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Studying the different forms of socialization of the concept of virtue during the early modern age is currently one of the most complex and cross-cutting topics in the field of history and related disciplines. The work Studies on the idea of excellence in Europe (15th19th centuries) Virtus vera nobilitas est brings together essays by historians and philosophers that set out to show the problems posed by the concept of virtue in the early modern era.

This e-book deals with the intersection between religion, philosophy, and politics in the Graeco-Roman world, and especially in Late Antiquity, with special reference to the figure alluded to in ancient sources with the expression "theios aner". Charisma and leadership are basic elements of this notion: its literary, historical, and ideological context and the different interpretations of holiness and sanctity in a sociopolitical or educative community are researched in this collective endeavour. The scholarly contributions are organized along three sections Holiness, Charisma and Leadership, and Transmission and Reception aiming at an overall analysis of the patterns involving charismatic leadership of the intellectual and spiritual figures in the sources and its socio-political context, with the central axis of Late Antiquity. Thus, together with some methodological considerations, this e-book examines some well-known figures of holiness and attempts to offer a panoramic, transdisciplinary, and comparative view of their cultural and intellectual context, and to determine what socio-political role they had.

This volume is a collection of research essays submitted by fellows of the Annemarie Schimmel Kolleg, an Advanced Center of Research in Mamluk Studies. It covers three themes, which correspond to the research agenda of the final three academic years of the Annemarie Schimmel Kolleg. These were: environmental history, material culture studies, and im/mobility. The aim of the contributions is to overcome the disciplinary boundaries of the field and to engage in scholarly debates in Ottoman Studies, European history, archae-ology and art history, and even the natural sciences.

Pervading Empire addresses the issue of diversity within the Roman Empire and promotes interpretations that go beyond general and often abstract theoretical framings. The baseline of the volume is the notion that reality is created by the endless and multi-directional relations of different human and inhuman actors, and that the sorts and modes of correlations create specific phenomena.The volume offers a variety of theoretically and methodologically well-informed geographical, chronological and thematic case studies, written by established and emerging specialists in the field of Roman Studies, on a range of different research questions such as the integration in the Roman world, inter-cultural perceptions, (mis)communications, transfers and exchanges, transformations of social structures and landscape, patterns of consumption and related identities and the dynamics in the sphere of religion among others. Thereby, Pervading Empire demonstrates the complex and fluctuating nature of the Roman world and emphasizes the fertility of such approaches within Roman Studies.

Since Bouthouls seminal work on polemology (1951), war studies have been increasingly influenced by sociology, psychology and psychoanalysis, memory studies, and even literary theory; while also weathering the storms of the cultural turn and, more generally, postmodernism. These are challenges that raised new questions, or offered new answers. How is war memorialized and commemorated? How do individuals react to war trauma? How are individual reactions and narratives implemented in collective thoughts, narratives and memories? How do societies remember wars, and how do these memories, in turn, affect political structures? How are public commemorations organized? These are some of the questions contemporary war studies are still engaged in. By presenting case studies both ancient and modern, from the ancient Greeks and Romans through medieval and modern times to contemporary history, this volume stimulates reflection on how and why individuals and societies remember and commemorate war.

The shores of the Mediterranean-Black Sea basin were home to some of the earliest urban communities and some of the earliest literate cultures. Their complex history and rich archaeological heritage have been studied by generations of scholars, to a degree of detail comparable to no other macro-region of our planet. Its waters, too, have been the object of intense and systematic investigation, motivated not only by scientific curiosity but also by increasing concern for the well-being of their marine life. Yet until recently, there have been few attempts at integrating the results of different scientific approaches in order to write the ecohistory of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.In this volume, eighteen scholars from eleven different countries and representing a wide range of scientific disciplines address the question of how humans have interacted with the Mediterranean-Black Sea ecosystem from the dawn of prehistory until the twentieth century; how they have exploited its resources; what consequences this has had for life in the sea and what, based on past experience, the future may hold in store.

The study of emotions has emerged as one of the most dynamic topics of research in Ancient History, Classics, and Archaeology. Studying a variety of sources (historiography, Greek and Latin poetry and oratory, the New Testament, inscriptions, medical authors, Greek vase-painting and sculpture, skeletal remains) and using different methodological approaches, the authors of this volume address a selection of questions related with the study of emotions in Greek and Roman culture: the representation of emotion in literature and art; the arousal of emotion through texts and images; the expression of emotion through metaphor and metonymy; the display of emotions in rituals; intellectual discourse concerning specific emotions (pride, grief, fear); emotional communities; and the importance of emotions in public life, value systems, and social relations.

Das Werk des Thukydides uber den Peloponnesischen Krieg hat nicht nur bis heute unsere Vorstellung von Geschichte mageblich gepragt, es fordert aufgrund der Komplexitat seiner Darstellung auch die philologische wie historische Interpretation in besonderem Mae heraus. Neben der Konzentration der Darstellung auf die politisch-militarischen Aspekte hat dieses Werk mit der Eroffnung eines vollkommen illusionslosen, ja regelrecht naturwissenschaftlichen Blickes auf das historische Geschehen und seine Antriebskrafte Mastabe gesetzt, die seither kaum mehr ubertroffen wurden. Angesichts der frappierenden Nuchternheit, mit der Thukydides die geschichtliche Realitat als naturhaften Seinsbereich jenseits aller theologischen, ethischen oder ideologischen Verbramung darstellt, faszinieren an diesem Geschichtsmodell die geistesgeschichtlichen Voraussetzungen wie die hermeneutischen Implikationen gleichermaen.Der vorliegende Band versucht Antworten zu finden auf die Frage, wie sich im Geschichtswerk des Thukydides das Verhaltnis zwischen historischer Realitat und literarischer Darstellungsweise gestaltet. Dabei werden aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln neue Einsichten vermittelt zu der Frage, wie der Leser der zeitgenossische des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. ebenso wie der heutige vom Autor als gewalttatigem Lehrer gelenkt wird.The work of Thucydides on the Peloponnesian War has not only decisively influenced our notion of history up until the present day; the complexity of his account also constitutes a particular challenge to philological and historical interpretations alike. Besides focussing on the political and military aspects, by virtue of its unpretentious, downright scientific perspective on historical events and their driving forces, this work set standards that have hardly been surpassed since. In the light of the remarkable sobriety with which Thucydides presents historical reality as a natural realm of existence beyond all theological, ethical or ideological embellishments, the history of thought and the hermeneutical implications behind this model of history are equally fascinating.This volume endeavours to explore the nature of the relation between historical reality and literary portrayal in Thucydides historical work. New insights are provided from different perspectives on the question how the contemporary 5th-century and the present-day reader is directed by the author as a "violent teacher".

An innovative volume of fifteen interdisciplinary essays at the nexus of material culture, performance studies, and game theory, Playthings in Early Modernity emphasizes the rules of the game(s) as well as the breaking of those rules. Thus, the titular "plaything" is understood as both an object and a person, and play, in the early modern world, is treated not merely as a pastime, a leisurely pursuit, but as a pivotal part of daily life, a strategic psychosocial endeavor.

Beneath the shining world of the citizen of Classical Athens was the perilous shadow-realm of the resident foreigner, the metic. Emblematic of the status of metic was the requirement to pay a special metic tax, the metoikion. And if a metic failed to pay this tax, he or she would be sold into slavery, a fate that threatened no citizen of the classical Athenian polis. In the late fourth century BC the Athenians, in the face of widespread departure of metics in the face of economic recession and legal harassment, moved to improve metics legal situation in order to entice metics back to Athens.It is to the context of these legal reforms of the metic condition, this volume argues, that a celebrated set of fourth-century BC Athenian inscriptions recording dedications of silver cups, phialai, belong. Known since the nineteenth century as the "Attic Manumissions", these inscriptions have been thought to be the result of a legal process by which slaves were set free. Here these inscriptions are published as a corpus for the first time. And it is argued that they represent not the freeing of slaves, but preserve instead the traces of prosecutions of metics for failure to pay the metoikion. In the new pro-metic atmosphere of the 330s BC, persons who sued metics for failing to pay the metic tax, but did not win a conviction, were fined to discourage frivolous suits, and part of that fine was dedicated to divinity in the form of a phiale.

Slaves and Slave Agency in the Ottoman Empire offers a new contribution to slavery studies relating to the Ottoman Empire. Given the fact that the classical binary of slavery and freedom derives from the transatlantic experience, this volume presents an alternative approach by examining the strong asymmetric relationships of dependency documented in the Ottoman Empire. A closer look at the Ottoman social order discloses manifold and ambiguous conditions involving enslavement practices, rather than a single universal pattern. The authors examine various forms of enslavement and dependency with a particular focus on agency, i. e. the room for maneuver, which the enslaved could secure for themselves, or else the available options for action in situations of extreme individual or group dependencies.

By the end of the regal period (late 6th c. BC) Rome was by far the greatest non-Greek city in Italy. How she attained her enormous size was a problem for the ancients no less than for the moderns. The former agreed on Romes birth (the first city of the 8th c. BC on the Palatines 15 hectares) and completion (all the traditional Seven Hills, ca. 400 hectares); everything in-between was a matter of dispute. The latter, while agreeing on the point of arrival, evidenced by the archaic remains of the Servian Wall, reject the point of departure and so the whole literary tradition on Romes growth, pointing out that the Palatine was inhabited much earlier and the Capitol earlier still; another argument is a hypothetical huge (200300 hectares) proto-urban centre on Romes site. The aim of this study is to assess the worth of the ancients certainty that the Palatine was the citys cradle and see if their writings preserved dependable information on her growth; the results Rome was in fact founded on the Palatine and had one stage of growth between the Romulean birth and the Servian-Tarquinian achievement pass well the test of confrontation with the archaeological material.

From assemblies to courts of justice, from the Senate to the battlefield, from Rome to the provinces: public opinion could vary and take many guises. Roman politicians were aware of its existence and influence, and engaged with it.This e-book offers a study of public opinion in the Roman Republic, with an emphasis from the 3rd to 1st centuries BC. It focusses on four main issues: nature and components of public opinion; public opinion in relation to military and administrative questions; the interaction between public opinion and public dialogue and, finally, the transmission of public opinion. It furthermore asks the following question: Who was the populus Romanus? How did public opinion influence specific political or military decisions? Can Habermas view of public opinion be applied to the Roman Republic? How was the rhetoric of fear applied to public opinion?Drawing on the more recent interpretations of Roman Republic, this volume studies the mechanisms that make public opinion and politics work at many different levels. It provides an engaging view on political communication and the interaction between the elite and the people.

The essays discuss continuity and change in Bild al Shm (Greater Syria) during the sixteenth century, examining to what extent Egypt and Greater Syria were affected by the transition from Mamluk to Ottoman rule. This is explored in a variety of areas: diplomatic relations, histories and historiography, fiscal and agricultural administration, symbolic orders, urban developments, local perspectives and material culture. In order to rethink the sixteenth century from a transitional perspective and thus overcome the conventional dynasty-centered fields of research Mamlukists and Ottomanists have been brought together, shedding light on the remarkable sixteenth century, so decisive for the formation of early modern Muslim empires.

Having demonstrated that about a third of the speeches in our corpus of forensic oratory were written for delivery by synegoroi rather than main parties, the author investigates the way in which synegoroi and main parties divided the argumentation between them in individual cases. She shows that trials of major political importance were conducted by teams of pleaders, and she concludes that such legal actions are best understood as team-based contests rather than as rhetorical confrontations between individual members of the Athenian elite. The implications of this for our overall understanding of the Athenian democracy and the political part played by the courts are discussed, and it is suggested as a possibility that team-based public actions offered a wider scope for participation by ordinary citizens than is normally allowed by modern historians.

The study of royal women has been one of the most dynamic fields of inquiry into the Hellenistic world (ca. 33630 BC) and has dramatically shifted our perceptions of gender, status, and influence in the ancient world. Amid numerous works on the Ptolemies, Antigonids, and Argeads, this volume is the first to examine the roles and representations of the women of the Seleukid dynasty and its clients. These royal women were born or married into a dynasty that ruled an empire spanning dozens of cultures and languages, encompassing territory from western Asia Minor to modern-day Afghanistan. As representatives of their familys prestige, they were highly influential in shaping the culture and legacy of this Empire that spanned East and West. The contributions of this volume offer a systematic scrutiny of the representation of female Seleukids in visual and textual media. Avoiding Eurocentric perspectives in favour of embracing the diversity of the Empire, these scholars examine the interaction of Seleukid women with royal traditions ranging from Persia, Bactria, and Judaea to their Hellenistic contemporaries. The result is a landmark achievement in the study of ancient women.

When analyzing the character of monarchic regimes and their strategies for creating obedience and acceptance, the focus usually lies on the ruler ideology and the self-representation of the individual monarch. However, the contributions to the present volume try to approach the matter from the angle of the real or merely anticipated criticism against the background of which monarchic legitimization was expressed: what conditions, what elements, and what strategies were characteristic of a critical discussion of monocracy in antiquity, and to what extent was the relationship between ruler ideology and antimonarchic sentiment marked by mutual dependence? What significance did the eternal background noise possess which as a contre-discourse compelled rulers in Egypt, Persia, Judea, Greece and Rome to justify themselves again and again?

The contributions assembled in this volume study the social function and functioning of notions and ideas about the past held by groups and individuals, with a special focus on ancient Greece but including comparative contributions on early China and on the function of the classical past in modern European culture. Special attention is devoted to the past as a foundation for collective identities and to the ways in which the goals and needs of specific groups impacted its representation and transmission. Contributions range in time from the archaic age to the Roman Empire, covering aspects such as the representation of the past in visual arts, the function of myth and its representation in literary and visual genres, the relationship of historiography to social memory, and the way that the past features in Greek religion. Monuments, literary texts, inscriptions are investigated in order to reconstruct the rich texture of Greek social memory and its development over time.

ContentsKonstantinos D. Politis: PrologueNorman Lewis: The Rediscovery of Petra, 1807-1818Robert Wenning: The Nabataeans in History (Before AD 106)John F. Healey: Nabataeans Inscriptions: Language and ScriptJohn R. Bartlett: Nabataean ReligionJoseph Patrich: Nabataean Art between East and West: A methodical AssessmentLaurent Tholbecq: Nabataean Monumental ArchitectureBernhard Kolb: Nabataean Dwellings: Domestic Architecture and Interior DecorationDavid Graf: Nabataeans under Roman Rule (After AD 106)Konstantinos D. Politis: Nabataean Cultural Continuity into the Byzantine PeriodFazwi Zayadine: The Spice Trade from South Arabia and India to Nabataea and PalestineJohn P. Oleson: Nabataean Water Supply, Irrigation and AgricultureJacqueline Studer: Animal Exploitation in the Nabataean WorldPeter J. Parr: The Urban Development of PetraHero Granger-Taylor: Textiles of the Graeco-Roman Period from the Dead Sea RegionStephan G. Schmid: Nabataean Fine-ware PotteryJames R. B. Mason: Experimenting the Manufacture of Nabataean Fine-ware PotteryJulian M. C. Bowsher: Monetary Interchange in Nabataean PetraSteven Rosen: The Nabataeans as Pastoral Nomads. An Archaeological PerspectiveZaki Aslan: The Cultural and Heritage Management of Petra p Glen W. Bowersock: Conclusion

Recent research into the military history of ancient Greece has questioned the central role traditionally ascribed to the famous hoplite phalanx by historians and suggested that even as late as the Persian Wars of 480479 BC, Greek battles consisted essentially of open fighting and duels between individual combatants, in an almost Homeric fashion.In this meticulous study, Adam Schwartz in turn questions the new orthodoxy. Departing from a detailed scrutiny of hoplite equipment and its physical characteristics, the author demonstrates that this equipment must in fact have been developed specifically to meet the needs of warriors fighting in phalanx formations, which, it is shown, can be traced back into the eighth century BC. In this way, the study is not only a reappraisal of the role of the phalanx, but also a significant contribution to the study of Archaic Greek history. Great emphasis is, furthermore, placed upon the illumination of such crucial questions as the duration of the average hoplite battle and the role of the othismos pushing in deciding the outcome. In short, this e-book will quickly claim its place as one of the basic studies of ancient Greek hoplite battle.