Majid AminiFrom Syllogism to Logicism: Was Aristotle the First Logicist?António de Castro CaeiroThe Snubness-structure and the Inextricable Soul-Body Relationship Sergey TrostyanskiyIndivisibles and the Temporal Continuum: Aristotle and Neopythagorean ThoughtLaura FolliThe Authenticity of Metaphysics Alpha elatton in the scholium Parisinum and in Alexander of Aphrodisias recensio alteraSilvia FazzoAristotles Earliest Extant Manuscripts. New Doubts and Perspectives

Illustrator: Arthur B. Frost

Analisa o movimento que promoveu a razão, a ciência e o progresso, desafiando a autoridade e a superstição, com figuras como Voltaire, Rousseau e Kant.

In "A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive," John Stuart Mill presents a methodical exploration of the principles of logical reasoning and the foundations of scientific inquiry. Mill employs a clear and analytical literary style, merging empirical observation with inductive reasoning, a departure from the strictly deductive methods of his predecessors. His work not only seeks to establish a formal framework for scientific methodology but also serves as a pivotal text in the broader context of 19th-century philosophy, reflecting the intellectual currents of utilitarian thought and the burgeoning fields of sociology and economics. Mills elaborate treatment of informal logic and his emphasis on the interdependence of observation and theory are particularly notable as they anticipate later discussions in philosophy of science. John Stuart Mill, a prominent philosopher, political economist, and civil servant, was deeply influenced by the intellectual environment of his time. As a proponent of utilitarianism and a critic of dogmatic reasoning, Mills desire to refine the processes of logical inference can be traced to his personal experiences, including his upbringing in a rigorous philosophical household and advocacy for social reform. His commitment to advancing human knowledge and addressing societal issues inspired him to synthesize and articulate a comprehensive logic system. Mills "A System of Logic" is an essential read for anyone interested in the critique of knowledge and the art of reasoning. This text is invaluable for students of philosophy, science, and social studies, revealing the intricate mechanisms behind sound reasoning and methodological rigor. By engaging with Mills arguments, readers will not only enhance their critical thinking skills but also gain insights into the foundational ideas that have shaped modern thought.

In "A Logic of Facts; Or, Every-day Reasoning," George Jacob Holyoake explores the foundational principles of reasoning as they apply to everyday life. This significant work, written in a clear and engaging style, emphasizes practical logic over abstract theory, providing readers with applicable skills for critical thinking. Holyoakes contribution to the field of logic arises within a broader context of 19th-century rationalism, as he deftly navigates philosophical discussions while making them accessible to the general populace. George Jacob Holyoake was an influential figure not only as a philosopher but also as a social reformer and secularist. His experiences as a publisher and a proponent of cooperative movements shaped his understanding of public reasoning and the importance of rational discourse in personal and communal settings. Holyoakes work is reflective of his commitment to uplift society through education and enlightenment, solidifying his legacy as a pioneer in advocating logical reasoning in everyday affairs. Readers are highly encouraged to delve into Holyoakes "A Logic of Facts" to gain practical insights into reasoning that transcend academic confines. This work is not only a guiding resource for critical thought but also serves as a historical touchstone, appealing to both scholars and general readers interested in the development of logic and reasoning in the modern era.

In "Analysis of Mr. Mills System of Logic," W. Stebbing meticulously critiques and expands upon the foundational principles established by John Stuart Mill regarding deductive and inductive reasoning. Employing a rigorous analytical lens, Stebbing dissects Mills methodology, exploring the nuances of logical inference and empirical validation within the broader context of 19th-century philosophical discourse. The text is characterized by its clarity and precision, reflecting the burgeoning intellectual climate of the time, influenced by the intersections of empiricism and rationalism, and responds to ongoing debates about the nature of knowledge and scientific inquiry. W. Stebbing, an eminent philosopher and logician, was heavily influenced by the prominence of logical positivism and the evolving ideas surrounding scientific method during his era. His academic pursuits, particularly at Cambridge, were marked by an engagement with the works of Mill, leading him to undertake this comprehensive analysis. Stebbing sought to bridge the gap between Mills theories and contemporary philosophical challenges, demonstrating a commitment to advancing logical theory through critical engagement. This book is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the development of logic and philosophy. Scholars, students, and enthusiasts alike will find Stebbings analysis both enlightening and thought-provoking, offering fresh insights into Mills legacy while fostering a deeper understanding of the complexities inherent in logical systems.

In "The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer: The Art of Controversy," Schopenhauer presents a rigorous exploration of argumentative discourse, emphasizing the nuances of rhetoric and the psychological underpinnings of debate. This collection showcases his remarkable ability to dissect human reasoning, employing a distinctive style that merges wit with incisive critique. Schopenhauers essays are not merely theoretical; they draw inspiration from a rich tradition of philosophy and psychology, positioning his work in the context of 19th-century thought, where he sought to unravel the complexities of human interaction and the flawed nature of discourse. Arthur Schopenhauer, a pioneering philosopher and a prominent figure in the development of existential and psychological thought, was known for his deep skepticism of human nature and society. His own experiences with controversy and criticismstemming from various intellectual rivalriessharpened his views on debate and argumentation. Schopenhauers insights were influenced by preceding thinkers such as Kant and Hegel, as well as Eastern philosophies that encouraged introspection and skepticism. This book is essential for anyone interested in the art of argumentation, philosophy, or psychology. Schopenhauers profound reflections not only illuminate the mechanics of debate but also serve as a guide for understanding the ethical dimensions of intellectual engagement. Readers will be equipped with tools to navigate discussions more effectively, making this an indispensable read for scholars and laypersons alike.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

Lecciones Preliminares de Filosofía es una introducción completa al pensamiento filosófico, que ofrece a los lectores un panorama de los principales conceptos, problemas y áreas de la filosofía occidental. Manuel Garcia Morente presenta la filosofia como una actividad critica y reflexiva, destacando su papel en la formacion del pensamiento racional y en la comprension de las cuestiones fundamentales sobre la realidad, el conocimiento, la moral y la existencia humana.Desde su publicacion, Fundamentos de Filosofia: Lecciones Preliminares ha sido valorada por su claridad didactica y por la manera accesible con la que presenta teorias complejas. Su enfoque, que une rigor conceptual y lenguaje objetivo, convierte a la obra en indispensable para estudiantes y lectores interesados en la filosofia, ofreciendo una base solida para estudios mas profundos.La relevancia duradera de esta obra reside en su capacidad de introducir al lector en los metodos y problemas filosoficos de forma critica, incentivando el cuestionamiento y la autonomia intelectual. Al explorar las grandes cuestiones sobre el ser, el saber y el actuar, Fundamentos de Filosofia: Lecciones Preliminares invita a reflexionar sobre los fundamentos del pensamiento humano y sobre el papel de la filosofia en la vida individual y en la sociedad.

As Grandes Teses da Filosofia Tomista – Livro I, de Antonin-Dalmace Sertillanges, apresenta uma introdução organizada e acessível ao pensamento de São Tomás de Aquino, estruturando os princípios fund

O Mito Moderno da Ciência é um ensaio filosófico em que A.D. Sertillanges analisa criticamente a confiança absoluta depositada pela modernidade na ciência como única via de conhecimento e de progress

Tratado Lógico-Filosófico é uma investigação profunda sobre a relação entre linguagem, pensamento e realidade, formulada a partir de uma perspectiva lógica rigorosa. Ludwig Wittgenstein propõe que a

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is a profound investigation into the relationship between language, thought, and reality, formulated from a rigorously logical perspective. Ludwig Wittgenstein proposed that the structure of language mirrors the structure of the world, establishing the limits of what can be meaningfully said and what must remain in silence. Through its numbered propositions, he explored logic as the foundation of meaning, arguing that philosophy does not create theories but clarifies thoughts, delineating the ineffable.Since its publication, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus has been recognized as one of the most influential works of twentieth-century philosophy, especially in the philosophy of language and analytical logic. Its unique approach to the relationship between language and the world deeply influenced schools such as logical positivism and paved the way for new philosophical paradigms, including Wittgensteins later reflections.The enduring relevance of the work lies in its ability to provoke a radical re-evaluation of the limits of thought, what can be logically expressed, and the necessary silence before the unsayable. By investigating the essence of language and its connection with reality, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus invites readers to reconsider philosophy not as theory, but as a clarifying activity, marking a revolution in the understanding of philosophical problems.

Na trilha sob o Sol nos encontramos com o Qoheleth em sua busca por uma vida que vale a pena viver.Ele tentou, como antigos gregos do peso de Homero e dos estoicos, harmonizar a vida ao todo universal; empenhou-se por uma vida racionalizada a semelhança de Socrates e Plato; intentou e alcançou uma vida prazerosa, abonada e de sucesso como proclamaram Epicuro, Zaratustra e outros; tentou, como Tevje, manter o equilibrio tocando violino sobre um telhado; e, como Ivan Ilitch, apresentou-se a sociedade com uma moral impecavel e uma vida util.Em todas as tentativas de encontrar uma vida que valesse a pena, entretanto, o Qoheleth viu-se frustrado. Todas elas, embora tivessem suas razes de ser, no lhe pareceram nada seno miragem. Que proveito alguem tem de todo o seu trabalho, com que se afadiga debaixo do sol? pergunta.Na companhia do Qoheleth nos damos conta de que, por vezes, tambem tentamos dominar o vento ou que corremos e corremos para alcançar o Sol como na canço Time do Pink Floyd e, tarde demais, nos darmos conta que ele esta se pondo, dando a volta ate ressurgir atras de nos. O Sol permanece o mesmo, mas nos estamos mais velhos, ofegantes e um dia mais proximos do fim.A vida, para valer a pena mesmo, parece exigir uma razo maior, um principio ou um sentido ultimo pelo qual se vive e/ou se morre.Sera que o Qoheleth o encontrou?Amarre o cadarço, vista seu bone e se voce, como eu, ja se deu conta que esta mais velho e ofegante, apanhe ainda seu monitor cardiaco. O mais antigo autor de [anti]autoajuda que conheço o Qoheleth nos aguarda.

P.D. Magnuss "Forallx: An Introduction to Formal Logic" serves as a comprehensive gateway into the rigorous realm of formal logic. Emphasizing clarity and accessibility, Magnus employs engaging prose and a methodical approach to dissect complex concepts such as quantifiers, logical equivalences, and proof techniques. The book is structured to facilitate gradual learning, making it ideal for beginners while still engaging seasoned thinkers. Magnus situates formal logic in its historical context, tracing its philosophical roots and contemporary relevance, which enriches the readers understanding of its foundational importance in critical thinking and analysis. P.D. Magnus, a noted philosopher with a focus on formal logic and philosophy of logic, has cultivated an academic career that emphasizes clarity in the teaching of complex ideas. His experience as a teacher informs every page of this book, leading him to develop a text that caters not only to students but also to inquisitive minds seeking to apply logical principles to everyday life. Magnuss dedication to pedagogy is evident in the intuitive layout of the content, which promotes retention and engagement. I highly recommend "Forallx" to anyone seeking a solid foundation in formal logic, whether for academic pursuits or personal enrichment. Magnuss blend of insightful commentary and practical exercises makes it an indispensable resource for students, academics, and anyone interested in sharpening their reasoning skills.

Forallx is an introduction to sentential logic and first-order predicate logic with identity, logical systems that significantly influenced twentieth-century analytic philosophy. After working through the material in this book, a student should be able to understand most quantified expressions that arise in their philosophical reading. This book treats symbolization, formal semantics, and proof theory for each language. The discussion of formal semantics is more direct than in many introductory texts. Although forall x does not contain proofs of soundness and completeness, it lays the groundwork for understanding why these are things that need to be proven. Contents: What is logic? Sentential logic Truth tables Quanti ed logic Formal semantics Proofs Other symbolic notation Solutions to selected exercises

The Art of Controversy (or The Art of Being Right) is a collection of debate formulas written in 1831 by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. In this book, the author presents methods of gaining an unfair advantage in a debate and thereby being right even if you are wrong. Schopenhauer is a champion in the dialectical argument; in his view, dialectics is wrongly neglected by philosophers in favor of logic. This work is a handbook of modern debaters like Prime Minister Boris Johnson.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels "Science of Logic" is a profound exploration of the nature and development of logic as a dialectical process. Written in the early 19th century, the text reflects Hegels philosophical project to reconcile ideas of contradiction and unity, where he meticulously dissects traditional logical structures. Employing a dense, yet methodical style, Hegel transforms logic from a mere tool for scientific inquiry into an organic system that captures the dynamic and evolving nature of reality itself. Notably, the work offers a systematic account of concepts such as being, essence, and notion, thus situating itself within the broader context of German Idealism. Hegel, a pivotal figure in Western philosophy, was deeply influenced by the tumultuous socio-political landscape of his time, particularly the aftermath of the French Revolution. His engagement with metaphysics and epistemology paved the way for this foundational work, as Hegel sought to articulate a comprehensive framework that accounted for human thought and its evolution in the face of historical development. His intellectual environment, steeped in Enlightenment ideals yet marked by emerging contradictions, directly shaped the themes present in "Science of Logic." This seminal work is recommended for readers keen on understanding the intricacies of Hegelian thought and its enduring impact on contemporary philosophy. With its ambitious scope and innovative treatment of logic, "Science of Logic" challenges readers to reconsider the relationship between thought and reality, making it an essential read for students of philosophy, logic, and even the social sciences.