Ebooks de ciencias, página 27 de 709

The natural world can be viewed as a continuously changing complex system comprising variable units that do not conform to any stable plan. Within this framework, human evolution is not the story of the past that created Homo sapiens and then handed this account over to written history. It is the ongoing process that shapes us now and will shape us in the future, body and mind. We must understand it in order to survive and be able to direct it to our advantage. The Dynamic Human presents a general theory of how humans function as a multi-individual system embedded in the natural world. The authors employ a unified approach of systems theory to outline forces that direct ongoing human evolution and produce its outcomes in terms of the past, present and future. Readers will find a perspective on the human place in nature, through a brief account of the past human evolution over 10 million years ago, a discussion of the earliest appearance of humans some 2 million years ago, and a description of the mechanisms of the changes in the gene pool of humans from generation-to-generation. Understanding the forces involved in these mechanisms (physical and mental growth and development) may allow us to understand human evolution better. The Dynamic Human presents a simplified perspective on human evolution for all readers interested in a discourse on the origins, nature and future of human beings.

Experts in the field of cellular biology have shown that the reactivation of pluripotency inherent in all cells can allow us to reprogram cells into a specific cell line. This reprogramming paradigm is steadily enhancing our understanding of cell differentiation processes and cellular identity. Consequently, new prospects for cellular therapies of diseases and in vivo regeneration have risen. Stem Cells Between Regeneration and Tumorigenesis focuses on organ specific molecular pathways that trigger two opposite ways that a stem cell can grow (regeneration and neoplasia). Chapters provide a balanced set of information about tissue regeneration and tumorigenesis in several tissues and biological systems (the nervous, circulatory, oral, skin, digestive and endocrine systems). Additional reviews of the immunological role in regulating the two stem cell growth processes and the role of genomics and proteomics in understanding these processes round up the contents of this monograph. Readers of this book will gain the following key benefits: -an insight into the complexity and controversy surrounding the established dual stem cell behavior paradigm (regeneration versus tumorigenesis) -an understanding of the intricate cellular processes such as stem cells maintenance -background knowledge of optimizing tailored therapy in personalized and regenerative medicine Stem Cells Between Regeneration and Tumorigenesis is a useful resource for advanced graduates and researchers undertaking courses in molecular biology and personalized medicine, as well as interns involved in stem cell research programs.

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Cancer Agents is an eBook series intended for pharmaceutical scientists, postgraduate students and researchers seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in anti-cancer research. Reviews in each volume are written by experts in medical oncology and clinical trials research and compile the latest information available on special topics of interest to oncology researchers.The third volume of the eBook series begins with a detailed review of the molecular biology of inhibitors that target EGF-family receptors. This review is divided into two parts that covers extracellular and intracellular molecules. Other reviews cover targeted therapies for cancers such as melanoma, follicular lymphoma and topics such as cancer immunotherapy, apoptosis targeting and the Warburg Effect.

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Diabetes and Obesity is an eBook series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of two metabolic diseases diabetes and obesity. The scope of the eBook series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of natural and synthetic drugs affecting endocrine and metabolic processes linked with diabetes and obesity. Reviews in this series also include research on specific receptor targets and pre-clinical / clinical findings on novel pharmaceutical agents. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Diabetes and Obesity is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of diabetes and obesity research. The second volume of this series features 7 reviews presenting updates on hormones and several classes of drugs: Osteocalcin action in glucose metabolism Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors New drugs in clinical trial and commercial phases

Plant diseases in ornamental, aromatic and medicinal crops are common in occurrence, and account for up to 12-20% yield losses. Diseases of Ornamental, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants is a unique reference aimed to fulfil knowledge gaps on this subject. Nine chapters cover major diseases and nematode problems in important ornamental plants (cut flowers, potted flowers, flowering geophytes, and turfs), medicinal plants (tuberous and non-tuberous) and aromatic plants. The book explains the etiology, symptoms, disease cycle, economic importance, distribution, and management of respective plants with advanced and sustainable approaches. The book is intended as a key resource for students, botanists and academics in plant science courses. It also serves as a quick guide for horticulture professionals and gardeners dealing with plant diseases and nematode infestations on premises. Readership Students, botanists and academics in plant science courses (undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate levels); horticulture professionals and gardeners.

Over the last few decades, numerous nanoparticle platforms have been studied for their use in therapeutic applications. This book deals with the description of the construction of technical systems that combines different functionalities which bring liposomes, polymer-drug conjugates, polymer-protein conjugates, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, polymerosomes and other nanoparticles into the realm of nanotechnology proper, as opposed to traditional pharmacology or supramolecular chemistry. The volume additionally covers topics such as passive and active targeting, the strategies used for drug targeting, and the synthesis and characterization of polymeric nanoparticle platforms. Targeted polymeric nanomedicines have shown exciting results in preclinical studies, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic carriers. Therefore, the development of polymeric nanomedicines as therapeutic agents has generated great enthusiasm both in academia and industry. The book is systematically divided into chapters devoted to a class of polymeric nanomedicines. Each chapter also describes relevant aspects relating to drug design and targeting of polymeric nanomedicines wherever possible.In addition, a series of chapters concerning the contribution of polymeric nanomedicines in the treatment of several categories of diseases including cancer, inflammatory, renal, immunological diseases, and brain disorders is also presented. Key features of this book include:a comprehensive and cutting-edge overview of polymeric nanomedicines available in a single dedicated volume Discussions on advances in drug delivery systems for a variety of diseasesmore than 2000 references, tables, equations, and drawings Readers, whether beginners or experts, will find in this book, contemporary and relevant information regarding the synthesis, evaluation and applications of polymeric nanomedicines. Supplemented with extensive bibliographic references, tables and figures, this book is an essential and incomparable reference for medicinal chemists, biologists, and medical (oncologic) researchers, as well as for scientists, undergraduate and graduate students in the field of medical bioengineering and polymer nanoscience.

Genome science or genomics is essential to advancing knowledge in the fields of biology and medicine. Specifically, researchers learn about the molecular biology behind genetic expression in living organisms and related methods of treating human genetic diseases (including gene therapy). Advances in Genome Science is an e-book series which provides a multi-disciplinary view of some of the latest developments in genome research, allowing readers to capture the essentiality and diversity of genomics in contemporary science. The second volume of this ebook series contains a selection of articles on intracellular gene regulation and expression in human disease such as arthritis, Alzheimers disease, Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome, Tumors and Malaria among other diseases. The volume also features some chapters on plant genetics.

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Central Nervous System presents the latest researches and clinical studies on the central nervous system (CNS). It covers a range of topics such as the development and pathophysiology of the brain and spinal cord, physiological sites of drug action in the CNS and clinical findings on drugs used to treat CNS defects due to injury or impaired development. In addition to clinical research on humans, the book also highlights other avenues of CNS medicine and research such as pain medicine, stem cell research, pharmacology, toxicology and translational models in animals. The first volume of the series features chapters on the following topics: -nerve targets in pain medicine-Spinal cord injury-Research on neurotoxins targeting voltage gated ion channels-G protein coupled receptor agonists and modulators-Drug research on mediating hypoxia in developing white matter

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Cancer Agents - Volume 1 should prove to be a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field. The chapters in this volume have been written by leading experts from the field.The contents of this book include new approaches to cancer therapy, treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, targeting key signaling pathways in pediatric brain tumors, current status of cladribine in lymphoid and myeloid malignancies, natural anti-cancer products and the mechanisms of telomere and telomerase regulation in hematologic malignancies. The eBook series is essential to all scientists involved in clinical drug research who wish to keep abreast of rapid and important developments in the field. The readers will find these reviews valuable and will certainly trigger further research in the pharmaceutical development of anti-cancer agents.

Recent advances in science and technology such as online monitoring techniques, coupling of various processing methods, surface characterization and measurement techniques have greatly promoted the development of ultraprecise machining technology. This precision now falls into the micrometer and nanometer range - hence the name micro & nanomachining technology (MNT). Machining is a complex phenomenon associated with a variety of different mechanical, physical, and chemical processes.Common principles defining control mechanisms such as O Jamie de geometry, Newton mechanics, Macroscopic Thermodynamics and Electromagnetics are not applicable to phenomena occurring at the nanometer scale whereas quantum effects, wave characteristics and the microscopic fluctuation become the dominant factors. A remarkable enhancement in computational capability through advanced computer hardware and high performance computation techniques (parallel computation) has enabled researchers to employ large scale parallel numerical simulations to investigate micro & nanomachining technologies and gain insights into related processes. Micro and Nanomachining Technology - Size, Model and Complex Mechanism introduces readers to the basics of micro & nanomachining (MNT) technology and covers some of the above techniques including molecular dynamics and finite element simulations, as well as complexity property and multiscale MNT methods.This book meets the growing need of Masters students or Ph.D. students studying nanotechnology, mechanical engineering or materials engineering, allowing them to understand the design and process issues associated with precision machine tools and the fabrication of precision components.

This brief book is dedicated to the quantitative analyses and systematic discussion of spatial biodiversity and biogeographic patterns in the Asia?pacific region comprised of China, India and adjacent countries. The book is split into two sections. The first section presents readers with detailed statistical methods to conduct spatial macro?biodiversity and biogeography analyses. Step-by-step instructions on how to perform these statistical methods by using the statistical program R are also provided. In the second part, different quantitative case studies are presented covering several topics, including phylogenetics, spatial statistics, multivariate statistics and ecological genomics. Each case study concludes with a detailed interpretation of the quantitative results and how these results are relevant to local and regional ecological processes. This reference is suitable for academics interested in biostatistics biodiversity and ecological studies specific to the Asia Pacific region and China.

Nanotechnology is a diverse science that has brought about new applications in fields such as colloidal science, device physics and supra molecular chemistry. This volume gives an overview of the development of nanomaterial applications in energy and power generation, medicine and healthcare, water purification, biotechnology, electronics, sporting goods, environmental issues, military defense, and textile/fabric industries. The text also explains the fundamentals of polymer nanocomposites and their industrial applications. Other chapters cover semiconductor applications of nanomaterials, nanomaterial synthesis, characterization of nanocomposites and uses of nanofillers. Readers will also find notes on the DFT study of II-VI semiconducting nano-clusters.This volume is intended to be an introductory reference for students and researchers undertaking advanced courses in materials science and engineering, giving readers a glimpse into the fascinating world of nanotechnology.

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Anti infectives is an eBook series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in learning about advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of infectious diseases. The scope of the eBook series covers a range of topics including the chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of natural and synthetic drugs employed in the treatment of infectious diseases. Reviews in this series also include research on multi drug resistance and pre-clinical / clinical findings on novel antibiotics, vaccines, antifungal agents and antitubercular agents. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Anti infectives is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of anti infective drug discovery and epidemiology.The second volume of this series features reviews that cover a variety of topics including: -Identification of nosocomial pathogens and antimicrobials using phenotypic techniques-Topical antimicrobials-Anti-infective drug safety-Antimicrobial resistance and much more.

The need for the development of biomaterials as scaffold for tissue regeneration is driven by the increasing demands for materials that mimic functions of extracellular matrices of body tissues. Unfolding the Biopolymer Landscape provides a unique account of biopolymeric interventions inherent to biotechnological applications, soft tissue engineering, ophthalmic drug delivery, biotextiles, environmentally responsive systems, neurotherapeutics, and emulsions-based formulations for food and pharmaceutical applications. Chapters in this volume also cover biomedical applications and implications of cationic polymers, collagen-based substrates, multifunctional polymers, shape memory biopolymers, hybrid semisynthetic biomaterials, microbial exopolysaccharides, biomaterials mimicking the extracellular microenvironment, derivatized polysaccharides, and metallic biomaterials. Each chapter is distinctly written by experts in the respective fields and emphasis is given on the mechanistic profile of the performance of biopolymers and biomedical applications. This book provides both basic and advanced biopolymer information for scientific experts and early career researchers in the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, nanomedicine, food technology, peptide science, biomaterial design, and nutrition.

Maintaining ideal fish health and production, both of farmed and wild fish populations, requires continuous infrastructural and process upgrades to avoid significant losses as well as to facilitate seafood safety. Aquaculture is multidisciplinary in nature, combining knowledge from biology, veterinary medicine and food technology.Practical Notions on Fish Health and Production brings an integrated approach concerning practical aspects of ichthyology, fish health and aquaculture systems. The textbook will give readers a better understanding of issues related to the management of fish health and production, seafood processing, security, quality and safety.The book is organized in three sections which cover 1) general aspects of fish biology and development, 2) fish diseases and veterinary medicine, and 3) aquaculture and marine food supply chain management. Practical Notions on Fish Health and Production is an essential text for students, food industry professionals and novice fish farmers undertaking courses or training programs in veterinary medicine, aquaculture, and marine food processing systems.

Plants have been widely used to treat diseases, owing to the presence of bioactive compounds (phytochemicals) which play important roles in health promotion and disease prevention. In recent years, advances in chemical extraction techniques, lifestyle and dietary choices for human health have increased the interest in the consumption and study of fruits, vegetables, and foods enriched with bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals. Thousands of dietary phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, glucosinolates, terpenes and alkaloids, have been identified and categorized further according to a diverse array of biochemical properties. Many of these phytochemicals have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of several pathological conditions which include life threatening diseases such as heart disease and cancer, to name a few.Natural Bioactive Compounds from Fruits and Vegetables as Health Promoters is a 2 book set which presents a summary of different classes of phytochemicals commonly found in common edible food sources. Each chapter details the general chemical structures of compounds, naturally present in specific fruits, vegetables and grains, their biological importance and mechanisms of action.The book set is an essential handbook for anyone interested in the natural product chemistry of these common crops.Part 1 of this set covers details about different fruits (banana, citrus fruits, pears, etc.). Part 2 covers legumes, nuts, seeds and cereals.

In life, we often face unavoidable complexities in terms of our ability to understand or influence outcomes. Some questions which arise due to these complexities are: Why cant the future be made certain? Why do the some people or events always end up at the center of controversy? Why do only a select few get ahead of their peers? Each question pertains to three central elements of complexities and these elements are: uncertainty, inequality and unfairness.Simplifying Complexity explains the scientific study of complex cognitive networks, as well as the methods scientists use to parse difficult problems into manageable pieces. Readers are introduced to scientific methodology and thought processes, followed by a discourse on perspectives on the three elements of complexity through concepts such as normal and non-normal statistics, scaling and complexity management. Simplifying Complexity combines basic cognitive science and scientific philosophy for both advanced students (in the fields of sociology, cognitive science, complex networks and change management) and for general readers looking for a more scientific guide to understanding and managing the nature of change in a complex world.

Mycology: Current and Future Developments is a book series that brings together latest contributions to research on the biology, genetics, and industrial use of fungi. Each book chapter is written by experts from around the world. The book series would be of interest to mycologists and allied researchers seeking to gain new knowledge perspectives about fungi. This volume of the book series focuses chiefly on advances in biofuel production. Topics covered in this volume include an overview of biofuel production, the use of lignocelluloses in fungal biofuel production, fungal metabolic engineering, biomass pretreatment for biofuel refineries, and more. The volume also contains chapters about research on other fungi such as S. Cerevisiae. The reviews presented in this volume serve as a useful reference for researchers and readers interested in learning about new developments in biofuel production at a time when the need for alternative energy sources is ever increasing.

Genome science or genomics is essential to advancing knowledge in the fields of biology and medicine. Specifically, researchers learn about the molecular biology behind genetic expression in living organisms and related methods of treating human genetic diseases (including gene therapy). Advances in Genome Science is an e-book series which provides a multi-disciplinary view of some of the latest developments in genome research, allowing readers to capture the essence and diversity of genomics in contemporary science. The fourth volume of this ebook series features a selection of articles covering the genetic mechanisms in the development of specific plants (orchids, thale cress), Prader-Willi Syndrome, enzyme genetics (tyrosine kinase inhibitors and fungal laccases) and much more.

Stem cell and regenerative medicine research is a hot area of research which promises to change the face of medicine as it will be practiced in the years to come. Challenges in 21st century to combat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer and related diseases may well be addressed employing stem cell therapies and tissue regeneration. Frontiers in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research is essential reading for researchers seeking updates in stem cell therapeutics and regenerative medicine. The second volume of this series features reviews on several key topics in this field including cardiac regeneration strategies, induced pluripotent stem cell therapeutics, stem cell therapy for peripheral nerve and cutaneous injuries, dental tissue regeneration, the potential of stem cell differentiation into ovarian cells and much more.