eBooks de Teología, página 6 de 165

In "Sermons on Evil-Speaking," Isaac Barrow tackles one of the most insidious moral failings of his time: the act of speaking ill of others. Barrows sermons serve as profound reflections on the ethical and spiritual implications of slander, gossip, and malicious speech. His eloquent prose is marked by a blend of scriptural analysis and philosophical inquiry, employing a didactic style that invites readers to engage deeply with the moral fabric of their speech. Contextually, Barrows work emerges from the tumultuous socio-religious landscape of 17th-century England, where conflicts of personal and public morality were fervently debated, highlighting the relevance of ethical discourse in personal and communal life. Isaac Barrow, a prominent theologian and mathematician, was influenced by the intellectual currents of his time, including the Puritan emphasis on personal piety and moral integrity. His background in the Anglican tradition and his exposure to the philosophical thought of his contemporaries shaped his understanding of the power of language and its moral consequences. BarrowAos education and pastoral experience endowed him with a unique perspective on how communities navigate the complexities of human relationships, further fueling his passion for advocating moral discourse. This book is recommended for readers interested in moral philosophy, theology, and the power of language. BarrowAos insightful examination of the dangers of evil-speaking not only serves as a guide for personal conduct but also encourages readers to reflect on the broader implications of their words in society. Engaging with "Sermons on Evil-Speaking" will enrich your understanding of ethical communication and inspire a more conscientious approach to discourse.

In "A Christmas Sermon," Robert Louis Stevenson masterfully intertwines personal reflection with a broader commentary on faith, community, and the spirit of giving. This prose work eschews the narrative conventions of his more famous fiction, opting instead for a heartfelt epistle that captures the essence of Christmas as a time for renewal and compassion. With a literary style that blends poetic prose and moral philosophy, Stevenson invites readers to contemplate the true meaning of the holiday beyond materialism, emphasizing the importance of goodwill and love in human relationships. Robert Louis Stevenson, a Scottish novelist, essayist, and poet, is celebrated for his vibrant storytelling and rich characterizations, as seen in works such as "Treasure Island" and "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." His diverse literary output was influenced by his own tumultuous health journeys and the profound impact of Victorian values in shaping societal norms. Stevensons deep understanding of human nature and morality imbues "A Christmas Sermon" with sincerity and depth, reflecting his own struggles and aspirations for a more compassionate society. This poignant and uplifting work is a must-read for anyone seeking to reconnect with the spiritual essence of the Christmas season. Stevensons eloquent portrayal of the holidays significance encourages introspection and inspires readers to engage in acts of kindness and community spirit. It is an enduring testament to the power of faith and humanity, making it a timeless contribution to seasonal literature.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "Hell: Warm Words on the Cheerful and Comforting Doctrine of Eternal Damnation," Robert Green Ingersoll offers a trenchant critique of traditional Christian dogma, particularly the concept of eternal punishment. Crafted with a rhetorical flourish characteristic of Ingersolls oratory, the text juxtaposes the grim imagery of hell with evocative language, creating a provocative examination of morality, faith, and human suffering. Published during the height of the 19th-century American freethought movement, the work reflects the tension between burgeoning secular ideologies and the prevailing religious orthodoxy of the time, making it a critical piece for understanding the cultural landscape of its era. Ingersoll, often dubbed the AuGreat Agnostic,Au was an influential lawyer, politician, and social reformer who passionately advocated for separation of church and state, womens rights, and free thought. His personal journey from a religious upbringing to a staunch critic of organized religion shaped his worldview, which is articulated in this book. Ingersolls deep commitment to the principles of reason and humanism is evident throughout the text, as he seeks to liberate individuals from the shackles of fear and dogma. Readers who grapple with theological dilemmas and seek a rational discourse on the nature of hell will find Ingersolls work both enlightening and challenging. This book is essential for anyone interested in religious criticism, the evolution of secular thought, and the enduring quest for personal and intellectual freedom.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "The New Avatar and The Destiny of the Soul," J. D. Buck explores the intersection of spirituality and metaphysics through a blend of philosophical inquiry and poetic prose. This work delves into the evolution of the human spirit, examining concepts such as the avatara divine incarnation embodying higher truths. Buck articulates these ideas within the framework of contemporary spiritual thought, drawing on Eastern and Western esoteric traditions, thus situating the text amid the burgeoning interest in spiritual development at the turn of the 20th century. The lucid, contemplative style invites readers to reflect on the complexities of the souls journey and its potential for transcendence. J. D. Buck, a physician and mystic, was profoundly influenced by his own spiritual quests and the cultural milieu of his time, which embraced the search for inner meaning amidst scientific progress. His lifes work as a lecturer and writer focused on metaphysical subjects, revealing a deep commitment to understanding the human condition from both a clinical and spiritual perspective. Bucks insights reflect a synthesis of knowledge that merged Eastern philosophies with Western psychological thought. I highly recommend "The New Avatar and The Destiny of the Soul" to anyone interested in spirituality, philosophy, and the quest for enlightenment. Bucks engaging narrative and deep explorations provide valuable insights that resonate with seekers of truth and meaning.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "The Water of Life, and Other Sermons," Charles Kingsley delves into the essence of spiritual nourishment through a series of compelling sermons that illuminate Christian doctrine and ethical living. The literary style is imbued with a poetic cadence, reflective of the Victorian eras engagement with moral and social issues. Through vivid imagery and persuasive rhetoric, Kingsley explores the transformative power of faith, emphasizing the necessity of spiritual sustenance in contrast to the material pursuits of contemporary society. His sermons resonate with both intellectual depth and emotional fervor, encapsulating the struggles of the human condition while offering a hopeful vision of divine grace. Charles Kingsley (1819-1875) was a noted Anglican cleric, historian, and social reformer whose life experiences profoundly shaped his writing. He advocated for social justice and was deeply concerned about the plight of the working class, leading him to address the moral implications of industrialization. These sermons reflect his commitment to combining spirituality with social issues, drawing from a rich tapestry of personal conviction and theological education, thus solidifying his role as a pivotal voice in Victorian theology. "The Water of Life, and Other Sermons" is highly recommended for readers seeking a thoughtful exploration of faith that intertwines with social responsibility. Kingsleys passionate prose not only challenges readers to reflect upon their spiritual lives but also inspires action towards a more compassionate society. This collection serves as both a guide and a source of profound inspiration for contemporary readers striving for a meaningful existence.

Mechthild of Magdeburgs "Matelda and the Cloister of Helfte" is a profound exploration of spiritual intimacy and divine love. Set against the backdrop of medieval mysticism, the work intricately weaves poetic prose and personal dialogue, showcasing the authors innovative literary style that combines lyrical beauty with theological depth. The narrative offers a glimpse into the semi-monastic life at the Cloister of Helfte, revealing the complexity of human emotions and the fervent pursuit of divine knowledge, rendered in a spirit of inquiry that challenges contemporary spiritual conventions. Mechthild of Magdeburg, a woman of noble descent, was a pivotal figure within the Beguine movement, which emphasized direct, personal experience of God over institutionalized religion. Her experiences living in a cloistered community and her struggles against societal limitations for women allowed her unique insights into spirituality and theology. These elements imbue her work with authenticity and passion, reflecting the yearning for enlightenment and a deeper connection with the divine. For readers seeking an engaging synthesis of literature and spirituality, "Matelda and the Cloister of Helfte" offers an essential entry point. Mechthilds eloquent reflections and vivid imagery not only captivate the imagination but also invite contemporary readers to reflect on their own spiritual journeys, making it a timeless contribution to the fields of mysticism and womens literature.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "Sex--The Unknown Quantity: The Spiritual Function of Sex," Alexander J. McIvor-Tyndall navigates the intricate interplay between sexuality and spirituality, challenging conventional perceptions of sexual norms in the early 20th century. The book combines analytical rigor with lyrical prose to explore how sexual expression is often misunderstood and underappreciated in its potential to foster spiritual growth and personal enlightenment. McIvor-Tyndall employs a multi-disciplinary approach, drawing on psychology, philosophy, and mysticism to convincingly argue that embracing ones sexual nature can lead to profound spiritual insight and connection. Alexander J. McIvor-Tyndall, a notable figure in the spiritualist and philosophical movements of his time, undertook extensive studies in esoteric traditions and holistic thought, which provided a foundation for his insights in this work. His background in philosophy and his engagement with the spiritualist community profoundly influenced his perspective on sexuality, leading him to advocate for a holistic understanding of human desire as not merely physical but also a pathway to transcendence and self-discovery. For readers who seek to deepen their understanding of sexuality beyond the confines of societal taboos, McIvor-Tyndalls exploration offers a transformative lens. This work is an essential read for anyone interested in the spiritual dimensions of human experience, promising not only intellectual engagement but also personal enlightenment.

In "The Story of the Other Wise Man," Henry Van Dyke presents a poignant reimagining of the Nativity narrative through the journey of Artaban, a fourth Wise Man. Written in lyrical prose that intertwines allegory and spirituality, the novella explores profound themes such as sacrifice, faith, and the pursuit of wisdom. Set against the rich backdrop of ancient Eastern culture, Van Dykes storytelling evokes an evocative emotional landscape, inviting readers to consider the true essence of wisdom and the often-overlooked paths that lead to it. His poetic style and the allegorical nature of the story contribute to its enduring resonance within Christian literature, offering a fresh perspective that complements the traditional accounts of the Magi. Henry Van Dyke was a prominent American author, theologian, and educator, whose multifaceted career informed his literary works. His deep engagement with spiritual themes was rooted in his own journey of faith, marked by his belief in the transformative power of love and kindness. Van Dykes experiences as a pastor and his scholarly contributions to religious literature undeniably shaped the philosophical underpinnings of this novella, blending personal conviction with universal truths. This captivating narrative is recommended for anyone seeking a thought-provoking exploration of faith and the human experience. With its themes of redemption and compassion, "The Story of the Other Wise Man" invites readers to reflect on their own journeys in search of meaning, making it a timeless classic that resonates well beyond the Christmas season.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "Seekers after God," F. W. Farrar explores the profound spiritual quests and religious yearnings that have characterized human existence throughout history. This eloquent work weaves together theological reflection, historical narrative, and literary analysis, presenting portraits of notable figures who have sought divine truth. The literary style is both accessible and rich, marked by Farrars eloquent prose and thoughtful insights, inviting readers into a deeper understanding of faiths evolution through the ages. Set against the backdrop of Victorian religious thought, this text not only examines the challenges faced by seekers of God but also reflects the eraAos struggles with doubt and certainty. F. W. Farrar was a prominent theologian, author, and clergyman whose life experiences and scholarly pursuits deeply informed his writing. Raised in a milieu where religion and intellectualism were often at odds, Farrars efforts to reconcile faith with reason shine through in this book. His role as a minister and educator provided him with unique insights into the spiritual needs of his congregation and society, serving as a poignant inspiration for this enlightening work. "Seekers after God" is a must-read for anyone interested in the intersection of faith and history, offering a timeless exploration of humanitys quest for meaning. Whether you are a seasoned theologian or a casual reader, FarrarAos engaging narrative will resonate with your own questions about the divine, making it an essential addition to both religious and literary collections.

In "Cosmic Consciousness," Alexander J. McIvor-Tyndall explores the intricate relationship between human consciousness and the cosmos, delving into philosophical, spiritual, and scientific dimensions. Blending a poetic literary style with rigorous intellectual inquiry, McIvor-Tyndall examines historical perspectives on consciousness, incorporating insights from mysticism, Eastern philosophies, and modern psychology. The text situates itself within the broader context of 19th and early 20th-century thought, where new understandings of the self and universe challenged traditional paradigms. With rich metaphors and compelling prose, he invites readers to awaken to a higher state of awareness, suggesting that transcendental experiences can unveil profound truths about our existence and interconnectedness with the universe. Alexander J. McIvor-Tyndall was a visionary thinker and writer whose interest in metaphysics was deeply rooted in his own experiences of spiritual awakening and contemplation. His extensive knowledge of various philosophical traditions and scientific advancements during his lifetime informed his holistic approach to understanding consciousness. Drawing upon the works of other luminaries, McIvor-Tyndall weaves a narrative that reflects his belief in the innate connection between humanity and the cosmos, aiming to inspire readers to seek enlightenment. "Cosmic Consciousness" is highly recommended for seekers of wisdom and those intrigued by the mysteries of existence. This book not only challenges readers to contemplate their own consciousness but also serves as a bridge between science and spirituality. With its thought-provoking insights and lyrical elegance, it invites you to embark on a transformative journey of the mind and spirit.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "Discipline and Other Sermons," Charles Kingsley presents a collection of sermons that blend theological insight with the fervor of Victorian moralism. His eloquent prose reflects the literary style of the era, characterized by its earnestness and emotional resonance. Kingsley tackles themes such as personal discipline, the moral responsibilities of individuals, and the intersection of faith and social justice, offering a compelling exploration of how spirituality informs ethical behavior within society. The sermons serve not only as spiritual guidance but also as a critique of societal norms, urging readers to embrace a life of integrity and compassion in an increasingly complex world. Kingsley, an influential figure in Victorian literature and a key proponent of Christian socialism, drew from his own experiences as a priest and social reformer. His passionate belief in the moral imperative to address the plights of the poor and the working class profoundly shapes the narratives and exhortations within this collection. This background underscores his commitment to melding faith with social action, making his sermons a clarion call for embedded morality in daily life. "Discipline and Other Sermons" is highly recommended for readers seeking not only spiritual edification but also a deeper understanding of the moral challenges faced by society. Kingsleys work resonates with contemporary issues, making it a timeless resource for those desiring to cultivate a life of purpose and ethical awareness.

In "My Religion," Leo Tolstoy presents a profound exploration of spirituality, ethics, and the nature of faith. Written in the context of his own spiritual awakening and disenchantment with institutionalized religion, the book weaves philosophical discourse with personal narrative. Tolstoys literary style in this work is both contemplative and didactic, employing straightforward prose to convey complex ideas about the moral imperatives of love, compassion, and the quest for truth. The text critiques the dogmas of organized religion, advocating instead for a personal and existential understanding of faith that resonates with universal human experience. Leo Tolstoy, a titan of Russian literature, was profoundly impacted by his personal struggles with faith, social injustices, and the search for meaning in an increasingly materialistic world. Having experienced a spiritual crisis in the later years of his life, he sought to articulate the essence of his beliefs, which reject superficial religious practices in favor of a deeper, lived spirituality. His lifelong commitment to moral integrity and social reform undeniably informs the themes of "My Religion." Readers seeking a thoughtful examination of spirituality will find "My Religion" both enlightening and challenging. Tolstoys reflections serve not only as a guide toward personal morality but also as an invitation to question established beliefs. This book is essential for those interested in philosophy, theology, or the human condition, encouraging critical engagement with ones own faith and ethical stance.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "Revelations of Divine Love," Julian of Norwich presents a profound exploration of Christian mysticism, offering a series of visionary experiences that redefine the nature of Gods love and humanitys relationship with the divine. Written in the 14th century, the text blends lyrical prose with meditative reflections and employs a unique style characterized by its poetic tone and vivid imagery. Julians use of metaphor, particularly her famous metaphor of God as a mother, situates her work within the context of medieval spirituality, illuminating themes of suffering, grace, and the transformative power of divine love amidst the backdrop of the Black Death. Julian of Norwich, an English anchoress, lived a life dedicated to contemplation and religious devotion. Her mystical encounters, accompanied by a series of sixteen revelations during a critical illness, inspired her to articulate the profound insights granted to her. As one of the earliest female authors in the English language, her works reflect both her personal experiences and broader theological currents of her time, emphasizing the nurturing side of God in a patriarchal society. This timeless text is recommended for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of Christian spirituality, mysticism, and the feminine aspect of God. Julians compassionate insights and her revolutionary approach to divine love resonate across centuries, making this book an essential read for both scholars and seekers of faith.

Aleister Crowleys "Household Gods" is a provocative exploration of the interplay between the mundane and the metaphysical, effectively blending fiction with esoteric philosophy. Set against the backdrop of early 20th-century England, the narrative follows its protagonist, replete with Crowleys characteristic blend of vibrant prose and symbolic depth. The book serves not only as a work of fiction but also as a vehicle for Crowleys exploration of personal freedom, the nature of desire, and the occult undercurrents that shape human experience, all rendered in his unique literary style that combines wit, lyricism, and philosophical inquiry. Aleister Crowley, a celebrated yet controversial figure, was known for his practices in mysticism and his role in the development of modern occultism. His diverse experiences, including a turbulent life filled with travel, spiritual experimentation, and a deep engagement with various religions and philosophies, profoundly influenced his writing. "Household Gods" encapsulates his views on magic and its manifestation within everyday life, reflecting Crowleys lifelong quest for understanding the divine in the ordinary. For readers interested in the intersections of mythology, magic, and the human condition, "Household Gods" offers a compelling invitation to reevaluate the ordinary rituals of contemporary life through Crowleys esoteric lens. This novel will not only engage the mind but also challenge the perceptions of reality, making it a must-read for enthusiasts of the occult and literary fiction alike.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

Evelyn Rutherford, a New York society beauty, decides to visits her aunt, who lives in the country, for the summer. When her aunt falls ill, Evelyn becomes the unwilling guest of a neighbouring family. What Evelyn thought will be a boring summer turned up to be a spiritual journey where she discovered the truth about herself and God.

This book aims to clear up the mystery that ever envelops the advent, life, and death of Jesus. To the superficial reader of the Gospels His life was a tragedy and, so far as concerns the kingly reign that was prophesied, it was a failure. Yet those who understand the subtlety of the soul and supremacy of Spirit see that Jesus was conqueror of a psychic force that was destroying the human race. Jesus was the star actor in the greatest drama ever played on earth. This drama was developed in the celestial realm, its object being to inject new life into perishing men. The full significance of this great plan of salvation cannot be understood by man until he awakens faculties that relate him to the earth beneath and heavens above.ContentsThe Twelve Powers of ManThe Development of FaithStrength -- Stability -- SteadfastnessWisdom -- JudgmentRegenerating LovePower -- Dominion -- MasteryThe Work of the Imagination in RegenerationUnderstandingThe Will Is the ManSpiritual Law and OrderZeal -- EnthusiasmRenunciationGenerative Life

Façam tudo isso orando a Deus e pedindo a ajuda dele. Orem sempre, guiados pelo Espírito de Deus. Fiquem alertas. Não desanimem e orem sempre por todo o povo de Deus. Efésios 6:18Aprendendo a orar é

This carefully crafted book contains the most influential works of Sir Thomas Browne, including a spiritual testament and an early psychological self-portrait, "Religio Medici" and a work about the discovery of a Roman urn burial in Norfolk, Hydriotaphia.Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) was an English polymath and author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including science and medicine, religion and the esoteric. Brownes writings display a deep curiosity towards the natural world, influenced by the scientific revolution of Baconian enquiry.

The Imitation of Christ is a Christian devotional book. It is a handbook for spiritual life arising from the Devotio Moderna movement, a movement for religious reform, calling for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices. With the exception of the Bible, no Christian writing has had so wide a vogue or so sustained a popularity as this. Its structure it owes largely to the writings of the medieval mystics, and its ideas and phrases are a mosaic from the Bible and the Fathers of the early Church. But these elements are interwoven with such delicate skill and a religious feeling at once so ardent and so sound, that it promises to remain, what it has been for five hundred years, the supreme call and guide to spiritual aspiration. Contents: Admonitions Profitable for the Spiritual Life Admonitions Concerning the Inner Life On Inward Consolation Of the Sacrament of the Altar

John Bunyans The Life and Death of Mr. Badman is a compelling allegorical narrative that delves into the moral and ethical downfall of the eponymous character, Mr. Badman. Written in a straightforward and accessible style, Bunyan uses vivid language and engaging storytelling to explore themes of sin, repentance, and redemption. Set in 17th century England, the book serves as a cautionary tale for readers about the consequences of leading a sinful life. Through Mr. Badmans trials and tribulations, Bunyan paints a vivid picture of the dangers of straying from the path of righteousness. The book is a timeless classic that continues to resonate with readers today, offering valuable insights into human nature and the importance of living a virtuous life. John Bunyans personal struggles with faith and morality undoubtedly influenced his writing of The Life and Death of Mr. Badman. As a former prisoner and preacher, Bunyan drew from his own experiences to craft a powerful narrative that continues to captivate audiences centuries later. I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in thought-provoking literature that explores the complexities of good and evil.