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The European reformations meant major changes in theology, religion, and everyday life. Some changes were immediate and visible in a number of countries: monasteries were dissolved, new liturgies were introduced, and married pastors were ordained, others were more hidden. Theologically, as well as practically the position of the church in the society changed dramatically, but differently according to confession and political differences.This volume addresses the question of how the theological, liturgical, and organizational changes changes brought by the reformation within different confessional cultures throughout Europe influenced the everyday life of ordinary people within the church and within society.The different contributions in the book ask how lived religion, space, and everyday life were formed in the aftermath of the reformation, and how we can trace changes in material culture, in emotions, in social structures, in culture, which may be linked to the reformation and the development of confessional cultures.

Assurance was a central issue for the eminent Scottish theologian-pastor Thomas Boston long before it emerged as a focal point of the theological debate in the Marrow Controversy. In The Marrow of Certainty, Chun Tse presents the first full-length study of Bostons theology of assurance in six dimensions: trinitarian, covenantal, Christological, soteriological, ecclesiastical, and sacramental. This work not only furnishes the first-ever intellectual biography of Boston in his Scottish context and controversies, but it also cross-studies the theology of the Marrow of Modern Divinity with Bostons notes. This research argues that Bostons doctrine of assurance centres on union and communion with Christ, the architectonic principle of his theology. The book challenges the common conception that Bostons theology merely follows Calvin, the Scots Confession, the Marrow, the Westminster Standards, and Scottish federalism. Boston, most strikingly, holds in tension assurance as intrinsic to faithitself a gift from Gods sovereignty in electionwhile insisting on self-examination as a human responsibility. This salient mark of his doctrine of assurance originates from his assertion that Christ died for the elect alone but allelect or nothave the warrant to receive Christ. As such, assurance is, theologically, a divine gift and, pastorally, a human endeavour. Certainty is thus both extra nos and intra nos. Boston, this study reveals, has a potent and enduring power to speak on the perennial issue of assurance, rooted in the person of Christ, whom he considers as being the covenant itself.

Why cant Christians agree about communion? Why is it that in some churches all worship services culminate in a holy meal whereas other churches celebrate this "holy supper" only once in a while? Theologian Gregory Soderberg has researched this question, excavating patterns of communion frequency within one of the bigger Christian families: the Reformed tradition. Despite being the sacrament of unity, the eucharist has often been a cause of strife in Christian churches.In his study, Gregory David Soderberg is the first to focus in depth on communion frequency in the Reformed tradition. He concludes that, although the 16th century Reformers desired more frequent communion, this was balanced by their desire to create mature Christian communities. So, preachers and church leaders stressed the priority of moral conduct and the importance of understanding what the eucharist meant for Protestants. The study analyses sources from the very beginnings of this tradition in 16th century Zurich and Geneva, and it follows its trajectories through England and Scotland all the way down to 19th century USA. Ultimately, it is hoped that understanding the polemics of the past will help churches today to celebrate the sacrament of unity more meaningfully.

The founders and forerunners of the Southern Baptist Convention were fundamentally shaped by the thought of Puritan theologian Jonathan Edwards and his theological successors. While Baptists in the antebellum South boasted a different theological pedigree than Presbyterians or Congregationalists, and while they inhabited a Southern landscape unfamiliar to the bustling cities and tall forests of New England, they believed their similarities with Edwards far outweighed their differences. Like Edwards, these Baptists were revivalistic, Calvinistic, loosely confessional, and committed to practical divinity. In these four things, Southern Edwardseanism lived, moved, and had its being. In the nineteenth-century, when so many Presbyterians scoffed at Edwardss "innovation" and Methodists scorned his Calvinism, Baptists found in Edwards a man after their own heart. By 1845, at the first Southern Baptist Convention, Southern Edwardseans had laid the groundwork for a convention marked by the theology of Jonathan Edwards.

If salvation makes a person to become God, then how do we understand the word God? Audy Santoso assesses Robert Jensons notion of deification on three main areas: the concept of God, Christ, and self along with their ramifications. In this comparative study, Jensons revisionary metaphysics in his theology opens up an insightful perspective in reading John Calvins theology. Discussion on the Supper shows the intricate relation of what these theologians hope for with the practice of our lives in God. The author makes a comparative assessment and integration between the seemingly opposite metaphysics of Jenson and Calvin while keeping the Creator-creature distinction of Reformed theology intact. Jenson says that the end is music, but the author affirms a better way without negating Jensons.

Patristic and rabbinic biblical interpretations are significant contributions to the identity construction of late antique Christian and Jewish groups. The contributions in this conference volume illuminate the reception of biblical texts, themes and figures in patristic and rabbinic writings from the 2nd to the 8th century. They reveal processes of mutual demarcation, which are sometimes extremely polemical, sometimes only implicit and indirectly accessible. The correct interpretation of Scripture is claimed for ones own "we", while at the same time distinguishing it from the "others". Nevertheless, similarities and mutual positive references are clearly recognizable. Especially the often so polemical Christian interpretation is from the beginning rooted in the Jewish tradition and based on it. But also the rabbinic interpretation shows traces of the controversy with Christianity.

On a primary level, the author seeks to answer the question, what is the best interpretation of . "The Knowledge of Good and Evil," in Gen 2:9, 17; 3:5, and 3:22? In Gen 3:5 and 3:22, this knowledge is said to be possessed by YHWH and the divine beings. This study analyzes the permutations of ) "good") and ("evil/bad") in the Hebrew Bible, with a majority focus in Genesis and the Deuteronomistic History and with a focus upon those textual instances in which YHWH has influence over good and bad/evil. Due to the results of the data, the author brings in a second level of discussion that focuses upon the hermeneutical principle of divine retribution as a structuring element for ancient Near Eastern historiography. On a third level, the author turns to divine blessing and cursing, and its association with good and evil in ancient Near Eastern texts and in the Hebrew Bible. Due to this specific theocentric analysis of the lexemes juxtaposed with the authors wider study of ancient Near Eastern history and culture, the answer to the guiding question of this study is therefore proposed by the author as, The Divine Knowledge for Administering Reward and Punishment. Ergo, the Eden Narrative tells a story of how humans partly attain divinity becoming like YHWH and the divine beings (Gen 3:5; 3:22; Ps 82) in having acquired the forbidden divine knowledge for wielding ultimate power.

RITUAL DE EVOCAÇÃO DOS 72 ANJOS-GÊNIOS DO MERCÚRIO. Clavícula da Cabala Sagrada, ou verdadeiro tratado da Cabala, pelo qual podemos obter dos anjos por revelação tudo o que pedimos a Deus observando

The Bioethics of the "Crazy Ape" collects a wide range of bioethical topics. Bioethical questions are eternal by nature, although our technologized times transform old issues in forms never before experienced. Just like the famous scientist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi believed in his time, we also believe that all the contributing authors recognised their moral responsibility in adding new approaches to the continuum of each debate. Although this responsibility has became increasingly complex, we must avoid to become barriers of the scientific development. Bioethics as an applied field of philosophy should always try to establish a framework for a sustainable world: in daily clinical practice, in cases of human experiments, and (not least) in the natural environment.

This volume, the first of two dealing with the Early Iron Age deposits from the Athenian Agora, publishes the tombs from the end of the Bronze Age through the transition from the Middle Geometric to Late Geometric period. An introduction deals with the layout of the four cemeteries of the period, the topographical ramifications, periodization, and a synthesis of Athens in the Early Iron Age. Individual chapters offer a complete catalogue of the tombs and their contents, a full analysis of the burial customs and funerary rites, and analyses of the pottery and other small finds. Maria A. Liston presents the human skeletal material, Deborah Ruscillo presents the faunal remains, and Sara Strack contributes to the pottery typology and catalogue. In an appendix, Eirini Dimitriadou provides an overview of the locations of burial activity in the wider city.

This volume includes all of the Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman votive reliefs found to date in the excavations of the Athenian Agora. In addition to providing a catalogue of the reliefs arranged according to their subjects, the author treats the history of their discovery, their production and workmanship, iconography, and function. A large part of the study is devoted to discussion of the original contexts of the reliefs in an attempt to determine their relationship to shrines in the vicinity and to investigate what they can tell us about the character of religious activity in the vicinity of the Agora. The work will be an important reference for historians of Greek art as well as of Greek religion.

This excavation of a Late Bronze Age town on the island of Mochlos in northeastern Crete includes the House of the Metal Merchant (with two large bronze hoards) and 13 other structures. Each building is described with its stratigraphy, architecture, small finds, ecofactual materials, function, and room use. This is a two volume set. Volume 1 contains the text and Volume 2 contains the Concordance, Tables, Figures, and Plates.

Was the Cistercian abbey in Krzeszów really a European center of art and theological thought? This study in eight chapters tries to answer this question. The first chapter shows how deep the foundations of the Krzeszow Abbey go. The next three chapters are devoted to various works, initiatives and architecture of the Baroque era. First, the unique painting of Our Lady of Mercy in the Mater Misericordiae type, which was created in 1624, was presented. Then, the sculptural foundations of Abbot Geyer in the area of the Krzeszow abbey and in its latifundia were discussed. Finally, the architecture of the baroque abbey church, unique on a European scale, was presented. Grace of the Blessed Virgin Mary. This proves what an extraordinary center Krzeszow was in terms of the art created there.In the next two chapters, the reader finds the answer to the question: Was Krzeszow also a significant theological center in Europe at that time? First in terms of Catholic dogmatic, and then in terms of biblical linguistics.The study ends with two chapters, the first of which focuses on the sacralization of the landscape by introducing modern forms of imitation of the Holy Land and the cult of saints. The second one presents the baroque iconography of the Cistercian monastery in Krzeszow from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century, which shows the changes in its social function over the centuries.

Although several of Schlinks writings, including his study of baptism, have been available in English for many decades, the publication of the new German edition offered a significant impetus for providing a fresh and more accurate translation of them. The first English edition of his book on baptism, published in 1972, was an abridgment of the German original. In this new edition, words and sentences that were omitted from the first edition have been restored and complete bibliographic information has been given. The editor has also provided many explanatory endnotes that help to illuminate the books contents. Schlink took the doctrine of baptism seriously, as if it truly matters for the unity of the church. Again and again, he returns to the gospel and its promises that are tied to baptism. While formally open toward siblings in Christ beyond his own confession, his humble and conciliatory method of ecumenism was undertaken consciously and intentionally from within a Lutheran confessional perspective.

Antoni Nadbrzeny exposes the personalistic character of Schillebeeckxs Mariology. In his book the author presents Mary as a human being whose holiness is great and mysterious. According to the Flemish theologian, Mary becomes the guarantor of the full and true humanity of Jesus. It is a Mariology that finds its foundation in the history of salvation. The book does not follow the path of abstract metaphysics, but pays more attention to the real and existential elements of Marys life. This reinterpretation finds its source in the application of phenomenological thought. In his theological picture of Mary, Schillebeeckx rejects all Gnostic, idyllic and dualistic thoughts. The Mother of God appears as someone who seeks God, who shares the tragic fate of the world and recognizes her place and mission in salvation history. She participates in human suffering and the trial of faith.

This volume could be written differently. It could present the Protestant theological view on the economy from Luther, Zwingli and Calvin until contemporary prominent theologians. Or it could be a description of the teaching of one of the Protestant Churches or denomination. Or it could be an investigation of the traces of Protestant theology in the contemporary prevailing economic order. All such presentations could be hugely interesting and accurate and they would be reasonable in light of the most critical questions of todays world. However, the authors would propose a different approach that is not disjunctive, contrasting or opposing to the above-mentioned and that instead wants to reveal new trends and processes occurring in the Protestant world and bringing a new, more critical view on capitalism and its offspring, such as consumptionism.

Defending Christianity in our time became unpopular, "private", shy and... poor. Catholic fundamental theology officially responsible for defending faith on behalf of the Catholic Church is aware of being in crisis: crisis of identity and content, and... popularity. It needs a new overall structure: a new point of departure and a new "spirit". It was offered by Joseph Ratzinger, Krzysztof Kaucha declares. Almost everything that has been recently used to undermine the Christian faith and Christianity is used by Ratzinger to defend Christianity. Kaucha offers over a dozen arguments for Christianity based on Ratzingers writings (and his original thinking): the Christian axiom as an argument for Christianity, Jesus Christ as the proof of the existence of God, Divine Revelation as an unending proof of Gods existence, the alternative argument, the argument from definitive novelty, the argument from the absence of someone greater than Jesus, argument from truth, the anthropological argument, the argument from forgiveness, the argument "from reason", the argument from faith, Ratzingers wager (in analogy to the famous Pascals wager), the argument from the whole truth (many times very painful for Christians) about Christianity, the argument from the whole truth (many times very shameful for Catholics) about the Church, comparative argument no. 1 (Christianity versus other Religions), comparative argument no. 2 (Christianity versus the ever more secularized world).

Critical spatial approaches particularly those informed by the scholarship of Lefebvre, Foucault, and Soja have significantly impacted biblical scholarship over the last twenty years. However, these spatial approaches have been limited due to the methodological challenges inherent in transposing the social-scientific approaches of the aforementioned scholars to the task of biblical interpretation. This volume adapts conceptual metaphor theory as a methodological bridge to address such constraints. The first half of the volume begins by surveying the field of critical spatiality in biblical studies, arguing for the need for fresh methodological development. Thereafter, the volume delineates a particular critical spatial approach, inspired by Lefebvre and Foucault, for which conceptual metaphor theory is proposed as a methodological bridge. The second half of the volume begins by proposing the Psalms of Ascents as a case study upon which the method could be applied. It is then argued that the proposed method if efficacious should provide insight on corpus"Zion theology" and its so-called pilgrimage character. Using the proposed method in conjunction with conventional historical-grammatical tools of poetic analysis, each psalm is analysed with regard to its metaphor and spatiality. The volume concludes that the case study demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed methods by allowing a rich reading of each psalm, especially by explicating the spatial narratives and/or spatial metaphorical conceptualisations that underlie each text, and providing fresh insight on the collection as a whole.This volume has been awarded the2024 Rev. Dr Lien-Hwa Chow Memorial Foundations Outstanding Theological Research Book Award. This award is "to recognize and promote outstanding theological research and publications by Chinese scholars".

One of the significant factors in the responsible implementation of social entrepreneurship is the appropriate shape of the norms and values that determine it. With this in mind, this book draws on Catholic social teaching (CST) to make an original contribution to understanding and describing the axionormative determinants of social entrepreneurship. In the course of analysis and meta-scientific reflection, it was established that the axionormative determinants of social entrepreneurship revolve around three areas: (1) the axiology of (the idea of) social entrepreneurship; (2) the moral principles of social enterprise management; (3) the professional ethics of social entrepreneurs. This approach to research has allowed the original formulation of: (1) the constitutive values of the idea of social entrepreneurship; (2) the concept of the moral dimension of social enterprise management; (3) the concept of professional ethics of social entrepreneurs.

Christianity claims that the incarnation provides reliable knowledge about God but also that the incarnation was undertaken freely and thus need not have happened. Alexander Garton-Eisenacher resolves this tension between epistemological reliability and divine freedom, building particularly from the work of Karl Barth. Garton-Eisenacher offers a fresh reading of the Church Dogmatics that demonstrates how Barths theology provides a promising starting point but notes that his argument is ultimately undermined by the doctrine of eternity within which it is framed. The author overcomes this issue by showing how the promising motifs employed by Barth can be authentically derived from the classical doctrine of eternity instead. In so doing, this work shows that reading classical eternity against a Barthian background also serves to draw out a more temporal interpretation of the doctrine than its contemporary characterization, reclaiming it as a viable Christian understanding of Gods relationship to time.