eBooks de Historia de la filosofía, página 6 de 1057

Andrew Lang was a prolific Scots man of letters, a poet, novelist, literary critic and contributor to anthropology. He now is best known as the collector of folk and fairy tales. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, St Andrews University and at Balliol College, Oxford. As a journalist, poet, critic and historian, he soon made a reputation as one of the ablest and most versatile writers of the day.Lang was a Homeric scholar of conservative views reflected in his works "Homer and the Epic"; a prose translation of "The Homeric Hymns", with literary and mythological essays in which he draws parallels between Greek myths and other mythologies; and his Homeric masterpiece "Homer and his Age", first published in 1906.

In questo tempo singolare, vorrei condividere alcune riflessioni, alcune suggestioni sollevate dalla situazione attuale, scandendole secondo tre parole che risuonano in me con particolare intensita. Spero che possa essere unoccasione per disseminare curiosita, spunti di lettura con cui continuare a intessere quel dialogo che coltiva e custodisce la nostra comune umanita.Matteo Bergamaschi

Published in 1764, Voltaires "Philosophical Dictionary" is a series of short essays, hortatory and propagandist, over an enormously wide range of subjects."Philosophical Dictionary" was deliberately planned as a revolutionary book and was duly denounced on all sides and described as a deplorable monument of the extent to which intelligence and erudition can be abused. The subjects treated include Abraham, Angel and Anthropophages; Baptism, Beauty and Beasts; Fables, Fraud and Fanaticism; Metempsychosis, Miracles and Moses; all of them exposed to Voltaires lucid scrutiny, his elegant irony and his passionate love of reason and justice.

Quando i dubbi esistenziali rimangono senza una risposta intrinseca, quando la continua ricerca fornisce alcune risposte, ma allo stesso tempo pone piu domande tutto diventa un ciclo infinito.A questo punto puoi solo continuare, con la speranza che un giorno, qualcosa accadra durante la lettura della prossima pagina.

"The Biography of Satan" is an essential collection of lore, logic, and philosophy, dating to the middle of the rational days of the 19th century. Within this work, Kersey Graves lays waste to the doctrine of eternal Hell and the very concept of a Satan, claiming that it is, within proper tradition, the Christian god himself who is the architect of evil and suffering.

When existential doubts remain without an intrinsic response, when continuous research gives some answers, but at the same time poses more questions, then everything becomes a never-endig cycle.At this point you can only continue, with the hope that one day something illuminating will happen while reading the next page.

One of the great poets of the 14th century, Italian scholar Francesco Petrarch is also regarded as the father of the humanist movement."Petrarchs Secret" is an autobiographical treatise translated from the Latin that represents a "humanist manifesto" central to understanding European culture during the early modern period.The treatise consists of three dialogues between Petrarch and St. Augustine in the presence of Truth.

A leitura destas biografias envolve o leitor, conduzindo-o a sentir as alegrias e as dores que cada Superior Geral teve de viver em diferentes desafios históricos na condução do Instituto. Saber da d

(...) People have a very distorted view of science, religion, and the relationship between them. They immediately put science and faith as antipodes in constant confrontation. My vision is a little more historical and cultural. I see science as a manifestation of human effort to engage in the mystery of existence. And religion is also a manifestation of human effort to engage in the mystery of existence. In a certain way, both come from the same source. Refusing to talk is refusing to look at one side of our life, human existence, which is part of who we are. Its a perfectly natural conversation. Marcelo Gleiser Dossier Courtyard of the Gentiles

"A Theologico-Political Treatise" is a work by the Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinoza. Spinoza knew that his work would attract unwanted criticism and censorship, so he published it anonymously in 1670 and the publisher also used an alias. In addition, the work was written in New Latin, not Dutch, so that the government would not censor it. In "A Theologico-Political Treatise", Spinoza writes his most organised and extensive criticism of Judaism and all religion in general.Spinoza believes that theology and philosophy must be separate, and not even religion and the reading of scripture can combine the two. While theology breeds obedience, philosophy encourages seeking rational truth. Therefore, since the scripture (the holy word for a religion) is cant be both, then either the meaning will be distorted or people cannot be forced to conform to it. As a result, the meaning of scripture will darken because of the prejudices of people of that religion that came before. This work was a defence that was published before another work, "Ethics", which was published after Spinoza died in 1677.One of the most original and penetrating philosophers of all time, Spinoza is also one of the clearest and easiest to understand. His works constitute an important adjunct to understanding Goethe, Hegel, Schelling, Coleridge, Whitehead, Schopenhauer, Wittgenstein, and other writers who were influenced by his thinking. Spinozas works retain an endless wealth of lucidly expressed and deeply profound analyses of such concepts as God, the universe, pantheism, the role of society, revealed religion, the state, democracy, the mind, the emotions, freedom, and human nature.

Epictetus was a slave-turned-philosopher who was born in Hierapolis and famously lived in Rome until Emperor Domitian banned philosophers from the city. Like Socrateswho Epictetus quotes and refers to frequentlywe would know nothing of the thoughts of Epictetus if it were not for one of his enthusiastic students, Arrian, who compiled his mentors teachings.Epictetus was one of the Stoics, philosophers who believed that one should be unmoved by the situations and conditions handed one by the universefor such things are beyond ones control.As the title suggests, "The Golden Sayings" consists of a collection of numbered sayings, some are pithy sentences and others are full paragraphs, but few are as long as a page. Lest giving up ones anger and fear of the unknown seem too daunting, Epictetus does advocate a gradual approach to self-improvement. He says that if one can at first say that one went a day without anger, one is on the path. As long as one works in the direction of saying it has been a week and then a month without anger.As intimated above, Epictetus shows a great admiration for Socrates and applauds the elder philosopher for accepting that which he didnt know and for his continual struggle to be a better man.

Set in the second century A.D. against the backdrop of a Roman Empire on the verge of decline, "Marius the Epicurean" is the story of the philosophical and spiritual development of Marius, a young Italian serving as amanuensis to the great emperor Marcus Aurelius. Marius explores the various systems of philosophy in search of an elusive vision of love, moving from Epicureanism to Cyrenaicism and finally Stoicism before finally finding what he had sought in the terrible beauty of Christian martyrdom."Marius the Epicurean", first published in 1885, has been described as "the most highly finished of all his (Paters) works and the expression of his deepest thought"."Marius the Epicurean" is the rare novel that is as significant for its style as for its plot. Told in Paters uniquely exquisite and poetic prose, Marius became a profound influence on writers of the Aesthetic and Decadent movements of the late Victorian era, including Paters former student, Oscar Wilde. It is also an important forerunner of the psychological novels of Joyce, Woolf, James, and Conrad, all of whom absorbed into their fictional techniques Paters emphasis on the rendering of impressions and his presentation of character and point of view.

In "Arcane Schools", John Yarker attempts to trace the history of Masonry and Masonic rites through history, proving its legitimacy through seniority and the power of tradition. Yarker establishes the roots of Masonry in a race he calls the Aryans, a catchall phrase to describe an unknown race of conquerors who developed the early human arts, such as stoneworking, metalworking, and agriculture. Yarker then explains how that civilisation gave rise to societies of special knowledge, such at the mathematical and philosophical schools in ancient Greece. From these, he can trace symbolism to modern Freemasonry.

Platos "Symposium" is a series of speeches on Love given at a party in ancient Greece. They deal with questions of: what Love is; interpersonal relationships through love; what types of love are worthy of praise; the purpose of love; and others. It is the first major philosophical text on love in Western literature. It can be classified as a tragicomedy, using elements of both genres.Apollodorus tells the story of a drinking party or symposium that occurs long ago. Socrates and Aristodemus go to a party given for Agathon, since Agathon has just won a contest for the performance of his tragedy. The men there talk and drink and then decide that each should give a speech in praise of the god, Love.

In "Dialogues on the Supersensual Life", Boehme explains the key ideas of his doctrine.Boehme thinks the Soul is a Being which has a will or desire, and is aided by a mirror of understanding or imagination. Will or Desire is of the very essence of the Soul, inseparable from its existence. He says: Where Desire is, there is also Essence or Being. The Soul is subject to the diverse attractions of the Centre of Divine Life and Light, and of the Spirit of the World. Enlightened by its understanding it has the free power to turn its will towards, and unite itself to, this or that. Choice should be done well, thy choice is brief and yet endless.

The "Nicomachean Ethics" by the Greek philosopher Aristotle is the most influential book of the moral philosophy and one of the earliest treatises on the nature of good actions or ethics. From Kant to John Rawls, all philosophers have discussed the issue with Aristotle on the good life and on happiness. The title derives from either Aristotles father, Nicomachus, or his son, also named Nicomachus. In the "Nicomachean Ethics" Aristotle raises the question of virtue: How should we act? How to live? The man, he said, must act according to reason. The moral of Aristotle is an ethics based on actions, the outcome (good is the end) override the intention, contrary to the kantian ethics.

First published in 1689, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" is a work by English philosopher John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding.Lockes aim in "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" is to inquire into the origin and extent of human knowledge. His conclusionthat all knowledge is derived from sense experiencebecame the principal tenet of empiricism, which has dominated Western philosophy ever since. Even George Berkeley, who rejected Lockes distinction between sense qualities independent of the mind and sense qualities dependent on the mind, produced his idealism in response to Lockes provocative philosophy and gave it an empirical cast that reflected Western cultures rejection of innate or transcendental knowledge.

Philosophy may be divided into three fields: physics (the study of the physical world), ethics (the study of morals), and logic (the study of logical principles). These fields may involve either "empirical" study of our experiences, or "pure" analysis of concepts. "Metaphysics" is the study of pure concepts as they relate to moral or physical experience.First published in 1785, "Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals" is a preliminary sketch of the fundamental metaphysical laws governing moral experience by German philosopher Immanuel Kant. These laws are metaphysical in that they can be discerned a priorithat is, by the exercise of pure reason and without reference to psychology. Kants goal is to set forth the supreme principle of morality. The attempt is organised into three sections.

In "The Critique of Practical Reason" (1788), Immanuel Kant argues that principles are subjective (and therefore maxims) if one person considers them; they are objective (and therefore imperatives) if every rational being considers them. Imperatives are either hypothetical or categorical. A hypothetical imperative demands a course of action to achieve a specified result; for example, If I want to stay dry in the rain, then I should take my umbrella with me. A categorical imperative demands a course of action under all possible circumstances; for example, Thou shalt not commit murder.According to Kant, hypothetical imperatives respond to desires, while categorical imperatives constitute rationality.Kant is often described as an ethical rationalist, and the description is not wholly inappropriate. He never espoused, however, the radical rationalism of some of his contemporaries nor of more recent philosophers for whom reason is held to have direct insight into a world of values or the power to intuit the rightness of this or that moral principle.

The appearance of "Meditations on First Philosophy" in 1641 marked a dramatic turning point in the history of Western thought.In "Meditations on the First Philosophy", René Descartes delves into epistemology, or the theory of knowledge. He asks questions such as whether there is such a thing as knowledge, and if so, what distinguishes it from opinion. However, in order to answer these questions and to validate knowledge, it was necessary to raise the fundamental questions of being.Descartes chooses to present his thoughts as meditations; he represents himself as seated before a fire in a cozy Dutch dwelling, wrapped in his dressing gown, freed from worldly care, and ready to devote himself to a task to which he had for some time looked forward, a kind of mental housecleaning. On six successive days, he pursues his meditation, step by step, clearing his mind of all error.