Majid AminiFrom Syllogism to Logicism: Was Aristotle the First Logicist?António de Castro CaeiroThe Snubness-structure and the Inextricable Soul-Body Relationship Sergey TrostyanskiyIndivisibles and the Temporal Continuum: Aristotle and Neopythagorean ThoughtLaura FolliThe Authenticity of Metaphysics Alpha elatton in the scholium Parisinum and in Alexander of Aphrodisias recensio alteraSilvia FazzoAristotles Earliest Extant Manuscripts. New Doubts and Perspectives

Illustrator: Arthur B. Frost

Analisa o movimento que promoveu a razão, a ciência e o progresso, desafiando a autoridade e a superstição, com figuras como Voltaire, Rousseau e Kant.

In "A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive," John Stuart Mill presents a methodical exploration of the principles of logical reasoning and the foundations of scientific inquiry. Mill employs a clear and analytical literary style, merging empirical observation with inductive reasoning, a departure from the strictly deductive methods of his predecessors. His work not only seeks to establish a formal framework for scientific methodology but also serves as a pivotal text in the broader context of 19th-century philosophy, reflecting the intellectual currents of utilitarian thought and the burgeoning fields of sociology and economics. Mills elaborate treatment of informal logic and his emphasis on the interdependence of observation and theory are particularly notable as they anticipate later discussions in philosophy of science. John Stuart Mill, a prominent philosopher, political economist, and civil servant, was deeply influenced by the intellectual environment of his time. As a proponent of utilitarianism and a critic of dogmatic reasoning, Mills desire to refine the processes of logical inference can be traced to his personal experiences, including his upbringing in a rigorous philosophical household and advocacy for social reform. His commitment to advancing human knowledge and addressing societal issues inspired him to synthesize and articulate a comprehensive logic system. Mills "A System of Logic" is an essential read for anyone interested in the critique of knowledge and the art of reasoning. This text is invaluable for students of philosophy, science, and social studies, revealing the intricate mechanisms behind sound reasoning and methodological rigor. By engaging with Mills arguments, readers will not only enhance their critical thinking skills but also gain insights into the foundational ideas that have shaped modern thought.

In "A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God," Charles Sanders Peirce presents a compelling synthesis of philosophy and faith, intricately weaving together elements of logic, semiotics, and metaphysics. Written in Peirces characteristic pragmatic style, the text explores the underpinnings of belief and the significance of communal inquiry in shaping our understanding of the divine. Through a detailed examination of the neglected argumenta unique form of reasoning grounded in the expectation of future discoveryPeirce challenges conventional atheistic stances, positioning faith as a rational pursuit inflamed by the dynamic nature of human experience and inquiry. Charles Sanders Peirce, often hailed as the father of pragmatism, brings profound intellectual rigor to this work, influenced by his background in mathematics, logic, and philosophy. His eclectic scholarship is enriched by a commitment to exploring the intersections of science and religion, as reflected in his engagement with the philosophies of both the naturalists and idealists. This quest for understanding culminates in this thought-provoking argument that seeks to reconcile faith with empirical reasoning. This book is recommended for scholars and lay readers alike who are intrigued by the relationship between faith and reason. Peirces arguments invite readers to reconsider their perspectives on belief and provide a robust foundation for dialogues around the existence of God. Engaging with this text not only expands ones philosophical horizons but also renews the conversation about the role of faith in an increasingly empirical world.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

In "Analysis of Mr. Mills System of Logic," W. Stebbing meticulously critiques and expands upon the foundational principles established by John Stuart Mill regarding deductive and inductive reasoning. Employing a rigorous analytical lens, Stebbing dissects Mills methodology, exploring the nuances of logical inference and empirical validation within the broader context of 19th-century philosophical discourse. The text is characterized by its clarity and precision, reflecting the burgeoning intellectual climate of the time, influenced by the intersections of empiricism and rationalism, and responds to ongoing debates about the nature of knowledge and scientific inquiry. W. Stebbing, an eminent philosopher and logician, was heavily influenced by the prominence of logical positivism and the evolving ideas surrounding scientific method during his era. His academic pursuits, particularly at Cambridge, were marked by an engagement with the works of Mill, leading him to undertake this comprehensive analysis. Stebbing sought to bridge the gap between Mills theories and contemporary philosophical challenges, demonstrating a commitment to advancing logical theory through critical engagement. This book is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the development of logic and philosophy. Scholars, students, and enthusiasts alike will find Stebbings analysis both enlightening and thought-provoking, offering fresh insights into Mills legacy while fostering a deeper understanding of the complexities inherent in logical systems.

In "The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer: The Art of Controversy," Schopenhauer presents a rigorous exploration of argumentative discourse, emphasizing the nuances of rhetoric and the psychological underpinnings of debate. This collection showcases his remarkable ability to dissect human reasoning, employing a distinctive style that merges wit with incisive critique. Schopenhauers essays are not merely theoretical; they draw inspiration from a rich tradition of philosophy and psychology, positioning his work in the context of 19th-century thought, where he sought to unravel the complexities of human interaction and the flawed nature of discourse. Arthur Schopenhauer, a pioneering philosopher and a prominent figure in the development of existential and psychological thought, was known for his deep skepticism of human nature and society. His own experiences with controversy and criticismstemming from various intellectual rivalriessharpened his views on debate and argumentation. Schopenhauers insights were influenced by preceding thinkers such as Kant and Hegel, as well as Eastern philosophies that encouraged introspection and skepticism. This book is essential for anyone interested in the art of argumentation, philosophy, or psychology. Schopenhauers profound reflections not only illuminate the mechanics of debate but also serve as a guide for understanding the ethical dimensions of intellectual engagement. Readers will be equipped with tools to navigate discussions more effectively, making this an indispensable read for scholars and laypersons alike.In this enriched edition, we have carefully created added value for your reading experience:- A succinct Introduction situates the works timeless appeal and themes.- The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists.- A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the eras events and influences that shaped the writing.- An Author Biography reveals milestones in the authors life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text.- A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings.- Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the works messages, connecting them to modern life.- Handpicked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.- Interactive footnotes clarify unusual references, historical allusions, and archaic phrases for an effortless, more informed read.

Lecciones Preliminares de Filosofía es una introducción completa al pensamiento filosófico, que ofrece a los lectores un panorama de los principales conceptos, problemas y áreas de la filosofía occidental. Manuel Garcia Morente presenta la filosofia como una actividad critica y reflexiva, destacando su papel en la formacion del pensamiento racional y en la comprension de las cuestiones fundamentales sobre la realidad, el conocimiento, la moral y la existencia humana.Desde su publicacion, Fundamentos de Filosofia: Lecciones Preliminares ha sido valorada por su claridad didactica y por la manera accesible con la que presenta teorias complejas. Su enfoque, que une rigor conceptual y lenguaje objetivo, convierte a la obra en indispensable para estudiantes y lectores interesados en la filosofia, ofreciendo una base solida para estudios mas profundos.La relevancia duradera de esta obra reside en su capacidad de introducir al lector en los metodos y problemas filosoficos de forma critica, incentivando el cuestionamiento y la autonomia intelectual. Al explorar las grandes cuestiones sobre el ser, el saber y el actuar, Fundamentos de Filosofia: Lecciones Preliminares invita a reflexionar sobre los fundamentos del pensamiento humano y sobre el papel de la filosofia en la vida individual y en la sociedad.

Aristotle addresses the nature of logical fallacies and deceptive arguments used to mislead in debate. He categorizes these "sophisms" and provides methods for detecting and refuting them, emphasizing the importance of genuine reasoning over rhetorical trickery. The work serves as a manual for dialectic defense, equipping the reader to distinguish between valid proofs and apparent truths. It is an essential component of the Organon, refining the tools of logic and critical thinking.

Aristotle establishes a system of classification for all things that can be said or thought, identifying ten distinct modes of being. These categories, including substance, quantity, quality, and relation, form the basis for constructing logical propositions and understanding reality. The text analyzes how we predicate attributes to subjects, creating a framework for definition and reasoning. It is the opening work of the Organon, setting the stage for all subsequent logical inquiry.

Aristotle exposes the tricks and fallacies used in competitive debate to produce the illusion of refutation without the substance of truth. He categorizes the various forms of verbal ambiguity and logical error, teaching the student how to dismantle a deceptive argument. The work serves as a defensive manual for the philosopher, protecting the integrity of dialectic against those who argue for victory rather than truth. It emphasizes the importance of precise language and valid reasoning in the pursuit of knowledge.

O Mito Moderno da Ciência é um ensaio filosófico em que A.D. Sertillanges analisa criticamente a confiança absoluta depositada pela modernidade na ciência como única via de conhecimento e de progress

As Grandes Teses da Filosofia Tomista – Livro I, de Antonin-Dalmace Sertillanges, apresenta uma introdução organizada e acessível ao pensamento de São Tomás de Aquino, estruturando os princípios fund

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is a profound investigation into the relationship between language, thought, and reality, formulated from a rigorously logical perspective. Ludwig Wittgenstein proposed that the structure of language mirrors the structure of the world, establishing the limits of what can be meaningfully said and what must remain in silence. Through its numbered propositions, he explored logic as the foundation of meaning, arguing that philosophy does not create theories but clarifies thoughts, delineating the ineffable.Since its publication, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus has been recognized as one of the most influential works of twentieth-century philosophy, especially in the philosophy of language and analytical logic. Its unique approach to the relationship between language and the world deeply influenced schools such as logical positivism and paved the way for new philosophical paradigms, including Wittgensteins later reflections.The enduring relevance of the work lies in its ability to provoke a radical re-evaluation of the limits of thought, what can be logically expressed, and the necessary silence before the unsayable. By investigating the essence of language and its connection with reality, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus invites readers to reconsider philosophy not as theory, but as a clarifying activity, marking a revolution in the understanding of philosophical problems.

Tratado Lógico-Filosófico é uma investigação profunda sobre a relação entre linguagem, pensamento e realidade, formulada a partir de uma perspectiva lógica rigorosa. Ludwig Wittgenstein propõe que a

Forallx is an introduction to sentential logic and first-order predicate logic with identity, logical systems that significantly influenced twentieth-century analytic philosophy. After working through the material in this book, a student should be able to understand most quantified expressions that arise in their philosophical reading. This book treats symbolization, formal semantics, and proof theory for each language. The discussion of formal semantics is more direct than in many introductory texts. Although forall x does not contain proofs of soundness and completeness, it lays the groundwork for understanding why these are things that need to be proven. Contents: What is logic? Sentential logic Truth tables Quanti ed logic Formal semantics Proofs Other symbolic notation Solutions to selected exercises

The Art of Controversy (or The Art of Being Right) is a collection of debate formulas written in 1831 by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. In this book, the author presents methods of gaining an unfair advantage in a debate and thereby being right even if you are wrong. Schopenhauer is a champion in the dialectical argument; in his view, dialectics is wrongly neglected by philosophers in favor of logic. This work is a handbook of modern debaters like Prime Minister Boris Johnson.