Analytical Lexicon of the Greek BibleThe basic forms of the Greek Bible put in alphabetical order create the lexicons entries. Every entry has its English translation along with the number of occurrences of the Greek term in the Septuagint, parallel texts and in the New Testament with the sum of all occurrences in all the Bible. At the end of each entry the lexical forms of it are given and listed in alphabetical order with a grammatical analysis and occurrences throughout the Scriptures.In the dictionary, as it is in the concordance, four colours are given a new category of distinction. They separately characterize the texts and references of the Septuagint (green), parallel texts (red) and the New Testament (blue). The same colours are attributed to the number of appearances of the terms in the text. The terms are presented in the Dictionary firstly in basic form, then in all lexical forms arranged in alphabetical order.Complete Concordance to the Greek BibleA Complete Concordance to the Greek Bible is very extensive, therefore it was published in pdf-format which greatly facilitates the search for specific words or phrases. All the words are ordered according to the Greek alphabet and the alphabetical order covers both the word sought and its immediate, two-sided context. Although previous concordances were also arranged alphabetically, the verses with a specific word were given according to the biblical canon. In this Concordance each word is listed in its preceding and following context. Consequently, one can immediately find biblical quotations, paraphrases and other similar passages on the same topic. Since it is a textual concordance, all words are given in their textual forms.Provided here is the first contextual full concordance to the full Greek Bible: Septuagint with its parallel texts and Greek New Testament. Four colors are given in order to create a new category of distinction between the text sources. They characterize separately the texts and references of Septuagint (green), parallel texts (red) and New Testament (blue). The following context is arranged in alphabetical order and this choice is favoring in easy way the possibility to note the presence of all synoptic phenomena.

A Complete Concordance to the Greek Bible is very extensive, therefore it was published in pdf-format which greatly facilitates the search for specific words or phrases. All the words are ordered according to the Greek alphabet and the alphabetical order covers both the word sought and its immediate, two-sided context. Although previous concordances were also arranged alphabetically, the verses with a specific word were given according to the biblical canon. In this Concordance each word is listed in its preceding and following context. Consequently, one can immediately find biblical quotations, paraphrases and other similar passages on the same topic. Since it is a textual concordance, all words are given in their textual forms.Provided here is the first contextual full concordance to the full Greek Bible: Septuagint with its parallel texts and Greek New Testament. Four colors are given in order to create a new category of distinction between the text sources. They characterize separately the texts and references of Septuagint (green), parallel texts (red) and New Testament (blue). The following context is arranged in alphabetical order and this choice is favoring in easy way the possibility to note the presence of all synoptic phenomena.

Cliff Shelters and Hiding Complexes in Galilee during the Early Roman Period is the result of years of intensive study conducted by Yinon Shivtiel throughout Galilee combining historical, archaeological, and speleological research. The author documents and describes all the Galilean sites so far discovered containing the traces of underground cavities hewn out and readied by Jews as refuges and hiding places during the Early Roman period. The study relies on accounts in two of Flavius Josephus works, The Jewish War and The Life of Josephus, where Josephus records that the Jewish population in Galilee prepared two types of underground chambers for use in times of adversity, defined in the research as cliff shelters and hiding complexes. During the authors comprehensive fieldwork, which is thoroughly documented and described in the book, it became clear that the first method exploited natural caves whose openings were located at the top of steep cliffs, most of which could only be reached by rock climbing or rappelling with the aid of ropes. The many finds from these shelters shed light on their extensive use during the Early Roman period. Where no naturally fortified cliffs existed, the Jews of Galilee resorted to quarrying out underground hiding complexes. The book details the evidence and finds from the different forms of hiding complexes discovered beneath the remains of many of the Jewish settlements in Galilee chronicled by Flavius Josephus. Research into these complexes has revealed their resemblance to similar hiding systems discovered in the Judean plain. The book is copiously illustrated with plans, figures and photographs of both types of underground chambers and it discusses their connection with the desperate times faced by the Jews in Galilee throughout the entire Early Roman period, particularly during the Great Revolt.

In 1885, a large hypogeum was discovered at the Saint-Etienne Compound, the domain acquired only two and a half years before by the Dominicans on the western slope of El Heidhemiyeh hill, about 250 m north of the Jerusalem Ottoman wall.After the unearthing of a second large hypogeum, only fifty metres north of Hypogeum 1, in their monumental work on the history of Jerusalem, the two eminent Dominican scholars Louis-Hugues Vincent and Felix-Marie Abel proposed to date the two burial complexes to the Hellenistic or Roman period.This dating remained unchallenged until the survey of 197475, carried out by the distinguished Israeli archaeologists Gabriel Barkay and Amos Kloner, who proposed to date the two burial caves towards the end of the Judahite kingdom, on the basis of an unsystematic comparison of few architectural features with those of other tombs.In the frame of the improved knowledge of the broad and adjacent archaeological contexts since the last study of the Saint-Etienne Compound Hypogea, between 2011 and 2014 Riccardo Lufrani carried out a detailed survey of the two burial caves, providing new and more detailed photographic, topographic, archaeological and geological documentation.The systematic comparison of the significant architectural features of the Saint-Etienne Compound Hypogea with a consistent sample of 22 tombs in the region suggest dating the hewing of the two hypogea to the Early Hellenistic period, shedding a new light on the history of Jerusalem.

For 60 years Qumran research has been focused on epigraphy, exegesis, and the historical sources of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The manuscripts are now published and accessible, and research is turning in a positive way to the archaeology of the site and its context. The time has come to provide researchers with a complete documentation. The excavator, Roland de Vaux, had given preliminary reports and a valuable interpretation made in the immediate aftermath of the excavations. Since considerable progress has been made in the archeology of Hellenistic and Roman Palestine, however, Qumran has to be reassessed and the interpretation objectively verified.Volume IIIA presents an up-to-date archaeological reconsideration: a shorter and more precise chronology, in which the earthquake of 31 BC is deleted; the concept of an Essene community is challenged, owing to the lack of a suitable infrastructure; the cemetery itself is connected with a Jewish diaspora scattered around the Dead Sea. Other facilities strengthen the Jewish character of the site, however. The function of Qumran fits better with the rites of a pilgrimage on the occasion of the festivals of Passover and Pentecost.In the second part, the peripheral Essene facilities, expanded around an earlier Hellenistic center, are analyzed and described. The essay seeks to outline their internal consistency and to determine their function. The restoration of a stratigraphy, by cross-checking the excavation archives, leads to a redistribution of pottery in four levels in a more precise chronology.The reconsideration makes use of anthropology, which opens up the archaeological field and throws additional light on the manuscripts.

Volume II/2 of this critical edition of all the documents of the Synod of Dordt (16181619) contains documents relating to the early sessions of the Synod of Dordt, until the expulsion of the Remonstrants. Many are published for the first time. Included are documents of the Pro-Acta sessions on several matters of Dutch church lifea new Dutch Bible translation, catechetical instruction, baptism of slave children, theological training and printing abusesas well as documents concerning the contentious procedural debates with the Remonstrants on how to deal with the doctrinal issues in the controversytheir view of predestination and related points.

The basic forms of the Greek Bible put in alphabetical order create the lexicons entries. Every entry has its English translation along with the number of occurrences of the Greek term in the Septuagint, parallel texts and in the New Testament with the sum of all occurrences in all the Bible. At the end of each entry the lexical forms of it are given and listed in alphabetical order with a grammatical analysis and occurrences throughout the Scriptures.In the dictionary, as it is in the concordance, four colours are given a new category of distinction. They separately characterize the texts and references of the Septuagint (green), parallel texts (red) and the New Testament (blue). The same colours are attributed to the number of appearances of the terms in the text. The terms are presented in the Dictionary firstly in basic form, then in all lexical forms arranged in alphabetical order.

The Synod of Dordt 1618/1619 was one of the most important church councils in the history of the Reformed tradition. International delegates from all over Europe served as important participants and played a significant role in the evaluation of Remonstrant doctrine and in the formation of the Canons of Dordt. The Synod made important pronouncements on other issues such as Sunday observance, catechism instruction and theological education. Given the continuing worldwide historical significance of the Synods Canons and church order, the absence of a critical scholarly edition of the majority of documents of the Synod is remarkable. The Johannes a Lasco Bibliothek in Emden, a leading research center for the history and theology of Reformed Protestantism, has taken the initiative to edit the Acts and documents of the Synod of Dordt. The edition is organized as a RefoRC project, with the participation of other institutions and scholars in Europe and North-America.Vol. II/1 edits the Convening of the Synod.

The material culture of Colossae is here for the first time given as full a collation as possible to the present day. 38 inscriptions, 88 coins and 49 testimonia are brought together in the context of a thorough overview of the site of Colossae. These include evidence that has been thought lost or has been overlooked or misinterpreted or has only recently been discovered.New readings, insights and analyses of the material evidence are brought into a highly creative exchange with the two letters of the Second Testament connected with the site. The texts thereby become additional evidence for an appreciation of the life of a city in the first two centuries of the Common Era.The fullest collation of evidence for the ancient Phrygian city in the Greco-Roman period was the coin catalogue assembled by Hans von Aulock (1987). The most recent catalogue of the inscriptions of Colossae was published by William Calder and William Buckler in 1939. There has never been a full inventory of ancient writings that bear witness to the site. Alan H. Cadwallader in his volume not only updates this material by subjecting it to thorough, critical analysis in the light of comparative evidence from across the Roman province of Asia and the Mediterranean world. New discoveries from the site and from museums and collections in the United Kingdom, Europe, Russia, Australia and the United States are introduced. Into this assemblage and interpretation are brought the letters to the Colossians and Philemon in the Second Testament writings of the Christian Church. For the first time, the letters are released to be players in the highly competitive environment of a city negotiating its way in the new realities of imperial Rome. Here the letters and their recipients become participants in the society of the day, contributing, critiquing and struggling to forge an identity for the Christ followers within that world. Echoes of the gymnasium, gladiatorial spectacles, cosmological speculations, religious devotion and sanction, family structures, commerce and industry, struggles for justice, intercity competition and legal negotiations are found in the letters, echoes that witness to their participation in the life of Colossae. This is a radical new approach, incorporating the turn to material culture as the embedding of literature and its consumers rather than an embellishing backdrop.

This collected volume is dedicated to the role of prayer books in lay piety in medieval and early modern contexts. Instead of focusing on individual examples, it places them within the broader genre of devotional literature and considers them in connection with prevailing cultural, religious and artistic developments, taking into account the Reformation, the printing press and growing interest in lay piety, in the context of increasing individualism, developing literacy, privatization and/or personalization of religion. Contextualising devotional literature, the volume refines understandings of religious practice fostered by traditional Catholicism and early modern Protestantism and its relationship with the written word, locating the use of books within a devotional diet that included oral recitation of prayers as well as contemplation of images. Stressing continuities, often against the grain of existing literature, this volume highlights differences between regional cultures of prayer in contrast to norms set by the universal Church and emphasizes the tension between public/communal and private/individual devotion.

Having been discarded into the oblivion of "heretics", the figure of Juan de Valdés only began to be recovered at the end of the 19th century. Initially associated with Protestantism, Valdés has been portrayed by a range of writers who have each tried to classify him in one of the religious categories of the time: erasmian, catholic, alumbrado or protestant. However, the very diversity of portraits only confirmed the need for a more eclectic point of view. In his book Manuel Martinez-Ortega examines particular religious trends, texts and tendencies of Valdes time and context in order to identify, through the analysis of his writings, the particular characteristics and emphases of his eclecticism. His writings include commentaries on the Bible, with translation from Greek into Spanish, as well as a sizable "spiritual manual" and something like theological sketches, all of which portray his convictions and message. The analysis of his writings and their background reveal that, within the movement of Spanish Protestantism, Juan de Valdes constitutes a clear example of religious currents that received and assimilated key principles of the Protestant Reformation.

At the Synod of Dordrecht (161819), the deep questions of justification and faith, election and rejection, time and eternity, grace and free will, the individual and the body of Christ, Israel and the church, the acquisition of salvation through Christ and its application by His Spirit, baptism and regeneration, and especially the precise relationship between these, were at stake. These deep questions are addressed in this study. Lines are drawn to the historical, theological and political context of the time of the synod. Patristics and the Middle Ages are not absent, nor are the metaphysical questions related to these theological issues. Also the church polity of Dordt is discussed, especially the roots, influences and structures of its church order. This volume ends with a hermeneutical reflection on the way we confess the electing God today.

Peter Lampes work has covered a wide range of fields, the common denominator being his interest in contextualizing belief systems. Mirroring his multifaced work, the authors pursue his interest from different interdisciplinary angles, addressing the interdependence between religious expressions and their situations or contexts. The application of theoretical models to texts examples flanks the inspiring theoretical epistemological and methodological reflections. Studies in socio-economic and political history adjoin archaeological, epigraphic, papyrological and iconographic investigations. (Social-)psychological interpretations of texts complement rhetorical analyses. The hermeneutical reception of biblical materials in, for example, the Koran and Christian Chinese or Orthodox contexts, as well as in religious education and homiletics, rounds off the volumes.

Die Wirkung Martin Luthers auf den Calvinismus war enorm.In diesem Band dokumentieren namhafte Autoren auf dem Gebiet der Lutherforschung und der reformierten Theologie die internationale Forschung zur Rezeption Martin Luthers im Calvinismus. Umfassend analysieren sie das Bild Luthers in unterschiedlichen calvinistischen Kontexten. Als Experten gelingt es ihnen, die zentralen Zusammenhange zwischen lutherischem und calvinistischem Denken nachvollziehbar und prazise aufzuzeigen.Mit ihrem nachdrucklichen Hinweis auf die immense Wirkung Luthers auf den Calvinismus leisten sie insgesamt einen Meilenstein auf dem Weg zur Erforschung der Bedeutung Martin Luthers fur die Geistesgeschichte Europas.

This volume is a festschrift in honor of Steven Fraade, the Mark Taper Professor of the History of Judaism at Yale University. The contributions to the volume, written by colleagues and former students of Professor Fraade, reflect many of his scholarly interests. The scholarly credentials of the contributors are exceedingly high. The volume is divided into three sections, one on Second Temple literature and its afterlife, a second on rabbinic literature and rabbinic history, and a third on prayer and the ancient synagogue.Contributors are Alan Applebaum, Joshua Burns , Elizabeth Shanks Alexander , Chaya Halberstam , John J. Collins, Marc Bregman, Aharon Shemesh, Ishay Rosen-Zvi, Vered Noam, Robert Brody, Albert Baumgarten, Marc Hirshman, Moshe Bar-Asher, Aaron Amit, Yose Yahalom, Lee Levine, Jan Joosten, Daniel Boyarin, Charlotte Hempel, David Stern, Beth Berkowitz, Azzan Yadin, Joshua Levinson, Elitzur Bar-Asher Siegal, Michal Bar-Asher Siegal, Tzvi Novick, Devora Diamant, Richard Kalmin, Carol Bakhos, Judith Hauptman, Jeff Rubenstein, Martha Himmelfarb, Stuart Miller, Esther Chazon, James Kugel, Chaim Milikowsky, Maren Niehoff, Peter Schaefer, and Adiel Schremer.

The present volume aims at a clarification and a discussion of the church in the 16th century: What did the reformers think about the essence and origin of the holy, apostolic and Catholic church? What was seen as the aim of it, its task and mission? Can human beings see the true church or not? Does it have one existence in this world and another in the world to come? Furthermore, the concept of church is indissolubly connected to the theological concepts of sin, faith, justification, sanctification, and salvation, and the study of the church also involves reflection upon the nature and scope of the sacraments, the role of the clergy, the aim of church-buildings, the significance of church properties and upon the constituent parts of the mass/church service. Finally, and not least, it is important to investigate the role of the church in the societies of the 16th century, such as the impact of the ruling powers upon them, their significance for education and social cohesion, and the cultural significance of migrating believers, on the run within and beyond the borders of Europe. Together with theological, philosophical and art-historical questions, these issues are considered in order to create a much fuller picture of the church at the time of the Reformation.

The present volume contains the proceedings of the fourth symposium of the Novum Testamentum Patristicum project (NTP), an international re-search project on the reception history of the New Testament in the early Church. The symposium was held in October 2012 at the University of Leuven. It was organised by Joseph Verheyden, Tobias Nicklas, and An-dreas Merkt, the coordinators of NTP. The topic of the meeting was the reception of the resurrection and empty tomb stories and the development of the belief in resurrection in the early Church.The belief in the resurrection constitutes the core issue of Christianity and of Christian tradition. The earliest references to the resurrection and witnesses to such a belief are found in the canonical gospels and in the letters of Paul, but the topic obviously remained of the utmost importance all through the early Church. Contributions to this volume offer studies on reception of the resurrection and empty tomb stories and the development of the belief in resurrection in the early Church by examining the most important early references on this topic.

Peter Lampes work has covered a wide range of fields, the common denominator being his interest in contextualizing belief systems. Mirroring his multifaced work, the authors pursue his interest from different interdisciplinary angles, addressing the interdependence between religious expressions and their situations or contexts. The application of theoretical models to texts examples flanks the inspiring theoretical epistemological and methodological reflections. Studies in socio-economic and political history adjoin archaeological, epigraphic, papyrological and iconographic investigations. (Social-)psychological interpretations of texts complement rhetorical analyses. The hermeneutical reception of biblical materials in, for example, the Koran and Christian Chinese or Orthodox contexts, as well as in religious education and homiletics, rounds off the volumes.

Les Devanciers dAquila by Dominique Barthélemy (1963) is an epoch-making work on the textual history of the Septuagint. On the basis of his analysis of the Nahal Hever Minor Prophets Scroll, Barthélemy developed his theory of an early Hebraizing revision (so-called kaige revision), designed to bring the traditional text of the Septuagint closer to the Hebrew text, and recognized examples of it in the B-text of books such as Joshua, Judges, and Samuel-Kings. The work of these early Hebraizing revisers resembled the later very literal translation by Aquila; hence the name of the book, "the predecessors of Aquila". Textual scholars of today continue in the footsteps of Barthelemy and work on the same questions that were raised in Devanciers: How extensive was the influence of the kaige revision and how can it be recognized? What is the nature of the Lucianic text: when does it represent the Old Greek and when does it give a stylistically revised text? What is the relationship between the kaige revision and Theodotions revision of the Septuagint?The present volume mainly consists of papers presented at the 50th anniversary symposium of Les Devanciers dAquila that was held in connection with the SBL International Meeting in St Andrews, Scotland, in 2013. The papers focus on history of research, case studies on the text of Samuel-Kings (14 Kingdoms), and studies on the text-historical position of specific witnesses.

Within the framework of a research project aimed at a systematic reconstruction of the ideology of Papacy in the years 14311549 (PRIN 2022 2022BXT33X) this volume takes the Renaissance Church as an institution promoting an ambivalent and complex project of religious reform, where the ideal of the affirmation of a new political power, coexists in dialectic tension with the attempt to absorb and channel the diverse claims for the spiritual renewal of the Church, based on Biblical and apocalyptic motifs. In particular, this volume explores 1) the influence of texts and motifs from early Christianity on the literature produced in the years 14311549 (e.g., the use of Patristic texts; the reception of Biblical motifs in the ideology of reform and in political theology); 2) the rise of the so-called "Catholic orientalism" in Renaissance Rome (biblical scholarship, interpretation of Hebrew texts, Christian Kabbalah), which influenced the conceptualization of different types of Christianity.This edited volume analyzes how Roman Catholic theologians in Rome used Bible exegesis, Patristic writings, and Hebrew studies to defend the Papacys authority against scholars like Lorenzo Valla, as well as the rising tide of the Reformation.