feminist movement. Not exactly called that, those who were daring enough to suggest that women could be the intellectual equal of men were viewed as profoundly radical in their thinking at best and dangerously delusional at worst.Over the course of four chapters, Mill carefully delineates his argument for an innate equality existing between the sexes and then goes on to suggest that this innate equality is being stifled by denial of access to education. Mill also calls on reform to change existing social structures. Overlaying all this a fundamental appeal to the simple morality of the issue. Indeed, Mill makes an caustic appeal to intellectual evil of the immorality of subjugating women as second class citizens due the prejudicial limitations of birth and birth alone.It is within the realm of morality that Mills essay take attains level of truly revolutionary literature. While raising irrefutable scientific points, the appeal cuts most deeply in his assertion that subjection of women is a systemic choice based on scientific ignorance, but also willful disregard of empirical evidence.

* Prólogo, Emilia Pardo Bazán * I: Mi propósito. *Errores más comunes acerca de la situación del sexo masculino y la del femenino. *Dificultad de impugnar las opiniones admitidas. *Apoteosis del instinto caracteristica del siglo XIX. * II: La sujecion de la mujer al hombre es un apriorismo: no se funda en ningun dato experimental contradictorio, y por consecuencia es irracional. *El origen de la sujecion de la mujer es la esclavitud primitiva y las costumbres barbaras del genero humano en su cuna. *Mejoramiento del estado social, aparente solo en lo que respecta a la mujer. *La situacion actual de esta es el unico vestigio que va quedando de ese estado primitivo de fuerza y esclavitud. * III: Reprobacion que pesa sobre los que resisten a la autoridad, aunque esta sea injusta. *Persistencia de la esclavitud. *Ineficacia de la Iglesia contra el abuso de la fuerza. *Tenacidad de las costumbres que la fuerza inspiro. *Mayor resistencia del despotismo viril. *Como interesa a todos los hombres el conservarlo. *Dificultades inmensas con que se lucha para combatirlo. * IV: El error de la esclavitud en los mayores filosofos. *Los teoricos de la monarquia absoluta. *Asombro de los salvajes al oir que en Inglaterra una mujer ejerce el poder real. *Por que los griegos no eran tan opuestos a la independencia de la mujer. *Protesta silenciosa de la mujer. *Cadenas morales con que se la sujeta. *La mujer odalisca. *La educacion femenina falseada y torcida por la esclavitud. * V: * La desigualdad por el nacimiento. *Ya no existe hoy sino para la mujer. *Anomalia de las reinas. *Nada se sabe por experiencia de las aptitudes de la mujer, ni de su verdadero caracter. * VI: Obstaculos al progreso de las ideas. *El hombre no conoce a la mujer, y menos que nadie la conocen los galanteadores de oficio. *La mujer disimula, por culpa de su situacion de esclava. * VII: Lento advenimiento de la justicia. *Las literatas esclavistas. *Que la mujer, libre para emprender todas las carreras, no emprendera sino las que le dicten sus facultades naturales. *Proteccionismo masculino. *Lo que es hoy el matrimonio. *Criada o bayadera. * VIII: Como se trataba a la mujer. *Extension ilimitada de la autoridad paterna. *Delito de baja traicion. *La esposa esclava. *No es dueña de sus bienes. *Es mas esclava que ningun esclavo lo fue nunca. * IX: El debito. *Los hijos no pertenecen a la mujer en caso de separacion. *¿De que sirve la separacion? *Los individuos casi nunca son tan inicuos como la ley. * X: Comparacion entre el despotismo domestico y el politico. *Adhesion de los esclavos a sus amos. *El poder absoluto, entregado hasta al mas vil de los hombres. *Sevicias. *El desquite de la mujer. *La injusticia, como todos los seres, engendra a su semejante. * XI: Causas que contribuyen a dulcificar lo terrible de la institucion. *El poder no sustituye a la libertad. *Ni tiranas ni tiranizadas. *La asociacion comercial y la familia. * XII: Division de derechos y deberes. *¿Conviene que uno de los esposos sea depositario de la autoridad? *Estado actual y estado que podria sustituirle. *Bufonadas y floreos. *Erroneo concepto de que la mujer ha nacido para la abnegacion. *Cada individuo nace para si mismo. *El cristianismo y la mujer. * XIII: Los enemigos de la igualdad. *Moral antigua y moral nueva. *Escuela de igualdad en el hogar domestico. *¿Que fue el amor de la libertad entre los antiguos? * XIV: Por que mejoran las leyes. *Personas buenas en la practica e indiferentes a los principios. *San Pablo y la obediencia de la mujer. * Sentido de las palabras del Apostol. *Los estacionarios. *Ley del embudo. * XV: Los bienes patrimoniales de la mujer. *Organizacion probable del matrimonio venidero. *Aunque se abran a la mujer todos los caminos honrosos, probablemente elegira mas a menudo el de la familia. * XV...

The subject of this Essay is not the so-called Liberty of the Will, so unfortunately opposed to the misnamed doctrine of Philosophical Necessity; but Civil, or Social Liberty: the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual. (...) The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.In this famous essay, John Stuart Mill questions liberty of thought, individualism and the limits to the authority of society over the individual. The text is here followed by "Utilitarianism", a treatise in which he defines the main lines of this moral and political theory based on the greatest happiness of the greatest number.

I. Introducción * II. Sobre la libertad de pensar y discutir * III. De la individualidad como uno de los elementos del bienestar * IV. De los límites de la autoridad y de la sociedad sobre el individ

How do we decide what is "good" and what is "bad"? According to the ethical theory of Utilitarianism, to do good is to "always perform that act, of those available, that will bring the most happiness or the least unhappiness." By far the most widely read introduction to this theory, John Stuart Mills "Utilitarianism" is one of the most important and controversial works of moral philosophy ever written.In this major contribution to ethical history, Mills treatise defends the view that all human action should produce the greatest happiness overall, and that happiness itself is made up of "higher pleasures," such as the cultural, intellectual, and spiritual, and "lower pleasures," such as the physical. The relationship of utilitarian theory to other ethical systems, and powerful arguments in its favorespecially when concerning justiceare brilliantly discussed. How do we weigh options to maximize happiness for self and for those around us? From common-day dilemmas to large-scale social decisions, this exposition remains as relevant today as it was to intellectual and moral dilemmas of the nineteenth century.