eBooks de Lógica, página 2 de 4

A partir de un grupo interdisciplinar de investigación llamado “Desarrollo personal” compuesto por profesores e investigadores universitarios pertenecientes a las Ciencias Sociales, las Humanidades y

La lógica constituye el instrumento intelectual más fundamental con el que cuenta el ser humano. Sus principios rigen el propio funcionamiento del pensar, sin los cuales incluso la tarea más sencilla resultaria imposible. Asi pues, este breve tratado tratara exponer por un lado, las condiciones sine quanon del proceso logico y por otro lado, las condiciones historicas que fueron necesarias para su formacion.

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is a profound investigation into the relationship between language, thought, and reality, formulated from a rigorously logical perspective. Ludwig Wittgenstein proposed that the structure of language mirrors the structure of the world, establishing the limits of what can be meaningfully said and what must remain in silence. Through its numbered propositions, he explored logic as the foundation of meaning, arguing that philosophy does not create theories but clarifies thoughts, delineating the ineffable.Since its publication, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus has been recognized as one of the most influential works of twentieth-century philosophy, especially in the philosophy of language and analytical logic. Its unique approach to the relationship between language and the world deeply influenced schools such as logical positivism and paved the way for new philosophical paradigms, including Wittgensteins later reflections.The enduring relevance of the work lies in its ability to provoke a radical re-evaluation of the limits of thought, what can be logically expressed, and the necessary silence before the unsayable. By investigating the essence of language and its connection with reality, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus invites readers to reconsider philosophy not as theory, but as a clarifying activity, marking a revolution in the understanding of philosophical problems.

Tratado Lógico-Filosófico é uma investigação profunda sobre a relação entre linguagem, pensamento e realidade, formulada a partir de uma perspectiva lógica rigorosa. Ludwig Wittgenstein propõe que a

A obra atual se encontra dividida em três partes. Na primeira delas, propomos um estudo introdutório à lógica. Procuraremos então construir os alicerces conceituais e simbólicos indispensáveis para o

Analisa o movimento que promoveu a razão, a ciência e o progresso, desafiando a autoridade e a superstição, com figuras como Voltaire, Rousseau e Kant.

Majid AminiFrom Syllogism to Logicism: Was Aristotle the First Logicist?António de Castro CaeiroThe Snubness-structure and the Inextricable Soul-Body Relationship Sergey TrostyanskiyIndivisibles and the Temporal Continuum: Aristotle and Neopythagorean ThoughtLaura FolliThe Authenticity of Metaphysics Alpha elatton in the scholium Parisinum and in Alexander of Aphrodisias recensio alteraSilvia FazzoAristotles Earliest Extant Manuscripts. New Doubts and Perspectives

Neste tratado de esgrima intelectual, Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) ensina como levar a afirmação do adversário além de sua fronteira natural, exagerando-a, ao mesmo tempo que se deve encolher a pr

Na trilha sob o Sol nos encontramos com o Qoheleth em sua busca por uma vida que vale a pena viver.Ele tentou, como antigos gregos do peso de Homero e dos estoicos, harmonizar a vida ao todo universal; empenhou-se por uma vida racionalizada a semelhança de Socrates e Plato; intentou e alcançou uma vida prazerosa, abonada e de sucesso como proclamaram Epicuro, Zaratustra e outros; tentou, como Tevje, manter o equilibrio tocando violino sobre um telhado; e, como Ivan Ilitch, apresentou-se a sociedade com uma moral impecavel e uma vida util.Em todas as tentativas de encontrar uma vida que valesse a pena, entretanto, o Qoheleth viu-se frustrado. Todas elas, embora tivessem suas razes de ser, no lhe pareceram nada seno miragem. Que proveito alguem tem de todo o seu trabalho, com que se afadiga debaixo do sol? pergunta.Na companhia do Qoheleth nos damos conta de que, por vezes, tambem tentamos dominar o vento ou que corremos e corremos para alcançar o Sol como na canço Time do Pink Floyd e, tarde demais, nos darmos conta que ele esta se pondo, dando a volta ate ressurgir atras de nos. O Sol permanece o mesmo, mas nos estamos mais velhos, ofegantes e um dia mais proximos do fim.A vida, para valer a pena mesmo, parece exigir uma razo maior, um principio ou um sentido ultimo pelo qual se vive e/ou se morre.Sera que o Qoheleth o encontrou?Amarre o cadarço, vista seu bone e se voce, como eu, ja se deu conta que esta mais velho e ofegante, apanhe ainda seu monitor cardiaco. O mais antigo autor de [anti]autoajuda que conheço o Qoheleth nos aguarda.

O Peri Hermeneias de Apuleio de Madauros é o mais antigo tratado latino de lógica formal que conhecemos. Não se trata de uma mera compilação de textos, mas de uma síntese bem urdida, dotada de reflex

P.D. Magnuss "Forallx: An Introduction to Formal Logic" serves as a comprehensive gateway into the rigorous realm of formal logic. Emphasizing clarity and accessibility, Magnus employs engaging prose and a methodical approach to dissect complex concepts such as quantifiers, logical equivalences, and proof techniques. The book is structured to facilitate gradual learning, making it ideal for beginners while still engaging seasoned thinkers. Magnus situates formal logic in its historical context, tracing its philosophical roots and contemporary relevance, which enriches the readers understanding of its foundational importance in critical thinking and analysis. P.D. Magnus, a noted philosopher with a focus on formal logic and philosophy of logic, has cultivated an academic career that emphasizes clarity in the teaching of complex ideas. His experience as a teacher informs every page of this book, leading him to develop a text that caters not only to students but also to inquisitive minds seeking to apply logical principles to everyday life. Magnuss dedication to pedagogy is evident in the intuitive layout of the content, which promotes retention and engagement. I highly recommend "Forallx" to anyone seeking a solid foundation in formal logic, whether for academic pursuits or personal enrichment. Magnuss blend of insightful commentary and practical exercises makes it an indispensable resource for students, academics, and anyone interested in sharpening their reasoning skills.

Forallx is an introduction to sentential logic and first-order predicate logic with identity, logical systems that significantly influenced twentieth-century analytic philosophy. After working through the material in this book, a student should be able to understand most quantified expressions that arise in their philosophical reading. This book treats symbolization, formal semantics, and proof theory for each language. The discussion of formal semantics is more direct than in many introductory texts. Although forall x does not contain proofs of soundness and completeness, it lays the groundwork for understanding why these are things that need to be proven. Contents: What is logic? Sentential logic Truth tables Quanti ed logic Formal semantics Proofs Other symbolic notation Solutions to selected exercises

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels "Science of Logic" stands as a monumental work in the realm of philosophy, intricately exploring the nature and development of thought itself. Employing a dialectical method, Hegel meticulously constructs a framework where concepts evolve through contradictions, ultimately revealing a profound interconnectivity in human reasoning. His literary style is characterized by dense, systematic exposition and a commitment to uncovering the underlying structures of ideas, positioning this text as a cornerstone of German Idealism and a precursor to later existential thought. Hegel, an influential figure born in 1770, was immersed in the intellectual currents of his time, including Kantian philosophy and the tumultuous socio-political landscape of post-revolutionary Europe. His experiences as a student and teacher, coupled with his engagement in the philosophical debates of his era, significantly shaped his thought processes. Through "Science of Logic," Hegel aimed to elucidate the mechanistic progression of logical categories, providing a rigorous foundation for subsequent philosophical inquiry and laying the groundwork for metaphysical exploration. This distinguished text is highly recommended for readers seeking to grasp the intricacies of Hegelian philosophy. It invites scholars, students, and philosophy enthusiasts alike to engage with the dialectical method, enhancing their understanding of not only logic but also the nature of philosophical inquiry itself.

The Art of Controversy (or The Art of Being Right) is a collection of debate formulas written in 1831 by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. In this book, the author presents methods of gaining an unfair advantage in a debate and thereby being right even if you are wrong. Schopenhauer is a champion in the dialectical argument; in his view, dialectics is wrongly neglected by philosophers in favor of logic. This work is a handbook of modern debaters like Prime Minister Boris Johnson.

"É lógico?" ensina o que é e como construir um argumento demonstrativo tecnicamente correto, em um texto leve e fluente, que combina preocupação didática com precisão conceitual. Num mundo crescentem

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels "Science of Logic" is a profound exploration of the nature and development of logic as a dialectical process. Written in the early 19th century, the text reflects Hegels philosophical project to reconcile ideas of contradiction and unity, where he meticulously dissects traditional logical structures. Employing a dense, yet methodical style, Hegel transforms logic from a mere tool for scientific inquiry into an organic system that captures the dynamic and evolving nature of reality itself. Notably, the work offers a systematic account of concepts such as being, essence, and notion, thus situating itself within the broader context of German Idealism. Hegel, a pivotal figure in Western philosophy, was deeply influenced by the tumultuous socio-political landscape of his time, particularly the aftermath of the French Revolution. His engagement with metaphysics and epistemology paved the way for this foundational work, as Hegel sought to articulate a comprehensive framework that accounted for human thought and its evolution in the face of historical development. His intellectual environment, steeped in Enlightenment ideals yet marked by emerging contradictions, directly shaped the themes present in "Science of Logic." This seminal work is recommended for readers keen on understanding the intricacies of Hegelian thought and its enduring impact on contemporary philosophy. With its ambitious scope and innovative treatment of logic, "Science of Logic" challenges readers to reconsider the relationship between thought and reality, making it an essential read for students of philosophy, logic, and even the social sciences.

In "A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive," John Stuart Mill presents a methodical exploration of the principles of logical reasoning and the foundations of scientific inquiry. Mill employs a clear and analytical literary style, merging empirical observation with inductive reasoning, a departure from the strictly deductive methods of his predecessors. His work not only seeks to establish a formal framework for scientific methodology but also serves as a pivotal text in the broader context of 19th-century philosophy, reflecting the intellectual currents of utilitarian thought and the burgeoning fields of sociology and economics. Mills elaborate treatment of informal logic and his emphasis on the interdependence of observation and theory are particularly notable as they anticipate later discussions in philosophy of science. John Stuart Mill, a prominent philosopher, political economist, and civil servant, was deeply influenced by the intellectual environment of his time. As a proponent of utilitarianism and a critic of dogmatic reasoning, Mills desire to refine the processes of logical inference can be traced to his personal experiences, including his upbringing in a rigorous philosophical household and advocacy for social reform. His commitment to advancing human knowledge and addressing societal issues inspired him to synthesize and articulate a comprehensive logic system. Mills "A System of Logic" is an essential read for anyone interested in the critique of knowledge and the art of reasoning. This text is invaluable for students of philosophy, science, and social studies, revealing the intricate mechanisms behind sound reasoning and methodological rigor. By engaging with Mills arguments, readers will not only enhance their critical thinking skills but also gain insights into the foundational ideas that have shaped modern thought.

In "Logic: Deductive and Inductive," Carveth Read delves into the fundamental principles of logical reasoning, meticulously distinguishing between deductive and inductive methods. The book employs a clear and accessible literary style, seamlessly blending theoretical exploration with practical examples to elucidate complex concepts. Read engages with historical and contemporary philosophical discourse, offering insights into the evolution of logic as both a discipline and a tool for critical thinking. This work serves not only as a textbook for students but also as a reflective piece for anyone interested in the structure of reasoning and its implications in everyday life. Carveth Read, a notable figure in early 20th-century philosophy, was deeply influenced by the work of his contemporaries and predecessors in logic and epistemology. His academic pursuits were rooted in a desire to democratize philosophical thought, making it accessible to a broader audience. Reads passion for education and clarity in thought is evident in his writings, which often sought to bridge the gap between abstract philosophical theories and practical applications. I highly recommend "Logic: Deductive and Inductive" to students, educators, and enthusiasts of philosophy. This book not only enhances ones understanding of logical frameworks but also encourages critical engagement with ideas. Reads rigorous approach and clarity make this an indispensable resource for anyone looking to refine their reasoning skills.

In "A Logic of Facts; Or, Every-day Reasoning," George Jacob Holyoake explores the foundational principles of reasoning as they apply to everyday life. This significant work, written in a clear and engaging style, emphasizes practical logic over abstract theory, providing readers with applicable skills for critical thinking. Holyoakes contribution to the field of logic arises within a broader context of 19th-century rationalism, as he deftly navigates philosophical discussions while making them accessible to the general populace. George Jacob Holyoake was an influential figure not only as a philosopher but also as a social reformer and secularist. His experiences as a publisher and a proponent of cooperative movements shaped his understanding of public reasoning and the importance of rational discourse in personal and communal settings. Holyoakes work is reflective of his commitment to uplift society through education and enlightenment, solidifying his legacy as a pioneer in advocating logical reasoning in everyday affairs. Readers are highly encouraged to delve into Holyoakes "A Logic of Facts" to gain practical insights into reasoning that transcend academic confines. This work is not only a guiding resource for critical thought but also serves as a historical touchstone, appealing to both scholars and general readers interested in the development of logic and reasoning in the modern era.