eBooks de filosofía, página 7 de 1273

When existential doubts remain without an intrinsic response, when continuous research gives some answers, but at the same time poses more questions, then everything becomes a never-endig cycle.At this point you can only continue, with the hope that one day something illuminating will happen while reading the next page.

One of the great poets of the 14th century, Italian scholar Francesco Petrarch is also regarded as the father of the humanist movement."Petrarchs Secret" is an autobiographical treatise translated from the Latin that represents a "humanist manifesto" central to understanding European culture during the early modern period.The treatise consists of three dialogues between Petrarch and St. Augustine in the presence of Truth.

A leitura destas biografias envolve o leitor, conduzindo-o a sentir as alegrias e as dores que cada Superior Geral teve de viver em diferentes desafios históricos na condução do Instituto. Saber da d

(...) People have a very distorted view of science, religion, and the relationship between them. They immediately put science and faith as antipodes in constant confrontation. My vision is a little more historical and cultural. I see science as a manifestation of human effort to engage in the mystery of existence. And religion is also a manifestation of human effort to engage in the mystery of existence. In a certain way, both come from the same source. Refusing to talk is refusing to look at one side of our life, human existence, which is part of who we are. Its a perfectly natural conversation. Marcelo Gleiser Dossier Courtyard of the Gentiles

"A Theologico-Political Treatise" is a work by the Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinoza. Spinoza knew that his work would attract unwanted criticism and censorship, so he published it anonymously in 1670 and the publisher also used an alias. In addition, the work was written in New Latin, not Dutch, so that the government would not censor it. In "A Theologico-Political Treatise", Spinoza writes his most organised and extensive criticism of Judaism and all religion in general.Spinoza believes that theology and philosophy must be separate, and not even religion and the reading of scripture can combine the two. While theology breeds obedience, philosophy encourages seeking rational truth. Therefore, since the scripture (the holy word for a religion) is cant be both, then either the meaning will be distorted or people cannot be forced to conform to it. As a result, the meaning of scripture will darken because of the prejudices of people of that religion that came before. This work was a defence that was published before another work, "Ethics", which was published after Spinoza died in 1677.One of the most original and penetrating philosophers of all time, Spinoza is also one of the clearest and easiest to understand. His works constitute an important adjunct to understanding Goethe, Hegel, Schelling, Coleridge, Whitehead, Schopenhauer, Wittgenstein, and other writers who were influenced by his thinking. Spinozas works retain an endless wealth of lucidly expressed and deeply profound analyses of such concepts as God, the universe, pantheism, the role of society, revealed religion, the state, democracy, the mind, the emotions, freedom, and human nature.

Epictetus was a slave-turned-philosopher who was born in Hierapolis and famously lived in Rome until Emperor Domitian banned philosophers from the city. Like Socrateswho Epictetus quotes and refers to frequentlywe would know nothing of the thoughts of Epictetus if it were not for one of his enthusiastic students, Arrian, who compiled his mentors teachings.Epictetus was one of the Stoics, philosophers who believed that one should be unmoved by the situations and conditions handed one by the universefor such things are beyond ones control.As the title suggests, "The Golden Sayings" consists of a collection of numbered sayings, some are pithy sentences and others are full paragraphs, but few are as long as a page. Lest giving up ones anger and fear of the unknown seem too daunting, Epictetus does advocate a gradual approach to self-improvement. He says that if one can at first say that one went a day without anger, one is on the path. As long as one works in the direction of saying it has been a week and then a month without anger.As intimated above, Epictetus shows a great admiration for Socrates and applauds the elder philosopher for accepting that which he didnt know and for his continual struggle to be a better man.

Set in the second century A.D. against the backdrop of a Roman Empire on the verge of decline, "Marius the Epicurean" is the story of the philosophical and spiritual development of Marius, a young Italian serving as amanuensis to the great emperor Marcus Aurelius. Marius explores the various systems of philosophy in search of an elusive vision of love, moving from Epicureanism to Cyrenaicism and finally Stoicism before finally finding what he had sought in the terrible beauty of Christian martyrdom."Marius the Epicurean", first published in 1885, has been described as "the most highly finished of all his (Paters) works and the expression of his deepest thought"."Marius the Epicurean" is the rare novel that is as significant for its style as for its plot. Told in Paters uniquely exquisite and poetic prose, Marius became a profound influence on writers of the Aesthetic and Decadent movements of the late Victorian era, including Paters former student, Oscar Wilde. It is also an important forerunner of the psychological novels of Joyce, Woolf, James, and Conrad, all of whom absorbed into their fictional techniques Paters emphasis on the rendering of impressions and his presentation of character and point of view.

In "Arcane Schools", John Yarker attempts to trace the history of Masonry and Masonic rites through history, proving its legitimacy through seniority and the power of tradition. Yarker establishes the roots of Masonry in a race he calls the Aryans, a catchall phrase to describe an unknown race of conquerors who developed the early human arts, such as stoneworking, metalworking, and agriculture. Yarker then explains how that civilisation gave rise to societies of special knowledge, such at the mathematical and philosophical schools in ancient Greece. From these, he can trace symbolism to modern Freemasonry.

Platos "Symposium" is a series of speeches on Love given at a party in ancient Greece. They deal with questions of: what Love is; interpersonal relationships through love; what types of love are worthy of praise; the purpose of love; and others. It is the first major philosophical text on love in Western literature. It can be classified as a tragicomedy, using elements of both genres.Apollodorus tells the story of a drinking party or symposium that occurs long ago. Socrates and Aristodemus go to a party given for Agathon, since Agathon has just won a contest for the performance of his tragedy. The men there talk and drink and then decide that each should give a speech in praise of the god, Love.

In "Dialogues on the Supersensual Life", Boehme explains the key ideas of his doctrine.Boehme thinks the Soul is a Being which has a will or desire, and is aided by a mirror of understanding or imagination. Will or Desire is of the very essence of the Soul, inseparable from its existence. He says: Where Desire is, there is also Essence or Being. The Soul is subject to the diverse attractions of the Centre of Divine Life and Light, and of the Spirit of the World. Enlightened by its understanding it has the free power to turn its will towards, and unite itself to, this or that. Choice should be done well, thy choice is brief and yet endless.

The "Nicomachean Ethics" by the Greek philosopher Aristotle is the most influential book of the moral philosophy and one of the earliest treatises on the nature of good actions or ethics. From Kant to John Rawls, all philosophers have discussed the issue with Aristotle on the good life and on happiness. The title derives from either Aristotles father, Nicomachus, or his son, also named Nicomachus. In the "Nicomachean Ethics" Aristotle raises the question of virtue: How should we act? How to live? The man, he said, must act according to reason. The moral of Aristotle is an ethics based on actions, the outcome (good is the end) override the intention, contrary to the kantian ethics.

First published in 1689, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" is a work by English philosopher John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding.Lockes aim in "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" is to inquire into the origin and extent of human knowledge. His conclusionthat all knowledge is derived from sense experiencebecame the principal tenet of empiricism, which has dominated Western philosophy ever since. Even George Berkeley, who rejected Lockes distinction between sense qualities independent of the mind and sense qualities dependent on the mind, produced his idealism in response to Lockes provocative philosophy and gave it an empirical cast that reflected Western cultures rejection of innate or transcendental knowledge.

Philosophy may be divided into three fields: physics (the study of the physical world), ethics (the study of morals), and logic (the study of logical principles). These fields may involve either "empirical" study of our experiences, or "pure" analysis of concepts. "Metaphysics" is the study of pure concepts as they relate to moral or physical experience.First published in 1785, "Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals" is a preliminary sketch of the fundamental metaphysical laws governing moral experience by German philosopher Immanuel Kant. These laws are metaphysical in that they can be discerned a priorithat is, by the exercise of pure reason and without reference to psychology. Kants goal is to set forth the supreme principle of morality. The attempt is organised into three sections.

In "The Critique of Practical Reason" (1788), Immanuel Kant argues that principles are subjective (and therefore maxims) if one person considers them; they are objective (and therefore imperatives) if every rational being considers them. Imperatives are either hypothetical or categorical. A hypothetical imperative demands a course of action to achieve a specified result; for example, If I want to stay dry in the rain, then I should take my umbrella with me. A categorical imperative demands a course of action under all possible circumstances; for example, Thou shalt not commit murder.According to Kant, hypothetical imperatives respond to desires, while categorical imperatives constitute rationality.Kant is often described as an ethical rationalist, and the description is not wholly inappropriate. He never espoused, however, the radical rationalism of some of his contemporaries nor of more recent philosophers for whom reason is held to have direct insight into a world of values or the power to intuit the rightness of this or that moral principle.

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was an English philosopher and economist. He wrote one of his most famous essays, "On Liberty", in 1859."On Liberty" is the philosophy classic that laid the foundation of modern liberal politics, by applying the concept of utilitarianism to societies and countries, in order to create a working system between authority and liberty. It was widely read at the time, and in the century and a half since it was published, it has proven to be one of the most influential books of political philosophy of all time.

The appearance of "Meditations on First Philosophy" in 1641 marked a dramatic turning point in the history of Western thought.In "Meditations on the First Philosophy", René Descartes delves into epistemology, or the theory of knowledge. He asks questions such as whether there is such a thing as knowledge, and if so, what distinguishes it from opinion. However, in order to answer these questions and to validate knowledge, it was necessary to raise the fundamental questions of being.Descartes chooses to present his thoughts as meditations; he represents himself as seated before a fire in a cozy Dutch dwelling, wrapped in his dressing gown, freed from worldly care, and ready to devote himself to a task to which he had for some time looked forward, a kind of mental housecleaning. On six successive days, he pursues his meditation, step by step, clearing his mind of all error.

Vom 16.-20. Oktober 2013 veranstaltete John MacArthur die funftagige Strange Fire Konferenz (Fremdes Feuer). Die Konferenz befasste sich mit dem ganzen Spektrum pfingstlich-charismatischer Lehre und Praxis, von der MacArthur uberzeugt ist, dass es sich dabei um die grote Verfuhrung in der gesamten Kirchengeschichte handele. John MacArthur sagte in einem Interview: Ich denke, das Problem ist viel groer als die meisten meinen. Und es bricht mein Herz, dass Hunderte von Millionen von Seelen in eine Bewegung geraten, in der sie durch ein falsches Evangelium verfuhrt werden. Aus diesem Grund wollte ich eine so deutliche Warnung ausrufen.John MacArthur vertritt die Position des Cessationismus. Der Cessationismus lehrt, dass Geistesgaben wie Prophetie, Zungenreden, Worte der Weisheit oder die Gabe der Krankenheilung mit dem Tod der letzten Apostel und dem Abschluss des Schriftkanons aufhorten. Die Lehre des Nichtcessationismus der pfingstlich-charismatischen Theologie hingegen vertritt die Auffassung, dass diese Geistesgaben noch heute angestrebt und praktiziert werden sollten. Unter konservativen Calvinisten stot letztere Lehre zunehmend auf Akzeptanz.Der US-amerikanische Blogger Tim Challies verfolgte die Konferenz und fasste auf seinem Blog Challies.com Informing the Reforming (www.challies.com) einige der Vortrage zusammen. Tim Challies erteilte freundlicherweise die Genehmigung, diese Beitrage ins Deutsche zu ubersetzen und der Leserschaft von distomos zuganglich zu machen.

Il pensiero di Epicuro e una miniera di saggezza che puo aiutare anche luomo di oggi a raggiungere la felicita. Ma era davvero necessaria una nuova edizione della Lettera sulla Felicita di Epicuro?Si. E per due ottimi motivi.La grande maggioranza delle traduzioni disponibili sono ottime da un punto di vista filologico ma di difficile comprensione per un lettore che non ha alle spalle studi classici. La traduzione di Giulia Mancinelli, pur fedelissima alloriginale di Epicuro nelle idee e nella forma, usa un italiano semplice ed immediato.Se Epicuro avesse scritto oggi questa lettera probabilmente avrebbe usato queste stesse parole.Inoltre nessuna delle traduzioni in circolazione e priva di copyright. Un testo importante e prezioso come la lettera a Meneceo di Epicuro merita di poter circolare liberamente, senza vincoli. O meglio: chiunque lo desideri ha diritto di poter leggere questo piccolo capolavoro senza vincoli. Perche, come recita la dichiarazione di indipendenza degli Stati Uniti, la ricerca della felicita e un diritto.

First published in 1796, Immanuel Kants "The Science of Right" is a complete exposition of the Philosophy of Law, viewed as a rational investigation of the fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence.The importance and value of the great thinkers exposition of "The Science of Right", both as regards the fundamental Principles of his own Practical Philosophy and the general interest of the Philosophy of Law, were at once recognised.

The question of what happiness actually is has puzzled humankind since time immemorial. After all, it was one of the first issues that the early Greek philosophers turned to. They called it eudaimonia, a term that encompasses prosperity and good fortune as well as happiness.The question troubled Arthur Schopenhauer, too, and in his 1851 philosophical essay "The Wisdom of Life" he presents his own thoughts on the matter. He attempts both to define what happiness is and to ascertain how life should be lived so as to achieve it, how one should order his life so as to obtain the greatest possible amount of pleasure and success. According to him, that is the only way to gain the wisdom of life.