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24 scholars Jewish, Protestant, Roman Catholic from North America, Israel, and various European countries, contribute to this rich volume on medieval interpretation and exegesis of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament (5th through 12th centuries). Geographically, they cover most of the world as it was known in these times: from Syria to Spain, from Rome to the Rhine and the Seine. The volume also contains supplements to the previous volume, on Ben Sira and the Wisdom of Solomon. The indexes (names, topics, references to biblical sources and a broad body of literature beyond) are the key to the wealth of information provided. Undoubtedly, this volume will meet the high expectations set by the reviewers of the first volume (I/1) of the series: "Definitive reference work" (Religious Studies Review) "Mine dinformation dune grande richesse" (Revue dhistoire et de philosophie religieuses) "Monumental ouvrage" (Revue dhistoire ecclesiastique) "A veritable treasury" (Catholic Biblical Quarterly) "The foremost account of Jewish and Christian biblical interpretation" (Expository Times) "Onmisbaar handboek voor jeder een die zich serieus met bijbelstudie bezighoudt" (Stem van het boek) "Respekt gebietende Summe wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher Forschung" (Zeitschrift fur Altes Testament) Selected chapters 23. The Problem of Periodization of Middle Ages 25. Jewish Bible Interpretation in Early Post-Talmudic Times 26. Gregory the Great 28. Seventh through Ninth Century 1. Isidore of Seville 3. Exegesis in the time of Charlemagne 4. From Angelomus of Luxeuil to Remigius of Auxerre 31. The Flourishing Era of Jewish Exegesis in Spain 1. The Linguistic School: Judah Hayyuj, Jonah ibn Janah, Moses ibn Chiquitilla and Judah ibn Balam 2. The Aesthetic Exegesis of Moses ibn Ezra 32. The School of Literal Jewish Exegesis in Northern France 4. Menahem ben Helbo5. Solomon Yishaqi / Rashi (10401105) 8. Samuel ben Meir / Rashbam (10801160) 33. Jewish Exegesis in Spain and Provence and in the East 2. Abraham ibn Ezra4. Moses ben Nahman / Nahmanides (Ramban) 5. Abraham Maimonides and the Yemenite School 34. The School of St. Victor in Paris 35. Christian Interpretation of the Old Testament 1. Bernard of Clairvaux on the Song of Songs 2. Gilbert of Poitiers and Peter Lombard 6. Albert, Thomas, Bonaventure 36. Development of Biblical Interpretation in the Syrian Churches 38. Literal and Spiritual Scriptural Interpretation: Aspects of Correspondence and Tension between Christian and Jewish Exegesis

In April 1518, a pivotal event in Martin Luthers career took place in Heidelberg. This was the Heidelberg Disputation, where Luther defended his theology for the first time since the famous Ninety-Five Theses. In these theses, Luther not only defined the content of his theology of the cross but also presented his views on the differences between the love of God and the love of man.In his study, Kari Kopperi offers the first comprehensive analysis of this key Reformation text. The author scrutinizes Luthers theology of love, the theology of the cross, and Luthers understanding of the relationship between theology and philosophy. The theses of the Heidelberg Disputation are placed in a rich sixteenth-century context, and a new interpretation of their content is presented. Kopperi shows that several interpretations of the central theses of Luthers Reformation theology need to be revised, based on questions created by nineteenth-century neo-Protestant theology.

Nigel Voak examines the genesis and evolution of religious evidentialism in England from 1585 to 1700, a deeply influential epistemology which claims that religious beliefs are only justified to the extent that we have evidence to substantiate them, and that we have an obligation to proportion our assent to the strength of our evidence. Given the propositions of faith lack the evidentness of objects of scientific knowledge, absolutely certain assent to such beliefs is therefore epistemically unjustifiable.This epistemology, which breaks with the previous Christian tradition, is classically formulated in John Lockes An Essay concerning Human Understanding (first edition 1690). This study argues that this epistemology of belief can be traced back to the English theologian Richard Hooker (15541600), whose thought was then developed over the course of the seventeenth-century Rule of Faith Controversy, which acted as the crucible for these new ideas on faith, evidence and certainty. Voak shows that the key thinkers in this process, including Locke himself, were aware that this epistemology came from Hooker, and used him in formulating their own influential positions.

Paul Creevey considers the central question: Can one simply assume that the story of the burial, empty tomb, and appearance narratives in Johns Gospel are a literary unity? There are many issues in coherence and cohesion that have led to a wide number of interpretations given to many different aspects of the text that is John 19:3720:29. It is also widely recognized that Johns retelling of these events are distinctive. Creevey analyses the text of John 19:3720:29, showing that the Johannine Evangelist has created a two-part tripartite defense of two central aspects of Christian faith: the case for the empty tomb and the case for the appearance narratives. Using internal literary evidence as well as external evidence from the earliest extant manuscripts he argues that this text has been created to show that the testimony and witness of those first disciples is true and is the basis of any future Christian belief. This work addresses all the issues in the apparent lack of cohesion and coherence in the text to show that each part of the text is connected to an overall defense of belief in these two central aspects of faith. Finally, what is at the heart of these two events is the need to accept that it is the relationship that one has to Jesus and the Father that is central to acceptance of this narrative as an inspired narrative that offers hope for all people.

Communion is a dynamic reality love, unity of life, mutual penetration, the closest union. The Holy Spirit is the Communion within the Trinity and forms the communion between God, man and the world, between people, in the Church and within whole reality of this world.Showing pneumatology as a dimension of the entire dogmatic theology determines the originality of this monograph. Typically, theologians focused their works on pneumatology itself. Marek Jagodziskis monograph is especially up to date since the pentecostal awakening in Christianity carries certain dangers. They take the forms of over-exposing the Holy Spirit at the expense of the Son of God, overly simplified ecumenism, emphasising charisms over the institution and putting personal experience over the community faith of the Church. The study is not only a presentation of ideas but brings new and inspiring elements to the scientific discussion. It is an original and creative contribution to the theoretical achievements of theology as a discipline of science. The dissertation brings a new name for the Third Divine Person Communion in the Holy Trinity. Communion reflects the mission of the Holy Spirit which embraces the Church and the sacraments, voices a golden mean between forgetting about the Holy Spirit and the Joachimism of proclaiming the era of the Holy Spirit. The monograph justifies the simultaneous existence of Christology and pneumatology, brings a new perspective on Filioque and is of significance for ecumenism.

The Greek Old Testament, commonly known as Septuagint, has its origins in Ptolemaic Egypt. Egypt developed into a strongly bilingual country, and in the fourth century CE, when Christianity was on firmer ground in Egypt, the Septuagint was translated into Coptic. The intertwined and prolific relation between the Greek and the Coptic Old Testament is now aptly reflected also in the joint ventures of the Gottingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Since the 19th century, Gottingen was and is the global center of Septuagint research. In 2015, a new Academy project started, which deals with the translation of the Septuagint into Coptic-Sahidic: "Digitale Gesamtedition und Ubersetzung des koptisch-sahidischen Alten Testaments". Finally, in 2020, the new long-term project "Die Editio critica maior des griechischen Psalters" started at the Gottingen Academy. Both projects work closely together, and the present volume is one of the results of this fruitful collaboration.

The revival of Calvinism in the nineteenth-century Netherlands entailed the neo-Calvinist movement. With Abraham Kuyper, Herman Bavinck became a brand name of neo-Calvinism. Nonetheless, not until the first decade of the twenty-first century was scholarly interest in Bavincks work increasing. The conventional "two Bavincks" model used to read his work for much of the twentieth century argues that some contradictory and irreconcilable themes do exist in Bavincks system, which makes Bavinck a self-contradictory thinker. This dualistic reading characterised most of Bavinck scholars in the second half of the twentieth century. Since James Eglintons new reading of Bavincks organic motif, the conventional model became untenable, and scholars are seeking for a reunited Herman Bavinck. Bavinck as a holistic theologian has become the industry standard of Bavinck studies.Ximian Xu aims on the one hand to maintain "one Bavinck", on the other hand, and more importantly, to fill in a notable gap in Bavinck scholarship that is, no single work hitherto has focused on Bavincks idea of theology as the wetenschap (science) of God. This study demonstrates that the idea of scientific (wetenschappelijke) theology furnishes the meta-paradigm and cardinal model that incorporates the fundamental characteristics and themes of Bavincks dogmatic system. Moreover, it argues that Bavincks scientific theology makes an attempt to engage with the other sciences. Given this, Bavincks scientific theology is relevant today. That is, Bavincks theological insights can be deployed to advance theologys engagement with the other sciences in contemporary secular universities.

Ever since Jesus walked the hills of Galilee and Paul travelled the roads of Asia Minor and Greece, Christianity has shown a remarkable ability to adapt itself to various social and cultural environments. Recent research has demonstrated that these environments can only be very insufficiently termed as "rural" or "urban". Neither was Jesus Galilee only rural, nor Pauls Asia only "urban". On the background of ongoing research on the diversity of social environments in the Early Empire, this volume will focus on various early Christian "worlds" as witnessed in canonical and non-canonical texts. How did Early Christians experience and react to "rural" and "urban" life? What were the mechanisms behind this adaptability?Papers will analyze the relation between urban Christian beginnings and the role of the rural Jesus-tradition. In what sense did the image of Jesus, the "Galilean village Jew", change when his message was carried into the cities of the Mediterranean world from Jerusalem to Athens or Rome? Papers will not only deal with various personalities or literary works whose various attitudes towards urban life became formative for future Christianity. They will also explore the different local milieus that demonstrate the wide range of Christian cultural perspectives.

What is the real meaning of the church for Christian life? If we confess Christian faith, the church is one of the twelve articles, which implies that the church is rather important. In the creeds of the early church catholicity is confessed as characteristic for the church. This means that the church cannot exist without catholicity. What does this qualification mean? In this study the author listens to the understanding of the concept of catholicity in the theology of Ignatius, Cyprian, Cyril, Augustine and Vincent. In the second part of the book some representatives of the reformed tradition are analyzed, namely John Calvin, James Ussher, John Owen, Herman Bavinck and Gerrit Berkouwer. This analysis leads to a comparison between the early church and the reformed tradition. Listening to theologians from the early church and the reformed tradition, Van Vlastuin presents an up-to-date concept of the catholicity of the church which clarifies among others that the visibility of the church belongs to the essence of Christs body, that practicing the catholicity of the church is necessary against denominationalism and party formation, that loss of catholicity leads to spiritual and theological impoverishment, that the understanding of catholicity implies also orthodoxy with consequences for the interpretation of semper reformanda and that the consciousness of catholicity is related to the citizenship of two worlds.

This collection of essays, a companion volume to the book, Twentieth-Century Lutheran Theologians (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013), examines important nineteenth-century figures from the perspective of contemporary European and North-American scholars. Each essay provides an overview of the life and central ideas of a key Lutheran/Protestant theologian who has had a significant impact on theological reflection down to the present. The focus here is on those thinkers who were active between 1799 (the year when Schleiermachers Speeches appeared) and the First World War. These are individuals who deserve repeated examination, whose insights are still worth pondering today, and whose theological positions help us to understand better "where contemporary theology has come from" (Karl Barth). All of the essays were initiated by the journal Lutheran Quarterly in order to assess our theological heritage as we move further into a new millennium. The goal of the authors, each a leading theologian, has been to describe a given thinkers life and vocation and how that persons work continues to impact theology today.

While many studies have labeled Cornelius Burgess either an Episcopalian or a Presbyterian depending on the period of his life, Hakryang Seo challenges that binary. By using his early sermon note manuscripts never before analyzed by scholars, the author reveals a more consistent and principled view of church government. Burgess believed that no single form whether Episcopacy or Presbyterianism was divinely required. Instead, he held that bishops and presbyters shared the same ministerial order, especially in preaching and spiritual authority. This view allowed him to move between systems without abandoning his core convictions. Drawing from archival sources, this work repositions Burgess as a key voice in seventeenth-century debates on how the church should be governed.

Ivan E. Mesa explores how English Particular Baptists held a unique view of the Jewish people within Gods unfolding redemption. As Dissenters themselves, Baptists empathized with the Jewish plight and connected their philo-Semitism to a larger theological vision that anticipated the Jews conversion and eventual return to the land of Israel. English Baptists viewed Jews as the people of God, "beloved for the fathers sake" (Rom. 11:28). They believed the nation of Israel would one day experience a transformative conversion, aligning with Gods covenantal promises. Through figures such as Henry Jessey, John Gill, Andrew Fuller, and Charles Spurgeon, the author demonstrates how these Baptists advocated for Jewish readmission to England, prayed for the Jews conversion, and engaged in charitable work. This Baptist perspective was distinct and influential, demonstrating a millenarian zeal that connected religious, political, and cultural realms within England, with implications stretching as far as the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948.Mesa offers a fresh perspective on Christian-Jewish relations, moving beyond the established narratives of anti-Semitism and toward a more comprehensive understanding of philo-Semitic eschatology.

This volume takes the Renaissance papacy as an institution promoting an ambivalent and complex project of religious reform, where the ideal of the affirmation of a new political power, nourished by classical cultural models, coexists in dialectic tension with the attempt to absorb and channel the diverse claims for the spiritual renewal of the Church, based on Biblical and apocalyptic motifs. In particular, this volume explores the influence of texts and motifs from ancient Christianity on the ideological and theological-political projects of the Catholic Church between 14311549 as well as the rise of the so-called "Catholic orientalism" in Renaissance Rome, the study of Hebrew texts, and Christian Kabbalah.Contributions by A. Annese, L. Battista, G. Bartolucci, F. Berno, D. Del Prete, A. Gerace, N. Kouremenos, V. Lauria, and T. Leinonen.

How to translate and apply the complex concept encapsulated in words like saint, martyr and hero in a global space? This volume is devoted to the study of some of the transformations of the broad concept of sanctity and its exportation and adaptation in and outside Europe, through a series of case studies focusing on gender, popular and learned culture.The collected essays weave together the institutional regulations, starting with the papal rules and with particular attention to the space of the Iberian world, the adaptation of sanctity in Europe to different political and cultural contexts, and its diffusion through the Catholic missions in America and Asia.

Every four years, the International Calvin Congress gathers a wide spectrum of presenters from leading scholars to early-career researchers to learn from each other through several days of plenary lectures, panel sessions, and discussions. This volume of collected essays features current research on John Calvin, with a focus on the impact of the exile experience in early modern Europe. Several contributions explore how exile and return shaped Calvin and Reformed communities more generally, while others shed light on key topics in Calvin research, including explorations of his biblical exegesis, theological insights, and the impact of debates with his contemporaries. This volume brings together both senior scholars and newer voices in Calvin studies.

"Profiling Saints" follows and expands the papers presented at the homonym online international conference (December 2021), which focused on cultural, theological, artistic, and social aspects of models of sanctity and their importance in the modern world up to the post-revolutionary period. This volume aims thus to shed light on the cultural value of canonizations and models of sanctity as models of Christian perfection, including the role of iconography and artworks, in the broader context of modern, global Catholicism. The topics presented by the authors include veneration to, and canonization and representations of, saint theologians, missionaries, martyrs, mystics, and reformers, men and women. "Profiling Saints" looks at modern sanctity and saints from multidisciplinary perspectives, ranging from liturgy, theology, and Church history up to history of ideas, cultural history, history of emotions, and art history, and contributes to shed light on such a complex phenomenon of Christian history in its modern developments.

Transylvanian Sabbatarianism emerged from the aspirations of the Reformation, without direct contact with the Jews. Although the most frequently asked question about them concerns their identity were they Christians or Jews the answers of the literature are superficial, biased, and take only an external point of view. The aim of this book, therefore, is to move closer to the 1617th century Sabbatarian manuscripts and to examine how much they were still connected to Christianity in their biblical interpretations, doctrines and religious practices, how they adapted to Judaism, and how they saw themselves in relation to the two world religions. The analysis of Reka Timea Ujlaki-Nagy shows that although they still held some Christian beliefs, these were considered to be incidental and unnecessary to salvation. Sabbatarians followed the ideal of an age preceding Christ, consequently the Reformation effort to restitute apostolic Christianity disappeared from their religious thought.

Suk Yu Chan provides a revisit of John Calvins interpretation of the doctrine of divine providence and builds upon a vast repository of quality research conducted by previous Reformation scholars. The author adopts a historical approach to explore Calvins works from 15341559, and argues that from 15341541, Calvin used the image of the fountain to portray God as the source of everything, who has power to preserve and give life to all creatures on earth. Between the Latin edition of the Institutes in 1539 and the French translation of that work in 1541, Calvin was indecisive about the definition of special providence, articulating a fitful relationship between providence and soteriology in these two texts. In 1552, Calvin gradually ceased using the image of the fountain to portray God as the source of everything, and he also delivered three definitions of divine providence: general providence, special providence, and the very presence of God. Based on the theological understanding of divine providence which he had developed from 15341552, Calvin presented his exegesis on the Book of Job and the Book of Psalms through his sermons and commentaries. Furthermore, Calvin also discussed the importance of the human role in Gods providence. While Calvins theological understanding of Gods providence was inherited by his successor, Theodore Beza, Beza applied it differently in his exegesis on the Book of Job. From 15341559, Calvin formulated his biblical doctrine of divine providence, articulating that divine providence is heavenly providence which is comprised of eternal predestination and divine preservation.

The study of ancient Judaism has enjoyed a steep rise in interest and publications in recent decades, although the focus has often been on the ideas and beliefs represented in ancient Jewish texts rather than on the daily lives and the material culture of Jews/Judaeans and their communities. The nascent institution of the synagogue formed an increasingly important venue for communal gathering and daily or weekly practice. This collection of essays brings together a broad spectrum of new archaeological and textual data with various emergent theories and interpretative methods in order to address the need to understand the place of the synagogue in the daily and weekly procedures, community frameworks, and theological structures in which Judaeans, Galileans, and Jewish people in the Diaspora lived and gathered. The interdisciplinary studies will be of great significance for anyone studying ancient Jewish belief, practice, and community formation.

This volume brings together contributions from the ongoing conversation among New Testament scholars from the Nordic Countries, namely Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The aim is to challenge the New Testament texts and their interpretations but also to be challenged by these texts and interpretation, i.e., how to read, interpret and contextualize the impact of these texts, and how to conceptualize the power and authority attributed to them.As neighbours in peripheral Europe, partly sharing language and history, scholars of this region also aim to participatie in the broader international discourse. The fact that their common academic language is English begs the question whether many of the current essays could have been written in different settings, since they do not explicitly reflect on contextual issues. Or is this the case?What characterizes that part of the world are social democracies with relatively high standards of living, a strong protestant past but an increasing multicultural population, public welfare systems, and gender equality. Public universities still have money and can prioritize mobility and internationalisation; accordingly, although few people live in the Nordic countries relatively many biblical scholars have roots there.