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The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Modern age. The Queens of this period and this publication were Catherine of Siena, Beatrice dEste, Anne of Brittany, Lucretia Borgia, Margret DAngouleme, Renee, Duchess of Ferrara.

The history of Mediaeval Europe is so vast a subject that the attempt to deal with it in a small compass must entail either severe compression or what may appear at first sight reckless omission.The path of compression has been trodden many times, as in J. H. Robinsons Introduction to the History of Western Europe, or in such series as the Periods of European History published by Messrs. Rivingtons for students, or text-books of European History published by the Clarendon Press and Messrs. Methuen.To the authors of all these I should like to express my indebtedness both for facts and perspective, as to Mr. H. W. Davis for his admirable summary of the mediaeval outlook in the Home University Library series; but in spite of so many authorities covering the same ground, I venture to claim for the present book a pioneer path of omission; it may be reckless but yet, I believe, justifiable.It has been my object not so much to supply students with facts as to make Mediaeval Europe live, for the many who, knowing nothing of her history, would like to know a little, in the lives of her principal heroes and villains, as well as in the tendencies of her classes, and in the beliefs and prejudices of her thinkers. This task I have found even more difficult than I had expected, for limits of space have insisted on the omission of many events and names I would have wished to include. These I have sacrificed to the hope of creating reality and arousing interest, and if I have in any way succeeded I should like to pay my thanks first of all to Mr. Henry Osborn Taylor for his two volumes of The Mediaeval Mind that have been my chief inspiration, and then to the many authors whose names and books I give elsewhere, and whose researches have enabled me to tell my tale.IERNE L. PLUNKET.

In the year 476 an unfortunate young man, mocked with the great names of the founders of the City and of the Empire, Romulus Augustus, nicknamed Augustulus, was deposed from the throne of the Csars by a Barbarian general in the Imperial service, and the Roman Empire in Italy came to its end. This act was but the outward sign that the power of Italy was utterly gone, and that in the West at least the Barbarians were indisputably conquerors in the long struggle which they had carried on for centuries with the Roman Empire.That Empire, at the period of its greatness, embraced all the countries around the Mediterranean Sea; it was the political embodiment of the Mediterranean civilization. In Europe, to the northeast, it reached as far as the Rhine and the Danube; it included England. Beyond the Rhine and the Danube dwelt the Barbarians. Europe was thus divided into two parts, the civilized and the Barbarian: one, a great Latin empire which rested upon slavery, and was governed by a highly centralized bureaucracy; the other, a collection of tribes of Teutonic blood, bound together in a very simple form of society, and essentially democratic in character...

The natural desire to visit places which have been the scene of memorable actions, or the abode of distinguished personages, had from a very early period drawn pious pilgrims from the east and the west to view those spots which had been hallowed by the presence of the Son of God. The toils and the dangers of the journey were unheeded, when set in comparison with the bliss of pouring forth prayer on Calvary, and bathing in the waves of Jordan, whose waters had consecrated the Saviour to his holy office.And, accordingly, we find that, so early as the ninth century, there was in the valley of Jehoshaphat, near the church of the Holy Virgin, an Hospital composed of twelve dwellings, for pilgrims from the west, which possessed corn lands, vineyards, and gardens, and an excellent library, established by the bounty of Charlemagne...

THE mother of King Richard the Third was a beautiful, and, in many respects, a noble-minded woman, though she lived in very rude, turbulent, and trying times. She was born, so to speak, into one of the most widely-extended, the most bitter, and the most fatal of the family quarrels which have darkened the annals of the great in the whole history of mankind, namely, that long-protracted and bitter contest which was waged for so many years between the two great branches of the family of Edward the Thirdthe houses of York and Lancasterfor the possession of the kingdom of England. This dreadful quarrel lasted for more than a hundred years. It led to wars and commotions, to the sacking and burning of towns, to the ravaging of fruitful countries, and to atrocious deeds of violence of every sort, almost without number. The internal peace of hundreds of thousands of families all over the land was destroyed by it for many generations. Husbands were alienated from wives, and parents from children by it. Murders and assassinations innumerable grew out of it. And what was it all about? you will ask. It arose from the fact that the descendants of a certain king had married and intermarried among each other in such a complicated manner that for several generations nobody could tell which of two different lines of candidates was fairly entitled to the throne. The question was settled at last by a prince who inherited the claim on one side marrying a princess who was the heir on the other. Thus the conflicting interests of the two houses were combined, and the quarrel was ended.But, while the question was pending, it kept the country in a state of perpetual commotion, with feuds, and quarrels, and combats innumerable, and all the other countless and indescribable horrors of civil war...

King Charles the Second was the son and successor of King Charles the First. These two are the only kings of the name of Charles that have appeared, thus far, in the line of English sovereigns. Nor is it very probable that there will soon be another. The reigns of both these monarchs were stained and tarnished with many vices and crimes, and darkened by national disasters of every kind, and the name is thus connected with so many painful associations in the minds of men, that it seems to have been dropped, by common consent, in all branches of the royal family...

The general rules by which this series is governed have been fully stated by the Editor in the first published volume, The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of Allegory. It will therefore not be necessary for me to do more than endeavour to justify the particular application of them in this book. Mr Saintsbury has fully recognised the magnitude of the task which has to be overcome by the writer who should undertake to display "intimate and equal knowledge of all the branches of European Literature at any given time." Nobody could be more conscious of his insufficiency to attain to any such standard of knowledge than I have had occasion to become in the course of executing the part of the plan intrusted to me. Though I hope my work has not been shirked, I still cannot venture to boast of "intimate and equal knowledge" of all the great bulk of literature[vi] produced during the later sixteenth century. Happily so much as this is not required. Some ignorance ofor at least some want of familiarity withthe less important, is permitted where the writer is "thoroughly acquainted with the literature which happened to be of greatest prominence in the special period." I must leave others to decide how far my handling of the Spanish, English, and French portions of the subject can be held to excuse my less intimate familiarity with the Italian and Portuguese. The all but unbroken silence of Germany during this period made it unnecessary to take account of it. Modern Dutch and modern Scandinavian literature had hardly begun; such Scottish poets as Scott and Montgomerie are older than their age. These and other things, on the principles of the series, fall into the previous or the next volume.Although the reasons for the course taken with the literature of Spain are given in the text, they may be repeated here by way of preliminary excuse.

¿Qué hay de cierto en torno a la leyenda y misterios de Rennes-le-Château? ¿Son auténticos los pergaminos supuestamente hallados por Bérenger Saunière en el pilar de su iglesia? ¿Qué hechos resultan

Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Henry is best known for his six marriages and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. His disagreement with the Pope on the question of such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority and appointing himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Despite his resulting excommunication, Henry remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings.

La Crónica de la Conquista de Granada escrita por Washington Irving es una obra literaria que relata con maestría y detalle la conquista de Granada por los Reyes Católicos en el siglo XV. Esta crónica se destaca por su estilo literario vivido y descriptivo, que sumerge al lector en la historia de la epoca. Irving combina datos historicos con elementos de ficcion para crear una narrativa fascinante que captura la esencia de la Reconquista española. La obra se considera un clasico de la literatura española y ha influido en generaciones posteriores de escritores. Washington Irving, conocido por sus cuentos como La Leyenda de Sleepy Hollow, se inspiro en su amor por la historia y la cultura española para escribir esta cronica. Su profundo conocimiento de la historia le permitio recrear con precision los eventos y personajes involucrados en la conquista de Granada, otorgandole un toque unico y emotivo a la narrativa. Recomendaria Cronica de la Conquista de Granada a cualquier lector interesado en la historia de España, la literatura clasica y las narraciones historicas. Esta obra de Washington Irving ofrece una mirada unica y apasionante a uno de los momentos mas importantes de la historia española, enriqueciendo nuestra comprension de este periodo crucial.

Juan Martín el Empecinado de Benito Pérez Galdós es una obra literaria que narra la vida de Juan Martín Díez, un famoso guerrillero español durante la Guerra de la Independencia. Galdós utiliza un estilo narrativo detallado y descriptivo que sumerge al lector en la España del siglo XIX. A traves de este relato, el autor explora temas como el patriotismo, la valentia y la lucha por la libertad, capturando la esencia de un periodo tumultuoso en la historia española. La novela se destaca por su meticulosa investigacion historica y su habilidad para crear personajes realistas y convincentes. Benito Perez Galdos, uno de los mas grandes novelistas españoles del siglo XIX, se inspiro en la historia de Juan Martin el Empecinado para crear esta obra maestra. Su estilo literario unico y su profundo conocimiento de la sociedad española de la epoca se reflejan claramente en la novela. Galdos, conocido por su capacidad para plasmar la realidad social y politica de España, ofrece una vision fascinante de uno de los heroes mas emblematicos de la Guerra de la Independencia. Recomiendo Juan Martin el Empecinado a aquellos lectores interesados en la historia de España, la literatura del siglo XIX y las novelas historicas. Esta obra no solo brinda una vision detallada de un periodo crucial en la historia española, sino que tambien ofrece una mirada intima a la vida y la lucha de un personaje legendario como Juan Martin el Empecinado.

En estas páginas hallará el lector una perspectiva integral del fenómeno templario.Codex templi es una obra que, además de desmontar un buen número de especulaciones modernas, nace con vocación de convertirse en un referente clasico en la divulgacion acerca de los pobres caballeros de Cristo del templo de salomon. En estas paginas hallara el lector una perspectiva integral del fenomeno templario. Por un lado, la investigacion rigurosa de los hechos fieles a la historia; por otro, la exposicion de los aspectos trascendentes de los templarios desde la perspectiva de la mas genuina tradicion: la que es primordial y unanime en todas las grandes corrientes espirituales de oriente y occidente.Avalada por la sociedad de estudios templarios y medievales templespaña, que ha logrado reunir a un nutrido grupo de autores de concepciones plurales en torno a un buen numero de claves y misterios, esta enciclopedica obra aborda los origenes de la orden del temple, su teologia, sus reglas, sus documentos, sus simbolos, su arquitectura, sus usos y costumbres, sus gestas militares, su capacidad financiera, su dimension tradicional, su proceso inquisitorial, su apogeo y caida...Mucho se ha publicado ya sobre un tema tan sugestivo como el de los monjes-guerreros medievales, los caballeros templarios. No obstante, lo que en buena medida se ofrece al lector en los ultimos tiempos fantasea con insistencia sobre conspiraciones pseudohistoricas y adoctrinamientos ocultistas.Para quien se acerque al temple por vez primera y para el que sea su tema predilecto, cada capitulo, ameno y profundo al mismo tiempo, desvelara a ambos tipos de lectores discutidas incognitas, no con los destellos del sensacionalismo superficial, sino con la luz de la sobria y perenne autenticidad.

James Franck Brights The History of Medieval Monarchy in England (449 to 1485) is a comprehensive and meticulously researched account of the evolution of monarchy in England during the medieval period. Brights writing style is both engaging and scholarly, providing readers with a deep understanding of the political, social, and cultural dynamics that shaped the English monarchy over the centuries. The book delves into key moments and figures, shedding light on the challenges and triumphs of monarchs from the time of the Anglo-Saxons to the Wars of the Roses. Brights analysis is both thorough and nuanced, offering readers a rich tapestry of historical insights. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the history of medieval England and the development of monarchy in the region. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for the subject matter, Brights The History of Medieval Monarchy in England is a scholarly masterpiece that will captivate and educate readers of all levels of expertise.

Thomas Touts seminal work, The Empire and the Papacy, 918-1273, delves into the intricate relationship between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy during the high Middle Ages. Tout masterfully navigates the political and religious dynamics that shaped this pivotal period, offering a comprehensive analysis of the power struggles and alliances between the two dominant institutions. Written in a scholarly yet accessible style, this book provides valuable insights into the roles of emperors and popes, the Investiture Controversy, and the broader context of medieval Europe. Touts meticulous research and engaging narrative make this a must-read for students and scholars of medieval history. Thomas Tout, a renowned historian and professor, draws upon his expertise in medieval studies to illuminate the complex interactions between secular and ecclesiastical authorities. His in-depth understanding of primary sources and secondary literature enriches the thematic discussions and highlights the significance of the Empire-Papacy conflict. Touts scholarly contributions to the field establish him as a leading authority on medieval history. The Empire and the Papacy, 918-1273 is a vital resource for anyone interested in the medieval period, political history, or religious studies. Touts thorough analysis and compelling narrative make this book indispensable for understanding the power dynamics of medieval Europe and the enduring legacy of the Empire-Papacy conflict.