eBooks de filosofía, página 7 de 1282

The city-state is examined as the highest form of community, aimed at achieving the common good and enabling citizens to live virtuously. Aristotle compares various constitutions and forms of government, classifying them based on whether they serve the public interest or the rulers selfish desires. He discusses the role of the citizen, the nature of justice, and the importance of education in maintaining the stability of the state. This political treatise argues that man is by nature a political animal, destined to live in a structured society.

Join two distinguished generals and Socrates in a search for the definition of courage, only to find that even experienced soldiers struggle to articulate the virtue they embody. The conversation moves from the specific training of young men to the broader nature of bravery, exposing the limitations of conventional wisdom. Despite the failure to reach a conclusive definition, the dialogue illustrates the importance of intellectual humility and the complexity of moral education. It serves as a timeless reminder that possessing a virtue does not necessarily equate to understanding it.

The processes of coming into being and passing away are analyzed in this scientific exploration of change in the natural world. Aristotle distinguishes generation from simple alteration, proposing that the four elementsearth, air, fire, and watertransform into one another through the exchange of qualities. The text examines the cyclical nature of life and matter, rejecting the idea of a void and focusing on the continuity of physical substance. It lays the groundwork for understanding growth, decay, and the perpetual transformation of the material universe.

Experience the moving final hours of Socrates as he discusses the immortality of the soul with his devoted friends before drinking the hemlock. The dialogue weaves together emotional narrative and complex metaphysical arguments, offering hope that death is a liberation rather than an end. Plato presents a vision of the afterlife and the philosophers journey toward the pure realm of Forms, transforming a tragedy into a testament of intellectual courage. It stands as one of the most poignant and influential works in Western literature.

This profound treatise on ethics establishes the concept of the highest good for human beings, which Aristotle identifies as Eudaimonia, or flourishing happiness. He argues that virtue is a habit, a mean between the extremes of excess and deficiency, cultivated through practice and reason. The work explores the nature of friendship, pleasure, and the role of contemplation in achieving a well-lived life. It provides a practical guide to moral character, emphasizing that the goal of ethics is not just to know what is good, but to become good.

Immanuel Kant seeks to establish the supreme principle of morality, arguing that moral actions must be based on duty rather than consequences. He introduces the famous Categorical Imperative, creating a framework where rules must be universally applicable to all rational beings. The text dissects the concepts of good will, autonomy, and the kingdom of ends. It is a rigorous philosophical groundwork for ethical behavior and rational freedom.

Examine the mysterious source of artistic inspiration in this short but significant dialogue where Socrates questions a celebrated rhapsode about his craft. The discussion probes whether the poets ability comes from technical knowledge and skill or from a form of divine madness that bypasses rational thought. Plato suggests that artists are merely vessels for the gods, lacking true understanding of the subjects they perform. It is a compelling exploration of the ancient quarrel between poetry and philosophy, questioning the authority of creative genius.

This unfinished dialogue continues the account of the legendary conflict between ancient Athens and the mighty island empire of Atlantis. It describes the geography, architecture, and eventual moral decline of the Atlantean civilization, which angered the gods. The text serves as a political allegory, contrasting the ideal state with an imperial power corrupted by wealth and ambition. Though incomplete, it is the primary source for the myth of the lost continent.

Following his analysis of pure reason, Kant turns his attention to the moral agency of the human will. He argues that while we cannot know freedom or God through scientific reason, we must postulate them as necessary conditions for the moral law to exist. The text establishes the priority of practical reason in guiding human conduct towards the highest good. It is a cornerstone of modern ethical philosophy, asserting the absolute value of the moral law within.

Witness the prelude to the trial of Socrates as he encounters a self-assured priest outside the Athenian court, sparking a profound interrogation into the definition of piety. Through a series of incisive questions, the dialogue exposes the contradictions inherent in Euthyphros reliance on traditional religious authority and divine command. The text is a quintessential example of the Socratic method, stripping away assumptions to reveal the difficulty of defining moral concepts. It remains a foundational text for understanding the tension between religious duty and philosophical ethics.

Explore the definition of the true political expert in this complex dialectical exercise that seeks to distinguish the statesman from the sophist and the tyrant. Using the method of division, the dialogue investigates the knowledge required to rule and the relationship between the law and the flexibility of the wise ruler. It utilizes the myth of the reversed cosmos to illustrate the divine guidance necessary for human affairs, blending political theory with cosmology. This work offers a sophisticated analysis of governance that moves beyond ideal constitutions to the practicalities of leadership.

This collection of ethical writings explores the nature of human character and the pursuit of the good life. It delves into the definition of virtues such as courage, temperance, and justice, examining how they contribute to personal fulfillment and social harmony. The text emphasizes the role of practical wisdom in making moral choices and the importance of habituation in developing a virtuous disposition. It serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the moral responsibilities of the individual.

These short treatises, often grouped as the Parva Naturalia, examine the biological and physiological phenomena common to body and soul. The text investigates the stages of life, the processes of waking and sleeping, and the vital function of respiration in maintaining internal heat. Aristotle seeks to explain the mechanism of life preservation and the inevitable decay that leads to death. It is a detailed physiological study that connects the functions of specific organs to the broader cycles of existence.

Aristotle establishes a system of classification for all things that can be said or thought, identifying ten distinct modes of being. These categories, including substance, quantity, quality, and relation, form the basis for constructing logical propositions and understanding reality. The text analyzes how we predicate attributes to subjects, creating a framework for definition and reasoning. It is the opening work of the Organon, setting the stage for all subsequent logical inquiry.

Attend a banquet in Athens where a series of speeches are given in praise of Eros, culminating in Socrates recounting of the mysteries revealed by Diotima. This masterpiece explores the nature of love, moving from physical attraction to the intellectual ascent toward the Form of Beauty itself. Each speaker offers a different perspective, creating a rich tapestry of views on desire, relationships, and the human condition. It is a profound and beautifully written examination of how love can serve as a bridge to the divine.

This philosophical work bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical morality by investigating the power of judgment. Kant explores the nature of the beautiful and the sublime, arguing that aesthetic appreciation is a subjective yet universal experience. He also examines teleology in nature, asking whether the natural world exhibits purpose and design. It is a complex study of how we perceive harmony in art and the world around us.

Investigating the nature of living things, this text defines the soul not as a separate spiritual entity but as the form or essence of the body. Aristotle explores the hierarchy of souls, from the nutritive soul of plants to the sensitive soul of animals and the rational soul of humans. He analyzes perception, imagination, and intellect, proposing a deep connection between the biological organism and its animating principle. This inquiry bridges the gap between biology and psychology, offering a holistic view of life.

"O volume Teologia Católica do Século XIX, integrante da coleção Vocabulário Teológico, apresenta-se como uma ferramenta precisa e acessível para todos que desejam compreender uma das fases mais comp

Dryness, paleness, waking, sighing, despair, frenzy, death: loves repercussions can be dire indeed. Perhaps that is why Robert Burton devoted the largest part of his pioneering 17th-century psychological work, The Anatomy of Melancholy, to this supreme passion. Edited to offer the modern reader easier access to this classic text, this abridged version preserves all the fantastic variety of the original, as Burton knits together stories and quotations drawn from millennia of European literature in order to understand loves causes, consequences, and cures.We encounter gods and goddesses, ancient kings and queens, lascivious monks and pure-hearted shepherds, marriages happy and unhappy, allurements natural and unnatural, and, most importantly, many cures for love-melancholy, from the obvious to the arcane. Intricate yet commonsensical, learned yet earthy, and twinkling throughout with ironic warmth, Burtons masterpiece speaks to the deepest concerns of the human heart as well today as it did four centuries ago.

DOM QUIXOTE DAS LETRAS Dom Quixote das Letras trata-se de uma menção metafórica para personificar o ALTER EGO do escritor na sua atitude redentora de libertação em revisitar seus fantasmas num longo