eBooks de Lógica, página 2 de 4

Forallx is an introduction to sentential logic and first-order predicate logic with identity, logical systems that significantly influenced twentieth-century analytic philosophy. After working through the material in this book, a student should be able to understand most quantified expressions that arise in their philosophical reading. This book treats symbolization, formal semantics, and proof theory for each language. The discussion of formal semantics is more direct than in many introductory texts. Although forall x does not contain proofs of soundness and completeness, it lays the groundwork for understanding why these are things that need to be proven. Contents: What is logic? Sentential logic Truth tables Quanti ed logic Formal semantics Proofs Other symbolic notation Solutions to selected exercises

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels "Science of Logic" stands as a monumental work in the realm of philosophy, intricately exploring the nature and development of thought itself. Employing a dialectical method, Hegel meticulously constructs a framework where concepts evolve through contradictions, ultimately revealing a profound interconnectivity in human reasoning. His literary style is characterized by dense, systematic exposition and a commitment to uncovering the underlying structures of ideas, positioning this text as a cornerstone of German Idealism and a precursor to later existential thought. Hegel, an influential figure born in 1770, was immersed in the intellectual currents of his time, including Kantian philosophy and the tumultuous socio-political landscape of post-revolutionary Europe. His experiences as a student and teacher, coupled with his engagement in the philosophical debates of his era, significantly shaped his thought processes. Through "Science of Logic," Hegel aimed to elucidate the mechanistic progression of logical categories, providing a rigorous foundation for subsequent philosophical inquiry and laying the groundwork for metaphysical exploration. This distinguished text is highly recommended for readers seeking to grasp the intricacies of Hegelian philosophy. It invites scholars, students, and philosophy enthusiasts alike to engage with the dialectical method, enhancing their understanding of not only logic but also the nature of philosophical inquiry itself.

In 1776, writer Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet "Common Sense," setting forth his arguments in favor of American independence. Although little used today, pamphlets were an important medium for the spread of ideas in the 16th through 19th centuries.Originally published anonymously, "Common Sense" advocated independence for the American colonies from Britain and is considered one of the most influential pamphlets in American history. Credited with uniting average citizens and political leaders behind the idea of independence, "Common Sense" played a remarkable role in transforming a colonial squabble into the American Revolution.At the time Paine wrote "Common Sense," most colonists considered themselves to be aggrieved Britons. Paine fundamentally changed the tenor of colonists argument with the crown when he wrote the following: "Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither they have fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still."

The Art of Controversy (or The Art of Being Right) is a collection of debate formulas written in 1831 by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. In this book, the author presents methods of gaining an unfair advantage in a debate and thereby being right even if you are wrong. Schopenhauer is a champion in the dialectical argument; in his view, dialectics is wrongly neglected by philosophers in favor of logic. This work is a handbook of modern debaters like Prime Minister Boris Johnson.

A argumentação é uma prática social de defesa de teses ou posições não evidentes por meio de justificativas racionais. Na obra Introdução à análise argumentativa, em nova edição, revista e ampliada,

"É lógico?" ensina o que é e como construir um argumento demonstrativo tecnicamente correto, em um texto leve e fluente, que combina preocupação didática com precisão conceitual. Num mundo crescentem

ÍNDICE * PRESENTACIÓN * INTRODUCCIÓN * 1. ERRORES DE CANTOR, RUSSELL Y GÖDEL * 1.1 EL FALSO PARAÍSO DE CANTOR * 1.2 TRES FALSAS PARADOJAS * 1.3 LOS DOS TEOREMAS DE GÖDEL * 1.4 ¿CUÁNTOS NÚMEROS IRRACI

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels "Science of Logic" is a profound exploration of the nature and development of logic as a dialectical process. Written in the early 19th century, the text reflects Hegels philosophical project to reconcile ideas of contradiction and unity, where he meticulously dissects traditional logical structures. Employing a dense, yet methodical style, Hegel transforms logic from a mere tool for scientific inquiry into an organic system that captures the dynamic and evolving nature of reality itself. Notably, the work offers a systematic account of concepts such as being, essence, and notion, thus situating itself within the broader context of German Idealism. Hegel, a pivotal figure in Western philosophy, was deeply influenced by the tumultuous socio-political landscape of his time, particularly the aftermath of the French Revolution. His engagement with metaphysics and epistemology paved the way for this foundational work, as Hegel sought to articulate a comprehensive framework that accounted for human thought and its evolution in the face of historical development. His intellectual environment, steeped in Enlightenment ideals yet marked by emerging contradictions, directly shaped the themes present in "Science of Logic." This seminal work is recommended for readers keen on understanding the intricacies of Hegelian thought and its enduring impact on contemporary philosophy. With its ambitious scope and innovative treatment of logic, "Science of Logic" challenges readers to reconsider the relationship between thought and reality, making it an essential read for students of philosophy, logic, and even the social sciences.

Se trata de diecinueve conferencias dictadas a lo largo de seis meses en 1976, propuestas como "lecciones de filosofía" a partir de la lectura y relectura de Platón y Aristóteles como las grandes fuentes de la filosofia occidental, en las cuales revisa algunos hitos en la construccion de la logica como argumentacion dentro del conocimiento, el saber, la ciencia y la verdad en el pensamiento de los filosofos desde entonces, en medio de las crisis sucesivas por las que pasaron sus respectivas epocas. Y ello porque su tesis central sobre las relaciones de la logica y la critica, esta centrada en la pregunta por como pensamos, cuando la crisis social nos desajusta respecto de nuestras seguridades basicas, y nos condiciona a asumir la logica como punto de partida del dialogo social o personal. Su minucioso recorrido por los grandes temas de la filosofia (el conocimiento como develamiento de la ignorancia, el "solo se que nada se" como punto de llegada y no el de partida de la reflexion; la mayeutica o dialogo como "dar a luz"; el abrirse al saber, no a la descripcion de las cosas desde los intereses y las ocurrencias; distinguir entre las apariencias y el ser, la ciencia y la verdad; identificar la relatividad del ser, los contextos y el sentido de argumentar, asociar y relacionar, descifrando las causalidades y las secuencias de la realidad; y comprender y valorar lo que deben ser la educacion y el conocimiento como amar al saber, al reconocer, al preguntar y pensar) Apasionante y didactico, frente a la complejidad de sus temas, este itinerario de lectura se convierte al mismo tiempo en un testimonio de vida y de rigor, en tanto despliega un juicioso proceso de trabajo en busca de comprender el mundo en medio de la crisis del pais y de la civilizacion occidental, en nuestro caso abierta desde los años 50 y 60 del siglo pasado. Como un Socrates contemporaneo, Zuleta va haciendo preguntas a partir de los Dialogos de Platon, hasta desembocar en la presentacion aristotelica de la mejor forma de argumentar, es decir, de pensar, en pos de la verdad, mas alla de querer seducir o convencer a alguien o a uno mismo dentro de sus prejuicios.

In "A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive," John Stuart Mill presents a methodical exploration of the principles of logical reasoning and the foundations of scientific inquiry. Mill employs a clear and analytical literary style, merging empirical observation with inductive reasoning, a departure from the strictly deductive methods of his predecessors. His work not only seeks to establish a formal framework for scientific methodology but also serves as a pivotal text in the broader context of 19th-century philosophy, reflecting the intellectual currents of utilitarian thought and the burgeoning fields of sociology and economics. Mills elaborate treatment of informal logic and his emphasis on the interdependence of observation and theory are particularly notable as they anticipate later discussions in philosophy of science. John Stuart Mill, a prominent philosopher, political economist, and civil servant, was deeply influenced by the intellectual environment of his time. As a proponent of utilitarianism and a critic of dogmatic reasoning, Mills desire to refine the processes of logical inference can be traced to his personal experiences, including his upbringing in a rigorous philosophical household and advocacy for social reform. His commitment to advancing human knowledge and addressing societal issues inspired him to synthesize and articulate a comprehensive logic system. Mills "A System of Logic" is an essential read for anyone interested in the critique of knowledge and the art of reasoning. This text is invaluable for students of philosophy, science, and social studies, revealing the intricate mechanisms behind sound reasoning and methodological rigor. By engaging with Mills arguments, readers will not only enhance their critical thinking skills but also gain insights into the foundational ideas that have shaped modern thought.

In "A Logic of Facts; Or, Every-day Reasoning," George Jacob Holyoake explores the foundational principles of reasoning as they apply to everyday life. This significant work, written in a clear and engaging style, emphasizes practical logic over abstract theory, providing readers with applicable skills for critical thinking. Holyoakes contribution to the field of logic arises within a broader context of 19th-century rationalism, as he deftly navigates philosophical discussions while making them accessible to the general populace. George Jacob Holyoake was an influential figure not only as a philosopher but also as a social reformer and secularist. His experiences as a publisher and a proponent of cooperative movements shaped his understanding of public reasoning and the importance of rational discourse in personal and communal settings. Holyoakes work is reflective of his commitment to uplift society through education and enlightenment, solidifying his legacy as a pioneer in advocating logical reasoning in everyday affairs. Readers are highly encouraged to delve into Holyoakes "A Logic of Facts" to gain practical insights into reasoning that transcend academic confines. This work is not only a guiding resource for critical thought but also serves as a historical touchstone, appealing to both scholars and general readers interested in the development of logic and reasoning in the modern era.

In "Logic: Deductive and Inductive," Carveth Read delves into the fundamental principles of logical reasoning, meticulously distinguishing between deductive and inductive methods. The book employs a clear and accessible literary style, seamlessly blending theoretical exploration with practical examples to elucidate complex concepts. Read engages with historical and contemporary philosophical discourse, offering insights into the evolution of logic as both a discipline and a tool for critical thinking. This work serves not only as a textbook for students but also as a reflective piece for anyone interested in the structure of reasoning and its implications in everyday life. Carveth Read, a notable figure in early 20th-century philosophy, was deeply influenced by the work of his contemporaries and predecessors in logic and epistemology. His academic pursuits were rooted in a desire to democratize philosophical thought, making it accessible to a broader audience. Reads passion for education and clarity in thought is evident in his writings, which often sought to bridge the gap between abstract philosophical theories and practical applications. I highly recommend "Logic: Deductive and Inductive" to students, educators, and enthusiasts of philosophy. This book not only enhances ones understanding of logical frameworks but also encourages critical engagement with ideas. Reads rigorous approach and clarity make this an indispensable resource for anyone looking to refine their reasoning skills.

In "The Logic of Hegel," Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel articulates a groundbreaking framework for understanding logic and metaphysics that transcends traditional dichotomies. Employing a dialectical method, Hegel explores concepts such as being, essence, and notion, revealing how these ideas evolve through contradictions and resolutions. His dense prose, often challenging yet rewarding, reflects the complexity of thought found in German Idealism, making the text not just a study of logic, but a profound inquiry into the nature of reality itself. The work situates itself within the broader philosophical landscape of the early 19th century, engaging critically with predecessors like Kant while laying the groundwork for modern philosophy. Hegel, a pivotal figure in German Idealism, was significantly influenced by the tumultuous European milieu of his time, marked by the Enlightenment and Romanticism. His experiences as a teacher and theologian shaped his perspectives on the interconnectedness of thought and existence. "The Logic of Hegel" emerges from Hegels quest to reconcile subjective experience with objective reality, channeling the influence of his predecessors while forging a uniquely self-reflective system of thought. This book is invaluable for readers aspiring to grasp the intricacies of Hegelian philosophy and the evolution of Western thought. Scholars, students, and anyone curious about the foundations of logic and metaphysics will find in Hegels work a compelling invitation to explore the dialectical progression of ideas, making it a timeless addition to the intellectual canon.

Mary Everest Booles "Logic Taught by Love" presents a unique confluence of logic and emotion, where intellectual discourse intermingles with the nuances of human relationships. Written in the late 19th century, Booles work reflects the intellectual currents of her time, particularly the Victorian fascination with the intersection of science and the humanities. Through an innovative structure that merges personal narrative with philosophical inquiry, she challenges the rigidities of traditional logic, advocating for a more compassionate and intuitive approach to reasoning that resonates with the complexities of love and interpersonal bonds. Mary Everest Boole, a mathematician and pioneer in educational philosophy, derived inspiration from her background in both mathematics and the zeitgeist of feminist thought. As the wife of renowned mathematician George Boole, she was uniquely situated at the crossroads of formal logic and emotional intelligence. Her personal experiences, coupled with her interest in child education and feminist ideals, drove her to champion the notion that logical reasoning should embody the very essence of love, serving as a critique of the cold, mechanistic views prevalent during her time. "Logic Taught by Love" is an essential read for those interested in the interplay between emotion and intellect, bridging formal logic with the warmth of human experience. Readers will find Booles arguments refreshingly progressive, offering profound insights into both logic and emotional understanding that are relevant today. This book is not merely a treatise on logic; it beckons readers to engage in a deeper exploration of how love and reasoning can coexist harmoniously.

Este volumen corresponde a la investigación filosófica y a la producción académica del autor, relativa a la metafísica principalmente, así como a una reflexión sobre la religión, en especial en sus relaciones con la ciencia.El conocimiento de lo invisible diseña un itinerario que, partiendo de un analisis logico de la experiencia, va mas alla con la intencion cognitiva, entrando en el campo de la metafisica y de la trascendencia. Este interes intelectual se resume en lo que, para Evandro, es el caracter especifico de la filosofia: la busqueda del fundamento y del significado. Estos dos conceptos aparecen en sus trabajos ya desde sus primeros ensayos sobre los fundamentos de las matematicas, la obligacion moral, la epistemologia de las ciencias psicologicas, los derechos humanos y la esperanza de inmortalidad, que se mezclan de vez en cuando con el problema del sentido rastreable en los distintos niveles de la realidad, y culminan en la busqueda del sentido de la vida en su totalidad.

Esta obra reúne diez ensayos escritos entre 1901 y 1914 en los que el tema común es el interés por establecer con rigor las fronteras entre las diferentes formas de conocimiento, los problemas particulares de la filosofia y la naturaleza ultima de la materia. Aqui se pone de manifiesto la capacidad de Russell para hacer interesantes temas que generalmente quedan reducidos al ambito de los especialistas, y que en buena medida procede de su ironia y de su sentido del humor.

The Analects Confucius - The Master said, "If a man sets his heart on benevolence, he will be free from evil"The Analects are a collection of Confuciuss sayings brought together by his pupils shortly after his death in 497 BC. Together they express a philosophy, or a moral code, by which Confucius believed everyone should live. Upholding the ideals of wisdom, self-knowledge, courage and love of ones fellow man, he argued that the pursuit of virtue should be every individuals supreme goal. And, while following the Way, or the truth, might not result in immediate or material gain, Confucius showed that it could nevertheless bring its own powerful and lasting spiritual rewards.

The Five Classics are five pre-Qin Chinese books that form part of the traditional Confucian canon. During the Western Han dynasty, which adopted Confucianism as its official ideology, these texts became part of the state-sponsored curriculum. It was during this period that the texts first began to be considered together as a set collection, and to be called collectively the "Five Classics".I Ching - The book contains a divination system comparable to Western geomancy or the West African Ifa system. In Western cultures and modern East Asia, it is still widely used for this purpose.Shu King - A collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou period and before. It is possibly the oldest Chinese narrative, and may date from the 6th century BC. It includes examples of early Chinese prose.The Shih King - A collection of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs, 105 festal songs sung at court ceremonies, and 40 hymns and eulogies sung at sacrifices to heroes and ancestral spirits of the royal house.The Li Ki - Describes ancient rites, social forms and court ceremonies. The version studied today is a re-worked version compiled by scholars in the third century BC rather than the original text, which is said to have been edited by Confucius himself.Spring and Autumn Annals - A historical record of the State of Lu, Confuciuss native state, 722481 BC.

How do we think? What does a faithful use of logic look like?Without even pausing to think about it, we exercise our capacity for rational thought. But how exactly does logic work? What makes some arguments valid and others not?In this Questions in Christian Philosophy volume, philosopher Forrest Baird offers an introduction to logic. He considers the basic building blocks of human reason, including types of arguments, fallacies, syllogisms, symbols, and proofs, all of which are demonstrated with exercises for students throughout. In addition, he reflects on the relationship between the use of reason and the Christian faith.With this academic but accessible primer, readers will be introduced to the basics of logicand encouraged to reason better.The Questions in Christian Philosophy Series features introductory textbooks that offer students a Christian perspective on the various branches of philosophy, enabling them as they seek to understand all facets of life including existence, knowledge, ethics, art, and more.

In Organon, Aristotle lays the foundational framework of logic and scientific reasoning, offering a comprehensive examination of syllogism, deduction, and classification of knowledge. This seminal work consists of six textsCategories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics, Posterior Analytics, Topics, and On Sophistical Refutationswhich collectively explore the principles of valid reasoning and argumentation. Written in clear, incisive prose, Aristotles literary style combines analytical rigor with philosophical inquiry, situating the text within the broader context of Ancient Greek philosophy and the intellectual debates of his time. Aristotle (384Ai322 BCE), a towering figure in Western philosophy, served as a student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, experiences that profoundly influenced his thinking. His diverse scholarly pursuits encompassed biology, ethics, metaphysics, and politics. It is through his analytical lens that Aristotle sought to dissect the mechanics of thought and understanding, making Organon a testament to his quest for knowledge and clarity in human logic. Organon is indispensable for anyone invested in philosophy, logic, or the historical development of scientific thought. With its systematic approach to reasoning, the text invites readers to engage with the principles that underpin rational discourse, offering invaluable insights that remain relevant in contemporary debates.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.