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Joel R. Beekes work is an academic monograph of historical theology that examines three flashpoints of controversy in Reformation and Post-Reformation theology. As the subtitle, Early Lutheran Predestination, Calvinian Reprobation, and Variations in Genevan Lapsarianism implies, the work addresses, first, the development of the Lutheran doctrine of predestination from Martin Luther (14831546) and Philip Melanchthon (14971560) to the Formula of Concord (1577); second, the development of John Calvins (15091564) doctrine of reprobation as traced through his writings; and third, the doctrine of predestination in Geneva with a particular emphasis on lapsarianism from Theodore Beza (15191605) in the sixteenth century to Jean-Alphonse Turretin (16711737) and Jacob Vernet (16981789) in the eighteenth century. The fruit of three decades of study by a professor of systematic theology who specializes in Reformation and Post-Reformation theology, this book offers a harvest of insights into questions that stood at the center of Reformation debates. Dr. Donald Sinnema, a leading scholar in predestinarian theology and the Synod of Dort, writes: "Beeke addresses these difficult matters with sensitivity to historical context and development, with systematic acuity, and a broad grasp of secondary scholarly literature with which he dialogues. The result is a balanced analysis of these issues that should bring greater clarity to scholarly understanding of the doctrine of predestination in the early modern era."

James M. Scott examines a denarius minted in Rome in 55 bce which is visually fascinating but conceptually enigmatic. On its obverse, around the head of a female figure with turreted crown, appears the name A. Plautius, who held the office of aedilis curulis in that year; on its reverse is a camel, in front of which a male figure kneels on his right leg, holding the camels reins in his left hand and extending a branch in his right hand; the legend reads: BACCHIVS IVDAEVS.Scotts study argues that the oft-suggested connection between Aristobulus gift of the golden vine (from the Temple) and the Bacchius Iudaeus denarius does seem to merit further investigation. To that end,he examines, first, Pompeys own agenda in having the coin minted. It is shown that the year the denarius appeared, 55 bce, was the same year in which Pompey dedicated his spectacular theater-temple in Rome, and, furthermore, that these very public displays are related as expressions of Pompeys Dionysian pretensions. Second, Scott examines each element of the denarius in question, looking for clues as to the meaning of Bacchius Iudaeus. It is shown that the Latin inscription refers first and foremost to the god Bacchus/Dionysus via an interpretatio Romana. Finally, he explores the possible implications of his investigation for the precise date of the fall of Jerusalem in 63 bce. Scotts study delves deeply into Judaism at the beginning of the Roman era, using the Roman coin to highlight the complex interface between Greco-Roman and Jewish religiocultural institutions of the period.

The historical study of Protestantism is often limited to internal or national discussions. Yet a broader, international look means also studying the major upheavals that occurred throughout the world, such as wars and globalisation.This volume first reviews the history of the church in the 20th century from an international and interdisciplinary vantage point and takes a look at the most important themes and conflicts that marked that often tension-filled time, among others the two world wars, globalisation, the broad number of continuities and discontinuities, the influence of the 1960s on social life, and the debate on the role of gender in the history of Christianity.With contributions by H. Lehmann, H. McLeod, A.V. Tnnessen, U. stergaard, M. Greschat, N. Hope, M. Tomka (), H. Oelke, K.-J. Hummel, D. Thorkildsen, K. Koschorke, K. Ward, E. Gebremedhin and V. Mortensen.

This book presents case studies and empirical data of a phenomenon which increasingly gains popularity in Western societies: deconversion. There is, the authors argue, no better word than deconversion to describe processes of disengagement from religious orientations because these have much in common with conversion. Termination of membership may eventually be the final step of deconversion, but it involves biographical and psychological dynamics which can and need to be reconstructed by qualitative approaches and analyzed by quantitative instruments.In the Bielefeld-based Cross-Cultural Study on Deconversion disengagement processes from a variety of religious backgrounds in the USA and in Germany were examined, ranging from well-established religious organizations to new religious and fundamentalist groups. Nearly 1,200 persons participated in thestudy and were interviewed from 2002 to 2005. In the focus of the study are 100 deconverts from the USA and from Germany who were examined with narrative interviews, faith development interviews and an extensive questionnaire. For case study elaboration, the study followed a research design with an innovative triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data. Four chapters, corresponding to four types of deconversion, present 21 case studies. The highlights of the research project are new data on spirituality the deconverts in particular appear to prefer a more spiritual than religious self-identification and in-depth analyses of a variety of deconversion narratives with special focus on personality factors, motivation, attitudes, religious development, psychological well-being and growth, religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism. The results of this project which was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft are of special relevance for counselling and pastoral care, for religious education and for people concerned with administration and management of religious groups and churches, but also for a wider audience interested in contemporary changes in the religious fields in the USA and Germany.

Thanks to the recent return to religion, the holy has become a relevant issue in public debate, as is suggested by concepts such as re-sacralization and re-enchantment. Holy war and religiously motivated terrorist attacks, the fascination in popular culture for subjects such as the Holy Grail (as in Dan Browns Da Vinci Code), new spiritual longings both within and outside institutional religion all testify to the new religious climate. This situation calls for a reassessment of both classical and new theories about the holy.Espen Dahl offers a theoretical account of the holy. Central to its approach is the idea that the holy cannot be reduced to one stable essence, but is fundamentally composite and takes place in between. This means that the typical modern dichotomies between the holy and the profane, the pure and the impure, the pious and the violent, cannot be drawn as sharply as scholars once did. Instead, the manifestation of the holy takes place in the interstice between those spheres. Such a position is not strong it attests to the weakness of the holy. Through a critical dialogue with the most influential recent contributions, various theories and responses to them are presented on the basis of the books overall perspective.Espen Dahl deals with various theoretical perspectives, corresponding to the numerous dimensions of the holy. Phenomenology plays the principal role, because it offers the best means to preserve the experiential dimensions which are essential to the holy. From this perspective, the book discusses theories from religious science, theology, philosophy, and psychology.

Lee bedient sich der historischen Exegese, um zu erklaren, wie sich die reformierte Bundestheologie entwickelt hat. Diese exegetische Methode zeigt die Schwachen aktueller dogmatischer Erklarungen zum Ursprung der Bundestheologie auf und liefert dabei neue Einsichten zur Lehre vom Bund.Der reformatorische Wende hin zu den Quellen warf neue Fragen zu der Bedeutung der biblischen Begriffe vom Bund, berith und diatheke, auf und fuhrte zu der Entwicklung einer eher technischen lateinischen Terminologie, die zwischen foedus, testamentum und pactum unterschied. In diesem Kontext erlangte auch die Beziehung zwischen den Testamenten wieder mehr Bedeutung. Hebraer 710 versammelte diese verschiedenen Lehrmeinungen um sich, die im Laufe der Zeit zu einem dezidierten theologischen Bundestopos wurden. Der Hebraerkommentar von Johannes Cocceius von 1659 spiegelt beide Interpretationsanliegen wider. Er bedient sich typisch foderaler Terminologie, die erst im Laufe des 16. Jahrhunderts Eingang in den Sprachgebrauch der Theologen gefunden hatte. Cocceius betont sowohl eine testamentarische Kontinuitat als auch den soteriologischen Bruch (er spricht von zwei Formen der Rechtfertigung, eine vor und eine nach Christus). Uber die Untersuchung der alteren Hebraerkommentars von Cocceius sticht die hohe Bedeutung der testamentarischen Beziehungen in Cocceius Denken hervor. Dadurch stellt sich heraus, dass seine Bundestheologie starker als bislang angenommen in den Entwicklungen des 16. Jahrhunderts wurzelt. Ferner treten die zentralen Kontinuitaten in der reformierten Bundestheologie starker hervor.

A Classic Work on the Nature of God by Stephen CharnockStephen Charnock was a highly regarded seventeenth-century English Puritan theologian whose writings have continued to influence the church for centuries. He is known for his sophisticated approach to topics such as the existence and attributes of God, the person and work of Christ, and the doctrine of sin. This ebook, edited by Mark Jones, contains an updated and unabridged edition of Charnocks classic work, Discourses upon the Existence and Attributes of God, written to instruct and encourage Christian pastors, theologians, and laypeople. Jones precedes each discourse with an introductory summary that explains Charnocks general approach. In this clear, modernized presentation of this classic work, readers will experience his skillful exegesis, his influential way with words, his insight into human nature, his concern with the practical implications of who God is, and his Christ-focused approach to theology.Modernized Language: Archaic punctuation, words, and phrases have been updated for the modern reader Updated Bibliographic Information: In the footnotes, Charnocks sources have been located and updated with fuller bibliographic information, showing how widely read he was Chapter Summaries: Each discourse begins with a summary of the chapter to follow Extensive: Covers Charnocks defense of Gods existence and 11 attributes of God Includes In-Depth Chapter on the Life of Stephen Charnock by William Symington

The present study explores the spatial potential and the practical dimension of the Emmaus story in Lukes Gospel by considering the spatial interpretations of the story. It uses the concept of the Lucan thirdspace a concept modified from Edward Sojas thirdspace in his critical spatiality as well as concepts taken from narrative criticism. The study shows how the thirdspatial transformative potential of the Emmaus story is activated through the divine encounter and ones personal relationship with Jesus.

The commentary interprets Jeremiah 1-25 as a dramatic text: In laments, accusations, and announcements of doom, a polyphonic message about the fall of Jerusalem and Judah emerges. The colorful and at times disturbing texts narrate a cultural trauma and try to develop an image of God that can explain history and at the same time convey hope for a better future. The female personification of Jerusalem provides an emotional and compassionate portrait of the people, giving voice to their experience of wartime violence and destruction. The persecuted prophet Jeremiah wrestles with God on behalf of the people.

This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of Seventhday Adventist interchurch relations a 20-million member body whose ecumenical stance has so far been underresearched. For the sake of interpreting denominational involvement and reservations in Adventism as well as beyond, the study develops a new academic approach to ecumenism based on Relational Models Theory, a comprehensive social science paradigm of interpreting human relationships. The resulting typology of ecumenical interactions and the historical case study of Adventism suggest that such a relational interpretation of ecumenical interaction sheds light on many of the unresolved issues in ecumenics such as divergent concepts of unity, difficulties in recognition processes, and the permanence of denominationalism.

The volume offers an overview of the diverse Jewish experiences in Southeastern Europe from the 19th to the 21st centuries, and the various forms and strategies of their representation in literature, the arts, historiography and philosophy.Southeastern Europe is characterized by a high degree of ethnical, religious and cultural diversity. Jews, whether Sephardim, Ashkenazim or Romaniots settling there in different periods experienced divergent life worlds which engendered rich cultural production. Though recent scholarly and popular interest in this heterogeneous region has grown impressively, Jewish cultural production is still an under-researched area.The volume offers an overview of the diverse Jewish experiences in Southeastern Europe from the 19th to the 21st centuries, and the various forms and strategies of their representation in literature, the arts, historiography and philosophy, thus creating a dialogue between Jewish studies, Balkan studies, and current literary and cultural theories.

Die Studie analysiert die politische Dimension protestantischer und romisch-katholischer Predigten an den Hofen von Karl II. (16601685) und Jakob II. (16851688/89), vor dem englischen Parlament und in den Kirchen Londons. Vor dem Hintergrund ungeloster politischer und konfessioneller Spannungen nach der Restauration, suchten Predigten mit Kritik an Machthabern und deren Beratung, Einfluss auf den religiosen und politischen Diskurs zu nehmen. Das Verhaltnis von geistlicher und weltlicher Macht sowie der Umgang mit der multikonfessionellen Situation in England sind dabei zentrale Themen. Das Vorhandensein einer differenzierten Rezeptionskultur, fur die Predigten als einmalige Auffuhrung und als Texte bedeutsam waren, zeigt die fortbestehende Wichtigkeit der Predigt in der Restauration.In this volume Christoph Ketterer analyses political preaching during the reigns of Charles II (16601685) and James II (16851688/89). He argues that the political importance of sermons preached at court, before Parliament and in the churches of London, is based on the unsolved political, and confessional tensions of the era. Preachers relatively freely discussed questions of religious tolerance, models of political power, and could offer counsel and criticism to those in power. They were in a position to influence the political and religious discourse of Restoration England. In addition, a refined culture of reception existed, and listeners, readers as well as preachers were acutely aware of the sermon genres performative dimension. Sermons therefore continued to be of central importance for the political and religious discourse of the Restoration.

The aim of Odgaard Mllers book is threefold: The first main section seeks to clarify how and why Jesus is presented in the pre-1968 writings of the Danish theologian and philosopher K.E. Lgstrup (19051981). Throughout his work, Lgstrups main focus has been a rehabilitation of the insight that life is something definite, because it is created. Here, Jesus primarily plays a methodological/strategic role as the one confirming and giving witness to Lgstrups interpretation of created life in a given time of his authorship. When faith in creation is formulated polemically against another interpretation of life, Jesus serves as Lgstrups ally in this discussion. In the second main section, this examination is extrapolated to include a discussion with Bultmann and two of his students in order to clarify the character of his Christology, not least whether or in what way this can be characterised as "implicit Christology". Finally, in the light of Ricoeurs hermeneutic philosophy of religion, the third main section considers the systematic-theological validity of this picture of Jesus. The overall conclusion can be summed up in this way: The main line in Lgstrups work goes from created life to the human being Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus incarnates created life; therefore he is the true human being. This close connection between (created) Life and (true) Human Being is the kernel in Lgstrups thought. This makes his perception of Jesus and his Christology distinctive, original and specifically Lgstrupian.

The project "Religious Education at Schools in Europe" (REL-EDU), which is divided up into six volumes (Central Europe, Western Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, South-Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe), aims to research the situation with regard to religious education in Europe. The second volume outlines the organisational form of religious education in the countries of Western Europe (England, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands). This is done on the basis of thirteen key issues, which allows specific points of comparison between different countries in Europe. Thereby the volume focusses the comparative approach and facilitates further research into specific aspects of the comparison.

This is the first work to examine Calvins understanding of the relationship between Jews and Christians at such a fundamental level. After an overview of the status of Jews in Europe during the late Middle Ages and the interest at that time in the knowledge of Hebrew and Judaism, the author turns specifically to Calvin and his interpretation of the Bible.Several important questions are addressed: How did Calvin understand the relationship between Jews and Christians? Have Christians taken the place of the Jews, or do they belong to the Jews because they are included in the relationship between God and Israel? What does Calvin have to say about the future of the Jews?The author concludes that Calvins view of the relationship between Jews and Christians is closely tied to his view of the unity of the Old and New Testaments.

This volume introduces an important concept which hitherto has not gotten the recognition it deserves. The concept simul, the idea of a both-and in theology, is primarily associated with the Lutheran understanding of justification. The formula simul iustus et peccator is a shorthand for the nucleus and heart of the Reformation. But the concept, which implies a tension or even a paradox, appears to play a significant role in other areas of theological reflection. This volume highlights a number of areas in which this idea historically has played an important role, as well as its potential in the contemporary conversation. The aim of the work is to provide an informed and readable introduction to the simul concept in various areas of systematical theology and Biblical exegesis.

The study aims to analyse the impact of Luthers theology on his thoughts about music. It limits itself to an analysis of the topic by focusing on the three most important statements of Luther about music in his unfinished treatise [On Music]. The first statement is that music is "a gift of God and not of man" [Dei donum hominum est], second, music "creates joyful soul" [facit letos animos], and third, music "drives away the devil" [fugat diabolum]. The relation between these three statements to each other and to Luthers theology in general can be understood in connection with his personal experiences and commitments to music, which were undergirded by his theology. Luther, as a man of medieval times, took for granted the existence of the devil, and many of his writings contained frequent references to the personal attacks of the devil, where it influenced his thoughts about music.

Kaia Rnsdal combines the perspective of production of space, ethical theory and fieldwork, focusing on the contradictions in lived space, by observing encounters and interactions between different groups of people in everyday public space.It is an interdisciplinary contribution to the science of diaconia. The interest lies with the lives that diaconia traditionally have been concerned with and the spaces where these lives are lived, exploring the concept of calling through narratives of these lives and spaces. The book challenges and contributes to traditional and contemporary notions of calling as it is understood in the Scandinavian tradition. These notions, stemming from interpretations of Luther, place the calling among humans, as opposed to it being something exclusively divine and ecclesiastical. The discussion on the calling is enriched with concepts stemming from French sociology and human geography, primarily from H. Lefebvre and M. Foucault, as well as phenomenological contributions. These are concerned with the significance of body, space, urbanity, and spatial interpretation as space is a relational, formative phenomenon constituted in practice and interaction. Through methodologies developed from phenomenology and spatial theory, where the researcher subject is an evident embodied participant, detailed accounts from the field form the material, describing everyday life in an Oslo cityscape. From this material, the concept of calling is explored, developing the discussion from the perspective of the spaces of others. The assumption being that it is in the spaces where people meet and bodies respond to other bodies, whether marginalised or not, that calling may manifest itself. Through spatial analysis of the minute details of bodies and socialities in everyday life, new material for ethical considerations is explored. The analysis and discussion may enrich and further deepen the understanding of what takes place in public spaces, recognising them as a source of knowledge in a range of disciplines. These everyday encounters may also be described and analysed as contributions to the development of theory and praxis of diaconia.

The rich tapestry of the creation narrative in the early chapters of Genesis proved irresistible to the thoughtful, reflective minds of the church fathers. Within them they found the beginning threads from which to weave a theology of creation, Fall, and redemption. Following their mentor the apostle Paul, they explored the profound significance of Adam as a type of Christ, the second Adam. The six days of creation proved especially attractive among the fathers as a subject for commentary, with Basil the Great and Ambrose producing well-known Hexaemerons. Similarly, Augustine devoted portions of five works to the first chapter of Genesis.As in previous volumes within the Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture, the range of comment contained in this volume spans from the first century to the eighth and from East to West, from Greek and Latin speakers to Syriac.This ACCS volume on Genesis 1-11 opens up a treasure house of ancient wisdom that allows these faithful witnesses, some appearing here in English translation for the first time, to speak with eloquence and intellectual acumen to the church today. Especially helpful is the volume editors provision of Septuagintal alternative readings to the Masoretic text, which are often necessary to understanding the fathers flow of thought.