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Since its emergence in 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran has remained a conundrum for observers, particularly in the West. Shiism and the Democratisation Process in Iran examines the fundaments of Irans Islamic governance and asks the pivotal question: can democracy and Islam cohere? Addressing Wilayat al-Faqih, or rule by the jurisprudent - the theory upon which the Islamic Republic was constructed - he asserts that the system upholds both individual and communal rights, and provides scope for citizens to express their interests. Moussawi draws on the history and theological underpinnings of Shii Islam to argue that in todays Iran, politics and religion are neither rigid nor in diametric opposition. Exhaustively researched, Shiism and the Democratisation Process in Iran marks an invaluable addition to the growing oeuvre of books on Iran.

Obra colectiva que recoge los trabajos de más de sesenta profesores universitarios y profesionales de la Comunicación especialistas en medios de comunicación y redes sociales y en las últimas tende

The story of the Good Samaritan has fascinated generations of authors, artists, and especially those dedicated to care work. This biblical text, in which God is not mentioned, is considered by some not to be just a parable. Rather, it is an engaging story about distress and aid, a provocative tale of marginalization and courage.This book presents the story for all those who are moved by human suffering. In five chapters, Opatrn analyzes the story of the Good Samaritan. He examines interpretations ranging from economic to charitable, pastoral, and diaconal readings of the Bible and highlights the public message of the story|one that is not exclusively Christian or ecclesiastical.

Humanidades e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas: reflexões e propostas – Volume 4 reúne uma coletânea de estudos interdisciplinares que abordam os desafios jurídicos, sociais, econômicos e tecnológicos do m

"Discussões interdisciplinares em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas – Volume 6" apresenta uma coletânea que articula abordagens jurídicas, tecnológicas, econômicas e culturais para debater desafios contempo

"Educação em transformação: reflexões e perspectivas – Volume 3" apresenta um panorama crítico e inovador sobre os desafios e avanços na educação contemporânea. Esta coletânea reúne pesquisas e refle

Scholarly reflection on kindness raises a variety of issues and perspectives. In order to consider the impact of kindness on various aspects of human existence, it is first necessary to give it a concrete meaning. This seemingly simple task turns out to be quite challenging. The prevailing definitional chaos in the literature, the lack of consensus on basic terminological assumptions, indicates a deficit in the theoretical understanding of the concept of kindness and, perhaps more importantly, poses a problem when attempting to verify existing empirical findings, raising doubts about the generalizability of the conclusions and possible comparative studies. The book is an attempt to clarify the definition of the phenomenon of kindness. It is the result of the first research of its kind and carried out on such a scale in Poland. The main aim of the study was to determine how Polish youth understands the concept of kindness.

The century following the death of Maimonides (1204) witnessed widespread upheaval and turmoil as anti-rationalist Jews attempted to ban the study of philosophy. For such rationalist philosophers as Shem Tov ibn Falaquera (c. 1225-1291), however, Judaism could not be restricted to the confines of the spiritual and intellectual ghetto; the free minds of Jews could not be shackled in the name of Judaism. In many respects, Falaquera epitomizes the way in which philosophy succeeded in finding a home in Judaism in the Middle Ages. The pioneering philosophical efforts of earlier luminaries made an enduring impact on the course of Jewish history and the religious and intellectual life of the Jewish people through their Hebrew translation and cultural consolidation at the hands of Jewish philosophers like Falaquera. As a prolific Hebrew poet, translator, popularize of science and philosophy, encyclopedist, defender of Maimonides, Bible commentator, historian of philosophy, and philosopher in his own right, Falaquera manifested a loving commitment to both Torah and secular wisdom (hokhmah, Sophia) and the conviction that both Torah and Sophia ultimately must be in harmony, if not identical. Raphael Jospes exhaustive study of the life and thought of Shem Tov ibn Falaquera provides students of medieval Jewish and Islamic philosophy for the first time with a systematic and comprehensive presentation of Falaqueras philosophy. Reflecting Falaqueras own philosophic and curricular priorities, the book focuses in particular depth on his psychology, in light of and in comparison to his Arabic sources. In the tradition of scholarly text analysis, the book also offers a critical Hebrew edition and annotated English translation of Falaqueras systematic psychological study, Sefer Ha-Nefesh (Book of the Soul), as well as a critical and annotated edition of his previously unpublished ethical work, Shelemut Ha-Maasim (Perfection of Actions), and - also for the first time - the surviving fragments, with English translation, of Falaqueraa Bible commentary.

Within the Italian city states of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, a relatively high degree of mutual tolerance and tranquility existed between the enlightened Christian majority and the small Jewish minority. With the prevalence of favorable political, social, and economic circumstances for Jewish life in Italy, a considerable number of Jews participated freely in Renaissance culture while upholding an intense awareness of their own particular identity. This work is a study of the life and thought of one such Jew, Abraham b. Mordecai Farissol (1452-ca. 1528). While born in Avignon, Farissol spent most of his life in Italy close to the cultural centers of Renaissance society, primarily in Ferrara, but also in Mantua, Florence, and other Italian cities. As scribe, educator, cantor, communal leader, polemicist, Biblical exegete, and geographer, Farissol developed variegated interests and associations which provide exciting vantage points from which to view his cultural and social world. As one of the first comprehensive studies of any Italian Jewish figure of the period, this book represents an important contribution to an understanding of Jewish society and culture. But the significance of this study of Farissols life extends beyond what can be learned about the man and his immediate community of co-religionists. Utilizing the life and thought of one person, it explores and explicates the dialogue between Judaism and the culture of the Italian Renaissance. Despite its intrinsic interest, Jewish intellectual history in the Renaissance has remained an underdeveloped field. Many sources still remain unexamined; monographs on specific themes and figures have yet to be written. David Rudermans study breaks new ground by making use of extensive, yet previously unpublished sources on Farissol and his society and by integrating them into the broader context of Jewish and Renaissance culture. The work is of particular interest to historians of the Jews and of Renaissance Italy. It also offers the general reader an excellent case study of the symbiotic relationship between Western culture and its Jewish minority in one of the most fertile periods of European civilization. In dramatic fashion it illustrates how Jews not only survived but creatively flourished in a pluralistic setting by appropriating from the outside new forms and ideas which they integrated into their own vital cultural experience.

Travestiario tropical presenta los resultados de una investigación que rescata, visibiliza y valora estéticamente los archivos travestis y transformistas del Carnaval de Barranquilla. A través de estas paginas se evidencia el amplio repertorio de archivos aportados por los artistas de los colectivos que durante mas de cuarenta años han participado y resistido con sus cuerpos en los espacios publicos de las fiestas. En la sucesion de las imagenes, a veces con ellas o a su alrededor, fluyen las palabras y las poeticas de diferentes voces que encienden y hacen arder la pasion.

Este libro aborda las formas de subjetivación que intervenían en las experiencias de feminidad de las mujeres de la colonia hispana de Nueva York, a partir del estudio de la publicidad, las páginas femeninas y las cartas de las lectoras publicadas en el semanario Grafico , el diario La Prensa y la revista cultural Artes y Letras . ¿Que idea de feminidad promovian estas publicaciones? ¿Como se explicaba la convivencia de cronicas que censuraban a las mujeres fumadoras con los avisos que vendian cigarrillos en las paginas femeninas? ¿Como entender las satiras a las " flappers latinas" si en las mismas paginas se celebraban la belleza y fama de las actrices de Hollywood? ¿Como respondian las lectoras ante dichas representaciones de feminidad en medio de las dificultades economicas, laborales y de vivienda, y la discriminacion racial? Este libro se nutre de estas contradicciones para ofrecer otra manera de aproximarse a la heterogenea colonia hispana de la metropoli, a partir de una concepcion de la feminidad como experiencia moderna que permite inscribir las practicas y experiencias de las inmigrantes hispanas como parte de los cambios y relatos que han dado forma a la modernidad.

Aim of this dissertation is to provide organizations with a model and an application approach to configure their knowledge intensive processes with the functionalities offered by collaborative technologies. The model is structured into three segments: - attributes of knowledge intensive processes - functionalities of collaborative technologies - configurations of knowledge intensive processes and collaborative technologiesThe model is validated within three industrial case studies.

Durante mais de vinte anos o comentário de Romanos de Douglas Moo tem proporcionado a pastores, seminaristas e estudiosos uma visão detalhada da mais famosa carta de Paulo. Nesta revisão ampla e gera

After a period of many years, unification was the desire by all at the end of the Warring States Period. Six separate states, Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu and Qi unified with the establishment of a centralised feudal state. Although the Qin Dynasty was quickly overthrown due to tyranny, there was the implementation of a range of policies conducive to unification which had far-reaching and significant impacts on society lasting 2,000 years. The Han Dynasty followed and inherited the Qin system. In the Han Dynasty there were brilliant socio-political, economic, military, cultural and artistic achievements, and so this period occupies an important position in the history of the development of Chinese civilization. The Qin Dynasty was not long and few large tombs have been found, so little is known of the jade ware. From the Han Dynasty, much is known and representing the peak of Chinese jade ware. That is, in terms of number of pieces found, choice of materials and their design as well as the carvings. The bronze foundry industry became secondary and its scale of production was shrinking compared to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Gold and silver ware gradually developed to very advances stages. This book, the third in a ten-volume collection, brings to the English-speaking world a series of books from China which has been complied by an Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Cultural Relics. There are 383 descriptions.

This book, a collection of ancient cultural relics from the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties, 581 to 960, covers calligraphy, jade and bronze ware, gold and silver ware, pottery, porcelain, painting, calligraphy, stone carving and handicrafts. In 589, the Chen Dynasty which governed the areas south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River was destroyed by what became the Sui Dynasty, finally putting an end to a history of separate states covering 300 years from the late Eastern Han Dynasty and re-establishing national unification and order. The year 618 saw its replacement by the Tang Dynasty that has gone down in history as a time of grander political and military achievements. During the mid and late period political storms repeatedly occurred. The military governors, eunuchs and different cliques brought about one disaster after another, finally resulting in its collapse and giving rise to the independent regimes of the Five Dynasties and Ten States. The united Sui and Tang Dynasties developed and improved various state systems in the fields of politics, economy, law, military affairs, education and ethics, ensuring that the economy flourished. In particular, the economy in the areas south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River gained rapid progress and the development level of agriculture, the handicraft industry and commerce in these areas was unprecedented. The Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties were times of great elegance and beauty. Various minds of arts and craft. including jade articles, tri-coloured glazed pottery. porcelain. painting calligraphy, stone carving and sculpture achieved peaks in their respective development history, which was really a great wonder. This book, the fifth in a ten-volume collection, brings to the English-speaking world a series of books from China which has been complied by an Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Cultural Relics. There are 379 descriptions.

This book, a collection of ancient Chinese cultural relics, deals with relics from Qing Dynasty, 1644 to 1911. There are two volumes dealing with relics in this period. This book contains 377 relics. The ancestors of the people who established the Manchu Qing Dynasty lived in northeast China in the territory lying between the white mountains and the black rivers. After establishing their capital in Beijing. the Qing Dynasty defeated all the forces that opposed them and they quickly consolidated their frontier defences. in the nearly 300 years of the Qing Dynasty, China achieved some remarkable things especially in the fields of culture and art even though it lagged behind in many other respects in global terms. Jade ware reached a great peak in the mid Qing Dynasty and surpassed previous achievement in size, selection of materials and overall craftsmanship. Porcelain production reached its highest ever peak in this era. Jingdezhen remained the centre for production of porcelain. The period also saw the revival in the history of Chinese calligraphy. Stone inscriptions grew in popularity and a number of pioneer masters emerged and exerted a far-reaching influence. Seal character calligraphy and li calligraphy (official script) were revised again. Literati painting played a dominant role and landscape painting and impressionistic ink and wash painting were prevalent Laquer craftwork in all shapes and sizes reached a great deal level of maturity. Existing techniques were improved and others developed. Embroidery reached unprecedented heights. Silk tapestries became more and more exquisite and the production of metal bodied enamelware reached a great peak. Bamboo wood and horn carvings also were developed. Jade objects went through three stages of development. 1. Frugal period, with jade production was small and made by ordinary craftsmen and lack originality. 2. Due to a growing Qing comic strength. and a plentiful supply of jade materials the jade industry began to flourish, and became one of the high points in jade carving in China. 3. Late period of the Qing Dynasty and due to increasing corruption in society and large number of difficulties, both domestic and external, there was less appetite for large scale pieces of jade in part also due to the high cost of production. This book, the ninth in a ten-volume collection, brings to the English-speaking world a series of books from China which has been complied by an Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Cultural Relics. There are 377 descriptions.

This book, a collection of ancient Chinese cultural relics, is from the Ming Dynasty, 1368 to 1644. There are 379 relics. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, a series of crises broke out after years of accumulated unrest, and uprisings against the regime erupted everywhere. The Yuan Dynasty was on the edge of collapse. Many separate regimes emerged all over the country. Eventually the Han and Dazhou regimes were overthrown by an insurrectionary army led by Zhu Yuanzhang, who proclaimed himself Emperor Nanjing in1368 and he gave his new dynasty the name Ming. Over the following close on 300 years, the new dynasty would witness reunification and reconstruction in the early years, followed by economic and cultural prosperity in the Jiajing and Wanli eras, and political corruptions, internal disorder and foreign invasions in the latter period. The Ming Dynasty would represent a zenith of feudal society in Chinese history. The Ming Dynasty gained access to rich jade resources and jade ware became more diversified. The emphasis was on exquisite items of daily use, ornaments, and ornamental furnishings. The period also saw the development of porcelain making., building on the foundation of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The Jingdezhen Kiln, built in the Five Dynasties, became the domestic centre of porcelain making. Over-glazed colour techniques experienced rapid development, with under-glaze blue and white porcelain became prominent. Calligraphy continued in the style of the Somng and Yuan Dynasties, but many new genres developed: Three Songs, Two Shens, Three Calligraphers of the Wu School, and the Four Masters. Paintings in this period continued to develop with three different stages: imperial court decorative painting, and the Zhe school and the Four Pillars of the Wu School; and Xieyi. This book, the seventh in a ten-volume collection, brings to the English-speaking world a series of books from China which has been complied by an Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Cultural Relics. There are 379 descriptions.

This book, a collection of ancient Chinese cultural relics from the Northern and Southern Dynasties from 960 to 1279. It covers jade and bronze ware, gold and silver ware and porcelain ware, pottery, porcelain, painting, calligraphy, and handicrafts. There are 363 relics in the book. In 960, Zhao Kuangtin, commander of the imperial guard troops of the later Zhou Dynasty staged a mutiny at Chenqiao and proclaimed himself emperor. He named his new dynasty the Song Dynasty and chose Dongling Kaifeng for the capital. This dynasty now called the Northern Song in history, gradually eliminated rival regimes and ended the separation of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, co-existing with the Liao Regime established by the Qidan ethic group and Western Xia Regime established by the Dangxian ethic group. In 1127 Emperors Huizong and Quinzong were taken captive by the Jin Dynasty established by the Jurchen people, thus ending the Northern Song Dynasty. In the same year, Zhao Gou, then King King, established the imperial court of Song and moved the capital to Linhan (present day Hangzhou City in Zhejiang). This is what history calls the Southern Song Dynasty, and formed a glance at the Jin and Western Xia. In this period, thanks to easy politics and a relatively emancipated ideology, great achievements were obtained in various scientific technologies, theoretical trends, academic schools, religious thought and literary creation and the arts also showed an unprecedented prosperous science. Jade ware penetrated various aspects of social life, and he shapes, decorations and patterns all showed a distinctive secularisation. The invasion of northern nomads introduced a new cultural atmosphere to the Central Plains. The porcelain kilns could be found everywhere and finally developed into eight major systems: Ding, Yaozhou, Cizhou, Jun, Yuezhou, Longquan, Jingdezhen blueish white porcelain and Jian kilns. As well, there were four major royal kilns: Ru Kiln and Jun Kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty and Xiunesisi Kiln and Jiaotanxia Kiln of the Southern Dynasty. The arts of calligraphy and painting were typical representatives of the flourishing culture in the Song Dynasty. During this period an imperial art academy was founded, enlisting folk artists and a large number of professional painters were trained. Calligraphers of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties inherited previous styles but also emphasised the representation of the individual subjective will. Other handicrafts developed: gold and silver ware tended to be light, handy and graceful. In the Song Dynasty, people has less costly funerals so less jade has been unearthed. Those that have are in: Sichuan, Zhejiang and Jiangxis. The emphasis is on practical utensils, drinking vessels, dress adornments and accessories. At the same time, there was progress in the technologies of jade carving: layered piercing and large-scale jade ware. This book, the sixth in a ten-volume collection, brings to the English-speaking world a series of books from China which has been complied by an Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Cultural Relics. There are 363 descriptions.

This book, a collection of ancient Chinese cultural relics details relics from the Liao, Jin and Western Xia Dynasties, 916 to 1234 and the Yuan Dynasty, 1271 to 1368. It has relics of jade ad copper ware, gold and silver ware, pottery, porcelain, painting, and handicraft from the Liao, Jin and Western Xia Dynasties and others from the Yuan Dynasty. There are 250 relics. During the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, northern nomads established a number of separate regimes. The Liao, Western Xia and Jin Dynasties. In the northeast, the Khitan people founded the Liao Regime and 916 and it was destroyed in 1125. The Liao, Jin and Western Xia Dynasties were ill founded by nomadic peoples, but under the influence of the Han people, who had a long history, the politics and cultures of these nomadic peoples took on a kind of duality. While they preserved the traditions of their respective nationalities, they also absorbed the culture of the Han people and gradually they even converted to Han customs. Jade objects were usually manufactured by the Han. For example, the Jade Ornament of Sprint Water Patter shows a scene of a falcon attacking a wild goose, which reflects the hunting life and the national character of the Khitan people. The ceramic industry attached great importance on the absorption of advanced porcelain-fired skills from the Central Plains, and a group of skilled craftsmen migrated to these areas. As a whole, the ceramic industry in these areas were inferior to those of the Central Plains-they had fewer workshops and were smaller kin size-but porcelain of some considerable quality was still produced there and different national styles were developed as well as skills and techniques in terms of shaping and adornment. The Liao state followed the lead of the Han people in establishing offical kilns in Shangjing Linhuangfu. In spite of their small size and relative short duration of usage, the kilns still produced high quality and artistic work. In the Liao, Jin and Western Xia Dynasties, calligraphy and painting were relatively underdeveloped and there were few great calligraphers or painters. However, large numbers of gold and silver objects have been found and were used in funerals, for adornment and worship. Jade was more popular in the Jin than in the Liao Dynasty. Yuan Dynasty 1271 to 1368 In the early period of the Yuan, the emergence of the nomadic Mongo people on the northern prairies was hardly noticed. In 1206, Genghis Khan, began building the Mongol empire. In 1276 the Yuan regime moved south and conquered the Southern Song Regime to reunite the whole country- the first time this had been done by a northern nomadic ethic group in Chinas history. This book, the seventh in a ten-volume collection, brings to the English-speaking world a series of books from China which has been complied by an Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Cultural Relics. There are 250 descriptions.

The second volume dealing with ancient Chines cultural relics in the Qing Dynasty, 1644 to 1911. There are 375 relics. A continuation of Volume 9, dealing with the Qing Dynasty and describes paintings, calligraphy, embroidery and brocade, gold and silver ware and metal enamel ware and clocks. Paintings in this period can be divided into the early, middle and late stages. Early stage: Four Wangs painting school: Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Hui and Wang Yuanqi. Midle stage: representative artists include: Jiao Bingzhenb, Leng Mei, Tang Dai during Kangxis reign,and Ding Guanpeng, Jin Tingbiao, Xu Yang, Zhang Zongcang, Jian Tingxi and Zou Yigui in Qianlongs reign. Late stage paintings of literati gradually declined. When the newly developed business cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou, opened as trading ports, changes were made in themes and styles. New schools formed: Secoast School in Shanghai and Ling,an School in Guangzhou. The former group artists included: Xu Gu, Zhao Zhiqian, Wu Changshuo, while the other school included: Su Liupeng, Su Ren Sahn, Ju Chao and Ju Lian. This book, the tenth in a ten-volume collection, brings to the English-speaking world a series of books from China which has been complied by an Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Cultural Relics. There are 375 descriptions.